rotary drilling.pptx

drilling enginering

1. Drilling Engineering Brainstorm Education Center

2. Lecture I Rotar y drilling rig

3. Rig Components Drilling rig equipment can be categorised into: Powe r system ; Hoisting system; Circulating syste m ; Rotary system; Wel l control system www.abdn.ac.uk

4. Rig Components www.abdn.ac.uk Powe r system ;

5. The hoisting system www.abdn.ac.uk

6. The hoisting system • The principal function of the rig hoisting system is to facilitate lowering or raising drillstrings, casing strings and other equipment in to or out of the hole. • Most importantly, the purpose of the hoisting system is also to keep tension on the drillpipe while weight is applied to the bit by the drill collars. • The drillpipe has relatively thin walls and would bend and break if it were used to put weight on the bit. www.abdn.ac.uk

7. Rig Components www.abdn.ac.uk Hoisting System

8. Rig Components 13.Drawworks • Provide the hoisting and braking power required to raise or lower heavy string of pipe • The principle parts of the drawworks are:Thedrum, the brake, the transmission and the catheads • It also stores the drilling line to move the traveling block the length of the derrick www.abdn.ac.uk

9. Rig Components 1. Crown block the stationary section that contains a set of pulleys or sheaves through which the drill line is threaded or reeved and is opposite and above the traveling block. www.abdn.ac.uk

10. Rig Components 4. traveling block • Basically a block and pulley arrangement are used to lift the drill pipe, drill collars and bit in and out of the hole • Supports most of the weight of the string while drilling • Crown blocks are a series of pulleys on the top of the derrick • Traveling blocks – below the crown blocks -complete with drilling line as viewed from above

11. Rig Components 5. Hook The J-shaped hook hangs from the traveling block and picks up heavy loads. The photograph to the left shows a swivel and hook. In the photograph to the right, the hook is picking up the swivel and the kelly. www.abdn.ac.uk

12. Rig Components 7. Elevator To ensure that drillstring components do not fall into the wellbore, elevators are used when lifting or lowering the drillstring. They attached to th hook . www.abdn.ac.uk

13. Rig Components 2. Mast or Derrick • A derrick or mast is the steel tower-like structure whose function is to support the traveling and crown blocks, the weight of the drillstring, and the drillpipe and drill collars when they are pulled out of the hole. • Derricks can handle sections called stands, which are composed of two, three, or four joints of drillpipe. Because common drillpipes are between 8 and 10 m long (approximately 26 to 33 ft), a derrick designed to handle three-drillpipe stands will be taller than a 10-story building. www.abdn.ac.uk

14. Rig Components 3. Monkey board • The monkey board is where the derrick man works while trip in hole (TIH) or trip out of hole (TOH) pipe. www.abdn.ac.uk

15. Rig Components 16. doghouse A small enclosure on the rig floor used as an office for the driller or as a storehouse for small objects. www.abdn.ac.uk

16. Rig Components 19. catwalk The ramp at the side of the drilling rig where pipe is laid to be lifted to the derrick floor www.abdn.ac.uk

17. Rotary system • The rotary system is used to rotate the drillstring, and therefore the drillbit, on the bottom of the borehole. • The rotary system includes all the equipment used to achieve bit rotation .

18. Rotary system Conventional Rotary System • Rotary table • Kelly Top-drive System Integrates the Kelly, rotary table, and bushings into one unit that drives the pipe from the top. • Kelly bushing • Master bushing • Swivel www.abdn.ac.uk

19. Rig Components • During drilling operations, in every connection, a new pipe is added below the Kelly • To avoid premature wear in the kelly’s threads, a kelly saver sub is used between the kelly and the first joint of drillpipe www.abdn.ac.uk

20. Rig Components 6. Swivel • It is a connecting point between the circulating system and the rotary system . • The swivel is located at the top of the Kelly . • It also allows mud to be pumped down to the drill string while the string rotates • The upper section of the swivel has a bail for connection to the elevator hook, and the gooseneck of the swivel provides a downward-pointing connection for the rotary hose. www.abdn.ac.uk

21. Rig Components Rotary swivel (Steven M. Hain Company, Inc. 2010) www.abdn.ac.uk

22. Rig Components 9. Kelly bushing The kelly bushing connects the kelly to the rotary table. www.abdn.ac.uk

23. Rig Components 10. Master bushing The master bushing turns the Kelly bushing. www.abdn.ac.uk

24. Rig Components 11. mousehole: Is the storage area on a drilling rig where the next joint of drilling pipe is held until needed. www.abdn.ac.uk

25. Rig Components 12. Rathole is the hole through the rig floor where the kelly can be stored when it has to be disconnected. www.abdn.ac.uk

26. Rotary system The top drive: • Modern rigs use a topdrive to replace the kelly, kelly bushings, and rotary table. • Uses a power swivel at the top of drill string in place of the Kelly to rotate the drill string. The power swivel connects to the travelling block • The power swivel is powered by large electric motor remotely controlled from the driller console. • It allows 90-foot stands to be added to drill string instead of the conventional 30-foot stands saving rig time www.abdn.ac.uk

27. Rig Components 8. Kelly The kelly transfers rotary motion from the rotary table or kelly bushing to the drillstring. It is 40-42 feet. Attached to the drill pipe. rotary table www.abdn.ac.uk

28. Rig Components • the first section of pipe below the swivel • The outside cross section of the kelly is square or (most commonly) hexagonal to permit it to be gripped easily for turning www.abdn.ac.uk

29. Circulating system T o circulate drilling fluid down through the drillstring and up the annulus, carrying the drilled cuttings from the face of the bit to surface. www.abdn.ac.uk

30. Rig Components 23. mud return line (flowline) The flowline is simply an inclined, gravity-flow conduit to direct mud coming out the top of the wellbore to the mud surface-treating equipment. www.abdn.ac.uk

31. Mud Pumps Positive displacement type pumps are used (reciprocating pistons) to deliver the high volumes and high pressures required to circulate mud through the drillstring and up the annulus. There are two types of positive displacement pumps in common use: Duplex (2 cylinders) - double acting Triplex (3 cylinders) - single acting Circulation System

32. Piston Por şen Circulation System

33. Dublex Pump Triplex Pump Circulation System

34. Rig Components 17. rotary hose visible in the lower right of the photograph, connects the standpipe to the swivel and allows drilling fluid to circulate while the drillstring rotates. www.abdn.ac.uk

35. Rig Components 24. Shale shaker: • first phase of a solids control system on a drilling rig • used to remove large solids (sizes >74µm) (cuttings) from the drilling fluid ("Mud"). • Removes about 22 – 27% of drilled solids. www.abdn.ac.uk

36. Rig Components 25. choke manifold choke manifold systems manage well pressure fluctuations encountered during drilling by diverting flow through a series of valves and chokes. www.abdn.ac.uk

37. Rig Components 26. mud gas separator It captures and separates large volume of free gas within the drilling fluid. www.abdn.ac.uk

38. Rig Components 27. degasser: A degasser is a device used in drilling to remove small amount of entrained gas from drilling fluid www.abdn.ac.uk

39. Rig Components 28. Reserve Pit: used in conjunction with drilling rig for collecting spent drilling fluids; cuttings, sands, and silts www.abdn.ac.uk

40. Rig Components 30 & 31. Desander & Desilter • Desanders and desilters are solid control equipment with a set of hydrocyclones that separate sand and silt from the drilling fluids in drilling rigs. • Desanders are installed on top of the mud tank following the shale shaker and the degasser, but before the desilter. • The desander removes the abrasive solids ( sizes 45 - 74 μm ) which cannot be removed by shakers • The desilter removes the particles ( sizes 15 – 44 μm ). www.abdn.ac.uk

41. Rig Components www.abdn.ac.uk

42. Rig Components Drillstring: composed of two major portions, the drillpipes ( 27 to 30 ft or 8 to 9 m) and the bottomhole assembly (BHA) www.abdn.ac.uk

43. Rig Components Drillstring: composed of two major portions, the drillpipes and the bottomhole assembly (BHA) Drill pipe www.abdn.ac.uk

44. Rig Components • The BHA is the lower section of the drillstring. • most of the BHA is composed of drill collars . • The drill collars are thick-walled, heavy steel tubulars used to apply weight to the bit. • The buckling tendency of the relatively thin walled drillpipe is too great to use it for this purpose. The smaller clearance between the borehole and the drill collars helps to keep the hole straight. www.abdn.ac.uk

45. Rig Components Drill bit • The bit is at the bottom of the drill string • Fluid travels through the bit where pressure is changed to velocity by nozzles to allow the fluid to clean the cuttings out from under the bit www.abdn.ac.uk

46. Circulating system Mud travel is as follows: • Mud Tanks • Mud Pump or pumps • Surface Lines • Standpipe (along derrick leg) • Rotary or Kelly hose • Gooseneck, Swivel • Kelly • Drill Pipe & Collars • Bit and bit nozzles • Up the drill string / open hole annulus to surface • Shale shaker • Mud Tanks www.abdn.ac.uk

47. Rig Components www.abdn.ac.uk

48. Well control system The function of the well control system is to prevent the uncontrolled flow of formation fluids from the wellbore. www.abdn.ac.uk

49. Well control system Ram Type Preventor Annular Type Preventor

50. Rig Components Failure to do this results in the uncontrolled flow of fluids - known as blo out - which may cause loss of lives and equipment, damage to the environment and the loss of oil or gas reserves. www.abdn.ac.uk

51. Rig Components Blow ou t preventors (BOPs) must be installed to cope with any kicks that may occur. BOPs are basically high pressure valves which seal off the top of the well. www.abdn.ac.uk

52. Rig Components • Mud flow meter or pit level indicator will trigger alarms and alert the rig crew of any influx • The well can be closed in with the BOP if necessary • BOPs must be installed before drilling even begins • BOPs are hydraulically operated high pressure valves sealing off the annular space with rubber element or entire well bore by driving metal ram across it www.abdn.ac.uk