Routes of Drug Administration.pptx

A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the way by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body, The route of administration is the way through which the dosages form is administrated into the body for treatment of various diseases and disorder.
Various route of administration play a marked role in the bioavailability of the active drug in the body .
Ocular drug administration play a vital role to treat ocular abnormalities.

1. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION IN EYE BY - MR. SATYENDRA SACHAN ASSISSTANT PROFESSOR

2. DEFINITION- A drug produces its effect when an appropriate concentration reaches the site of action, because the eye has a variety of anatomical barriers. The chemical properties of a drug must be taken in consideration when one is choosing a drug delivery route for the treatment of ophthalmic disorder.

3. ROUTES OF ADM INISTRATION FOR OCULAR DRUG - Topical . Direct injection. Systemic administration.

4. TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION . Topical ophthalmic drug come in a variety of forms Eye drops Ointment Ocuserts Contact lens

5. EYE DROPS Eye drops are methods of drug administration and offer several advantage such as- Quick absorption. Easy administrative. Cheap.

6. THE EFFECT OF TOPICAL DROP DEPENDS ON FOLLOWING - Size of the drop(the average vol is 20 micro lt.) Volume of conjunctival sac 7 to 10 micro lt.(30 micro lt maximum NOTE-the size of an ophthalmic drop is 20 ml. the conjunctival sac contains approx 10 ml tears and has a max capacity of 30 ml.

7. HOW TO USE EYE DROPS AND SOME PRECAUTIONs- Wash hands and then gently clean the eyelid. Lean the head backward and direct your gaze upward. Use your forefinger and gently pull down the lower eyelid . Place the drop at 1 inch distance from the eye ,and instill drop(20 Micro lt )

8. OINTMENTS- Topical application of ointments increase the bioavailability of drugs by increasing tissue contact time. And prevent the dilution and quick absorption. NOTE- the ointments blur the vision so these are best at bedtime .

9. HOW TO USE OINTMENTS ? First grasp down the lower eyelid and then pull outward to create a pouch in the lower fornix. And then put the ointment in it. Close the eyes for 3 to 4 hours . NOTE - We can’t use ointments in emergency.

10. OCUSERTS- These form a system of drug delivery through a membrane. These can be placed in the upper and lower fornix up to a week and allow a drug to be released at a relatively constant rate.

11. FOR EX- Pilocarpine ocuserts have been found very useful in patients with primary angle glaucoma.

12. SOFT CONTACT LENS- These are very good for giving higher concentration of drugs in emergency treatment. For ex-A pre soaked soft contact lens in 1% pilocarpine has been found as effective as 4% pilocarpine eyedrops in patients with acute angle closure glaucoma.

13. Uses of soft contact lens As a bandage for an epithelial defect. Significantly Reduces pain. Used in dry eye, ocular allergy, inflammation, infection, and glaucoma. To promote epithelialization .

14. PENETRATION OF TOPICALLY DRUGS- Topically instilled drugs largely penetrate by cornea. The main barrier through cornea is its epithelium which is lipophilic . Stroma being hydrophilic allows rapid passage drugs through endothelium and then in to the anterior chamber.

15. DRUG ADMINISTRATION THROUGH INJECTIONS- These include – Periocular injections Intraocular injections.

16. PERIOCULAR INJECTIONS- These include- Sub Conjunctival Sub tenon. Retrobulbar. Peribulbar.

17. SUB CONJUNCTIVAL INJECTIONS- The drug can not penetrate the cornea It is given in the Subconjunctival tissue. These are commonly used to achieve higher concentration of drugs.

18. INDICATIONS- These are used in treatment of severe inflammation. For ex-. Corneal ulcer, cataract surgery, conjunctivitis , Iridocyclitis

19. SUB TENON INJECTIONS- This injection can be given in tenon capsule. INDICATIONS- These are used mainly to administer steroids in the treatment of anterior uveitis , perforated corneal ulcer.

20. Posterior sub tenon injection are indicated in patients with intermediate and posterior uveitis . FOR EX- posterior sub tenon injectioN Of TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE in patients with intermediate uveitis .

21. RETROBULBAR INJECTION- Retrobulbar injection are used to administered drug in posterior site of eye. For treatment of optic neuritis, papillitis,posterior uveitis and also used for give retrobulbar block anaesthesia .

22. DISADVANTAGES Rupture of eyeball Chemosis of conjunctiva Conjunctival haemorrhage Damage of optic nerve

23. PERIBULBAR INJECTION- Surrounding the globe, especially the eye ball. INDICATIONS- These are mostly used in administrating of ocular anesthesia. (Peribulbar anesthesia has almost replaced the retrobulbar anesthesia).

24. CONT . These are also used in treatment of diabetic macular edema by the drug TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE .

25. INTRA OCULAR INJECTIONS These include- Intra cameral injection Intra vitreal injection

26. INTRACAMERAL INJECTION. Administration of drugs in to anterior chamber called intracameral injection. INDICATIONS- These are mainly used in treatment of anterior chamber neovascularization, in a painful blind eye.

27. CONT. Intracameral injection of BEVACIZUMAB (AVASTIN) helped in the successful regression of neovascular membrane. NOTE - Neovascularization is a condition in which the new vessels regenerate in ant. Chamber of eye.

28. INTRAVITERAL INJECTION. Drug administratiion in the posterior chamber of eye called intraviteral injection. INDICATIONS- Retinal disease, diebetic retinopathy,retinal vein occulusion , uveitis .

29. FOR EX . GANCICLOVIR intraviteral 0.25mg for treatment of retinitis for 14 days. VANCOMYCIN 1mg.

30. SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION- Systemic administration is a route of administration of drugs in to the circulatory system (BLOOD ) SYSTEMIC ROUTE INCLUDE- Oral route. I.V route. I.M route.

31. ORAL ROUTE- This is oldest and most common route. The drug passes through the large G.I.T area and different PH of different parts .

32. THE DRUGS TAKEN ORALLY IN THE TREATMENT OF EYE DISEASE- In glaucoma we can take DIURETICS ( acetazolamide ) . INDOMETHACIN ( indocin ) IN the treatment of scleritis . Antibiotics or antiviral.

33. I.V ROUTE- the drugs which is directly administered in to venous supply called intra venous injections. So these directly reaches in to systemic circulation and produce effect.

34. THE DRUGS WHICH IS TAKEN BY I.V ROUTE- Antiviral drugs can be taken by i.v route. Acyclovir, Acivir, Herpex etc.

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