Rose cultivation practices, uses, variety, soil and climatic requirement, planting, manuring, harvesting and post harvest and disease and insect control

Rose cultivation practices, uses, variety, soil and climatic requirement, planting, manuring, harvesting and post harvest and disease and insect control

1. Ornamental plant ROSE Prepared by: Nischal Sapkota PHOTO 04/2021

2. Rose( Rosa sp. ) Kingdom: Plantae Subkingdom: Tracheobionta Superdivision : Spermatophyta Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Subclass: Rosidae Order: Rosales Family: Rosaceae Genus : Rosa L. Species: chinensis , abyssinica , alba, blanda , arvensis , carolina , californica , indica , moschata , etc.

3. S hort description of Rose One of the most ancient and popular grown flowers in human civilization. Known as Queen of flower . Almost all colors are found except blue and black. Around 300 species and 20,000 cultivars of roses, and about 250-300 new varieties are added every year. Used in garden and landscaping decoration because they can fulfill the requirement of shrubs, climbers, bedding and hedges purposes. Also used for extraction oil and rose water. Is the top ranking cut flower in terms of flower trade on the basis of average production and consumption.

4. T ypes of Roses Hybrid Tea(HT) Rose Floribundas Climbers and Ramblers Miniature Rose 01 03 04 02 PHOTO 04/2021 Shrub Rose 05

5. Hybrid Tea (HT) Rose I s a hybrid of “ Tea rose ” and “ Hybrid Perpetual ”. winter hardy and can bloom for longer period. blooms on long canes as solitary flowers , elongated buds . is slow opening and has good keeping quality . Floribundas I t is a hybrid of “ Dwarf Polyantha ” and “ Hybrid Tea Rose ”. T he flowers are produced in cluster , larger in size than Polyantha but smaller than Hybrid Tea. Types of Roses

6. Climbers and Ramblers Climbers need support. Ramblers are produced by crossing of “ Hybrid Perpetual ” and “ R. multiflora ” or “ R. wichuriana ”. Ramblers produce flush once in a year which lasts for several weeks. Miniature rose Also known as baby rose. Has long blooming period and least affected by cold and disease. Suitable for edge or pot plant. Types of Roses

7. Shrub rose Suitable for informal layout, specimen, and as hedges. Show continuous flowering. Types of Roses

8. U ses Decoration of gardens and houses. Extract rose water, essence and oils. Rose water used for treat skin problem and rose oil used in various cosmetics, perfumes, etc. Rose petal helps in secretion of bile juices and help in cleansing of gall bladder. Rose water relaxes tension of nerves and reduces the swelling of capillaries beneath the skin. Rose essential oil used for treating serious illnesses like ulcer, asthma, nausea, fatigue, bacterial infections of the stomach, colon and urinary tract, dehydration, etc. used for culinary purposes (rose syrup, rose essences, rose petal jams and flavor agent). used for expressing feelings.

9. S.N. Types of Roses Varieties and color 1. HT Roses Varieties Color Dutch gold, golden giant, Super star Yellow color Orange color Happiness Red color Eiffel Tower, First prize Pink color The Doctor Dark red color Mercedes Pink color Varieties

10. S.N. Types of Roses Varieties and color 2. Floribundas Varieties Color Jantar Mantar Red color Independence Orange color Queen Elizabeth Pink color Iceberg White color All gold Yellow color Varieties

11. S.N. Types of Roses Varieties and color 3. Climbers and Rambler Rose Varieties Color CLG Virgu White color Golden shower Yellow color American Pillar Red with yellow canes Albertine Pink color Varieties

12. S.N. Types of Roses Varieties and color 4. Shrub Rose Varieties Color Butterfly wings White color Carefree beauty Pink color Formation, Cocktail Red color Lucea Yellow color Varieties

13. Edaphic and C limatic Requirement A. Soil Well drained , fertile and clayey loam soil. soil rich in organic matter having good water holding capacity. Soil pH of 6-7.5 but can be grown in pH up to 8. Performs best in sunny locations where they are sheltered from strong winds. Site should be open and the flowers should receive more than 8 hours of sunlight.

14. Edaphic and C limatic Requirement B . Temperature Average temp. required is 25° C at day and 16° C at night . However, high fluctuation in day and night temp. is harmful for growth of roses. Frost prone areas should be avoided. Flower opens and fades faster if grown in warmer region than the cooler regions. In region, having average temp. greater than 35° C , the plants fail to flower.

15. Edaphic and C limatic Requirement C. Light Bright sunlight and high light intensity is good for flower production. Can be grown in shade areas, but then it becomes more susceptible to mildew and thrips . D. Wind Hot and cold blast of wind is harmful, so plant should be provided with wind breaks.

16. Planting Time of planting Roses can be planted any time of the year because they are day neutral plants and also if proper facilities are available. Terai - best time of planting is Ashoj – Kartik (Sept- Oct). Hilly- best time of planting is Chaitra - Baishak (Jan- April)

17. Planting B. Plant materials Seed propagation Seeds are generally used in breeding and rootstock production. Fully ripe hips are harvested, dried and seed is extracted by opening the hips. Seed germination is poor and irregular but treating with GA3 ( Gibberellic acid) 100ppm enhances germination.

18. Planting B. Plant materials Cutting Rootstock varieties are propagated by cutting recently matured wood. It takes 3-4 weeks for cutting to initiate root and bud sprout formation. 1000 ppm IBA ( auxin ) enhances rooting/ root formation of the cutting.

19. Planting B. Plant materials Budding and Grafting Best method of propagating. Generally, T- budding and Chip budding is commonly used. Side grafting is also popular for modern roses nowadays. It is done in winter season in tropical and sub-tropical areas of Nepal. Budding/ Grafting on the rootstocks will take at least 6 months planting in the field and 3 months in poly bag depending upon various factors. Takes 1 year to produce a sellable plant from rootstock.

20. Planting B. Plant materials Micropopagation Done for mass disease free production of planting materials, such as tissue culture. Tissue culture is only possible in highly equipped and sanitize laboratories under guidance of plant scientists.

21. Planting C. Planting Dimensions Spacing For H ybrid Tea rose, 75 by 75cm (1.5 ft. height spacing is required). For miniature rose, spacing should be 45 by 45cm (<1.5 ft. height). For standard rose, spacing should be 120 by 90cm (3 ft. height). The plant spacing for rose varies according to the type of rose i.e. (plant size), soil and climate conditions, frequency of irrigations, and many other factors.

22. Planting C. Planting Dimensions Planting While planting the bud union must remain 2.5 to 5cm above the soil surface. Fix the plant at the center and press the soil around. Irrigate immediately. Mulch with straw and dust. Stalk the plants, for supporting against strong wind.

23. Land preparation,Manuring and Fertilizer Application A . Land preparation Beds and pits prepared 1 months earlier. Beds can be made either formal or informal design. Size of each pit should be 75cm in diameter and 60cm in depth. Fill topsoil with 6-8 kg of FYM, 25g of bone meal and 50g of SSP per pit.

24. Land preparation,Manuring and Fertilizer Application B. Manuring and fertilizer application 50:150:75g N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O per sq. m. Well decomposed FYM should be mixed at 8-10 kg per pit. TSP, Ammonium sulphate and SSP should be given 20cm away from the plant root regions. 8-10 kg of FYM should be incorporated into soil along with above recommended fertilizer during pruning and root exposure.

25. Intercultural Operations of Roses B. Weeding and Hoeing A. Irrigation D. Pruning and Root exposure C. After care

26. Intercultural Operations A . Irrigation Should be provided at weekly intervals. Ring-basin is the most suitable for roses. B. Weeding and Hoeing Followed by light irrigation, hoeing and weeding should be done regularly. C. After care The sucker should be removed from the base of the plant. All the faded flowers should be removed from time to time. In roses, hips (fruits of roses) should be removed from time to time. Broken and diseased branches should be removed by pruning.

27. Intercultural Operations D. Pruning and root exposure In order to produce a healthy flush in rose, heading back (pruning) is necessary. In terai, it is done during Asoj-Kartik. At the time of pruning, a slanting cut is given opposite to the bud, as it saves the bud from rotting by rain. While pruning, all the intercrossed, in-laced, weak and diseased branches should be removed. In HT rose and floribundas, heavy, moderate and light pruning is done according to the age of the plant: Heavy pruning is for more than 8 years old i.e. 2-4 canes having 2-4 buds are kept. Moderate pruning is for 4-8 years old i.e. 4-6 canes having 4-6 buds are kept. Light pruning is for 4 years old i.e. 6-8 canes having 6-8 buds are kept.

28. Intercultural Operations D. Pruning and root exposure After pruning, cut should be covered with fungicides paint to check infestation of disease pathogen such as dieback. Root exposure is also done at the time of pruning which makes the plant to go under stress and hence it produces flower of bigger size. Due to root exposure, there is decrease in infestation of diseases and insects. Root exposure is done by digging up to 15-20cm root region, then the branches along the stem of rose plant are pruned back leaving only few buds on them. Generally done at fortnight (two weeks). 50g rose mix (5:8:18 NPK) applied into the soil and then the roots of rose are covered with soil mixture after 14-15 days. Flowering initiates after 35-40 days of pruning and root exposure.

29. Harvesting of Rose Stage of harvesting depends upon the types of rose being grown. As general rule, rose and pink roses are harvested at a stage when the first two petals are beginning to unfold and the calyx is in downward portion. In yellow cultivars, harvesting is done slightly earlier than red and pink cultivars. In white cultivars, harvesting is done slightly later than red and pink cultivars. For cut flower, flower stem should be little longer and it should bear fairly good no. of leaves. For distant markets, should be harvested at tight bud stage. Harvesting should be done in the evening. For cutting flower, immediately after the cut, roses are put into the bucket with cold water at 4.4 to 7.2° C.

30. Post-Harvest of Rose Grading Low temperature storage Packing and Marketing Vase life of cut roses Grading Procedure is influenced by various factors such as purpose of selling , types of market outlets , different country and different growers . The grading criteria proposed by European Economic community standards for fresh rose flowers are given below:

31. Post-Harvest of Rose Grading S.N. Code Stem length (cm) 1 5 or less 2 5 5 – 10 3 10 10 – 15 4 15 15 – 20 5 20 20 – 30 6 30 30 – 40 7 40 40 – 50 8 50 50 – 60 9 60 60 – 80 10 80 80 – 100 11 100 100 – 120 12 120 120 or more

32. Post-Harvest of Rose b. Low temperature storage The cut flowers are handled in 2 ways; for local markets and for long-term storage . The roses are stored in preservative solutions at 0 - 16° C . The cut flowers are placed in preservative solution at 0.1° C at least for 3-4 hours prior to shipping. Done to remove all heat from the flowers and will slow down the respiration. Roses are then graded, packed and shipped or placed back into the cooler. For long distance market, flowers are shipped in preservative solution in refrigerated vehicles.

33. Post-Harvest of Rose c . Packing and marketing Are marketed in bunches of 10, 12 or 25 flower canes. Roses are graded into bunches according to the stem length before marketed. Roses bundles are wrapped into newspaper; the layer of newspapers, one row on the top of other and the crushed ice is used to cover the stems. Bundles are then placed in plastic crates esp. designed for roses; these crates can hold 22 to 30 dozens of flowers depending upon the stem length. Then these bunches are placed into the cartoon with polythene lining to protect flowers. For local markets, fresh roses are sent in a bucket of water or preservative solution.

34. Post-Harvest of Rose c . Vase life of Cut roses Cut flowers need to be taken care in order to maintain vase life. Once separated they are deprived of natural sources of water and nutrient. Longevity of the cut flower may vary according to the different cultivars. Use of stem and use of chemical floral preservative solution are some of the means to improve the vase life and quality. The stem of cut roses are kept in the preservative solution to control stem plugging cause due to microbial growth or deposition of gum. Recommended use of combining 5% sucrose, 200ppm 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8-HQS) and 500ppm silver acetate can extend the vase life of rose. About 300 ppm of 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC) inhibited the growth of all fungi, bacteria and yeast commonly found in cut flower vase. A preservative solution with pH between 3 and 4 reduces plugging of the vessels. Addition of 50 ppm Alar along with 8-HQC and sucrose resulted in better quality in rose.

35. Diseases and their control B. Black spot A. Die back A. Die back It is caused by Diplodia rosasium . It is serious disease of rose and appears after pruning. The pruned shoots dry up and blackening is seen starting from downward. Control Measures: The pruned cut end should be painted with fungicide paint (mixture of copper carbonate 4 parts, red lead 4 parts and linseed oil 5 parts). C . Powdery mildew

36. Diseases and their control B . Black spot It is caused by Diplocarpon rosae . Affects can be seen during November to March. Circular black spots are seen in the leaves. Leaves become chlorotic, dry up and drop. Control Measures: Spray 0.2% Captan. Maintain sanitation in the field. Do not over irrigate the field. C. Powdery mildew It is caused by Sphaerotheca pannosa . Affects can be seen during warm humid and cool weather. Young shoots and leaves are covered with white powdery growth and the flower buds to fail to open. Control Measures: Can be controlled by during 50% sulfur.

37. Insects and their control B. White ants A. Red scale A. Red scale Mostly affects in Ashoj-kartik and it sucks sap from new shoots. Control Measures: Can be controlled by spraying Parathion 0.05%. C . Aphids B . White ants (termites) Damage the root system of the plant. Control Measures: B.H.C. 5% @2.5-5gm per pit at planting time is applied.

38. Insects and their control C . Aphids Affects the leaves and buds during winter months by sucking sap and causing discoloration of leaves. The affected buds fail to open. Control Measures: Use Malathion @ 0.1%. Conserve and release lady bird beetle, which is the natural enemy of aphids. A single lady bird beetle can consume about 50-60 aphids per day.

39.  “My life is part humor, part roses, part thorns .” - Bret Michaels PHOTO 04/2021