ROTAVIRUS infection and disease with.pptx

rotavirus all infection

1. ROTAVIRUS

2. Case Study: Patient: Sarah, 9-year-old girl Complaint: Severe diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain History of Present Illness: Sarah presented to the emergency room with a 2-day history of severe diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Her symptoms were accompanied by fever and dehydration. Her parents reported that she had been unable to keep any food or fluids down. Past Medical History: Sarah had no significant past medical history of note. Physical Examination: Upon examination, Sarah appeared dehydrated with dry mucous membranes and sunken eyes. She had a fever of 101.2°F and tenderness in the abdominal area. Her bowel sounds were hyperactive. CASE

3. Rotavirus is a very contagious virus that causes diarrhea. Before the development of a vaccine, most children had been infected with the virus at least once by age 5. Although rotavirus infections are unpleasant, you can usually treat this infection at home with extra fluids to prevent dehydration. Occasionally, severe dehydration requires receiving fluids through a vein (intravenously) in the hospital.

4. TRANSMISSION OF ROTAVIRUS ” Primary mode of rotavirus transmission is fecal to oral Food borne and air borne spread is possible  Close person to person contact and environmental surfaces are common vectors of transmission  Incubation period is 1-3 days  Large quantities of virus are shed in stool from just prior to onset of symptoms until about 10 days after onset  Amount of virus shed in stool [10-100 billion virion /gram of stool]infection  Amount of ingested virus required to cause infection as few as 10 infective virions ETIOLGY

5. • First identified as cause of diarrhea in 1973 • Most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and children • Nearly universal in causing infection by 5 years of age • Spreads in settings where many children. are together, such as daycare centres • Winter season highly predisposing • Estimated range 3 - 5 billion infections • Responsible for up to > 1.0 million diarrheal deaths each year worldwide • Adults too can get infected EPIDEMIOLOGY

6. • Reservoir Human-GI tract • Communicability 2 days before to 10 days after onset • Entry through mouth • Replication in epithelium of small intestine • Viremia uncommon • Infection leads to isotonic diarrhea PATHOGENESIS

7. SYMPTOMS

8. Clinical manifestations depend on whether it is the first infection or reinfection • Present with Watery diarrhea (no blood or leukocytes ) Fever , can be high grade Abdominal pain Vomiting Loss of electrolytes and fluids leading to dehydration May be fatal unless treated • First infection after age 3 months generally most severe May be asymptomatic or result in severe dehydratingdiarrhea with fever and vomiting • GI symptoms generally resolve in 3 to 7 days

9. • The virus is stable in the environment • Relatively resistant to hand-washing agents • Susceptible to disinfection • 95% ethanol, 'Lysol', formalin • Very stable and may remain viable for weeks or months if not disinfected CHARACTERS

10. • Serology for epidemiologic studiesAntigen detection in stool Antibody detection in serum • Molecular methods • Electron Microscopy • CultureGroup A Rotaviruses can be cultured in monkey kidney cells • Histopathology • Antigen detection in stool ELISA , LA (Group A Rotavirus), ICT • Antibody detectionELISA can detect antibodies and establish rise in titers • Serology for epidemiologic studies DIAGNOSIS

11. There is no specific medicine to treat rotavirus infection Antibiotics and antivirals won't help a rotavirus infection . Usually, the infection resolves within three to seven days . Preventing dehydration is the biggest concern oral intravenous rehydration is the most basic treatment strategy. TREATMENT

12. significant control measures are Waste water management Safe drinking water supplies . Sanitation Maintaining hygiene Vaccination is the only control measure likely to have a significant impact on the incidence of severe dehydrating rotavirus disease . Two new live, oral, attenuated rotavirus vaccines were licensed in 2006:1. The pentavalent bovine-human reassortant vaccine RotaTeq and2. The monovalent human rotavirus vaccine Rotarix . PREVENTION

13. Rotavirus vaccine is the best way to protect your child against rotavirus disease. Most children (about 9 out of 10) who get the vaccine will be protected from severe rotavirus disease. About 7 out of 10 children will be protected from rotavirus disease of any severity . Two rotavirus vaccines are currently licensed for infants in the United States: RotaTeq ® (RV5) is given in 3 doses at ages 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months Rotarix ® (RV1) is given in 2 doses at ages 2 months and 4 months The first dose of either vaccine should be given before a child is 15 weeks of age . Children should receive all doses of rotavirus vaccine before they turn 8 months old. Both vaccines are given by putting drops in the child’s mouth. PROPHYLAXIS