RPH-Reviewer.and independence ofpeoplepdf

Reviewer

1. Reviewer (RPH)
Chapter 1
Importance of History
•History allows us to learn the past.
~ It helps us understand how people lived, what they believed in, and why certain events
happened.
•Historian – one who studies history and finds evidence.
• Provides background for many disciplines.
• Can be a source of entertainment.
• When studied, it teaches many important critical skills.
Problems in the Philippines
1. Poverty & inequality
2. Problems in education
3. Corruption in government
4. Weak health system
5. Disaster preparedness
6. Lack of national unity
The Study of History
•The study of history, therefore, is the study of beliefs, desires, practices, and institutions of
human beings.
•“History” comes from Greek word “Historia” means knowledge acquired through inquiry or
investigation.
•History has been studied for more than 2,400 years it’s just as old as Math and Philosophy
• Latin Historia written records, not imagination tells truth of the past.
Sources of History:
• Oral tradition
• Artifacts
• Memories of people
• Building and architecture
• Archaeologist ~ studies tools, buildings, graves and other objects of people who lived in the
past.
•Linguists ~ study of language ~ a person who speaks several languages.
•Biologists and Biochemists - the person who study the past through analyzing genetic and
DNA patterns of human societies.
Uses of History
• Provides sources of personal and social identity.
• Helps us to understand the problem of the past.
• Can help one develop tolerance and open-mindedness.

2. Questions & Issues in History
• What is history?
• Why do we study it?
• Who is it for?
Historiography (History of History)
Questions asked:
• Who wrote the historical text?
• How was it written?
• When and where was it written?
• What sources did the writer use?
• What method was followed?
THEORIES IN HISTORY
• Positivism – way of thinking that became popular in the 18th–19th century.
• Believes that knowledge should be based on facts.
• No Document, No History
• Postcolonialism – way of thinking
•Started in the early 20th century.
•Gained independence from colonial powers (Spain, Britain, France, etc.).
•Questions:
•Who are we now?
• What is our true culture and identity?
• Two Main Goals:
1. To tell the nation’s true story.
2. To criticize colonialism.
Historical Sources
Primary Sources
• Produced at the same time as the event, period, or subject being studied.
• Based on experienced events.
• Can be published or unpublished.
Examples:
• Written documents ? diaries, letters
• Visual materials ? pictures, paintings
• Printed materials ? newspapers, books
• Physical artifacts ? tools, clothing, monuments, buildings
• Audio/Video ? recordings, video footage
Secondary Sources
• Produced by an author who used primary sources to produce the material.
• Did not experience events directly.
Examples:
• Books
• Articles

3. • Documents
• Websites
CRITICISM OF SOURCES
External Criticism
• Authenticity of evidence
• Examples:
• Date of events
• Place of production
• Authorship
Internal Criticism
• Truthfulness of evidence
• Examples:
• Source of authenticity
• Bias
• Chronological consistency
Chapter 2
First Voyage Around the World of Magellan by Antonio Pigafetta
Author: ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
• 1491-1531
• He was an Italian scholar, explorer, and chronicler from Venice
•He traveled with the portugese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and his crew by order of the
King Charles 1 of Spain on their Voyage around the world.
• Pigafetta meticulously maintained a daily journal, documenting the expedition’s route, the
climates and geographies encountered, and especially the cultures, languages, and customs of
indigenous peoples.
• His travelogue is one of the most important primary sources in the study of precolonial
Philippines.
•His account was also a major referent to the events leading to Magellans arrival in the
Philippines, his encounter with local leaders, his death in the hands of Lapulapu’s forces in
the Battle of Mactan and in the depature of what was left of Magellan’s fleet from the islands.
FERDINAND MAGELLAN
• February 3 1480- April 25, 1521
•Pouguese Explorer who organized the Spanish Expeditions to the East Indies from
1519-1522 to search for western route to the Maluku Islands ( the Spice Island) resulting in
the first circumnavigation of the Earth, completed by Juan Sebastian Elcano
Cir·cum·nav·i·ga·tion
/ˌsərkəmˌnaviˈɡāSH(ə)n/ - noun
1.The action or process of sailing or otherwise traveling all the way around something,
especially the world.
2.“He completed the fastest solo circumnavigation in a small vessel”
)"

4. MAGELLAN CIRCUMNAVIGATION AROUND THE WORLD
Aug 10, 1519 – Magellan sets sail with five ships
Oct 21, 1520 – Discovers Strait of Magellan
Apr 27, 1521 – Magellan killed by Islanders
Sep 06, 1522 – Single ship returns with 18 survivors
)"
)"
)"
The First Voyage Around the World by Magellan
• The document reveals several insights not just in the character of the Philippines during pre
colonial period, but also on how the fresh eyes of the European regard a deeply unfamiliar
terrain, environment, people and culture.
• Published after Pigafetta returned to Italy.
• Antonio Pigafetta wrote his firsthand observation and general impression of the Far East
including their Experiences in the Visayas. )"
• In Pigafetta’s account, their fleet reached what he called the Ladrones Islands or the
“Islands of the Thieves”
• “These people have no arms, but use sticks, which have a fishbone at the end. They are poor,
but ingenious, and great thieves, and for the sake of that we called these three islands the
Ladrones Islands”.
LADRONES ISLAND
• Presently known as Marianas Islands.
•It is located south-southeast of Japan, west-southwest of Hawaii, north of New Guinea,
and east of Philippines.
•March 16, 1521 – Sight of Land (Philippines)
•Pigafetta wrote that on March 16, 1521, they saw an island called Zamal (now known as
Samar). However, they did not land there immediately.
• Magellan chose to land on Homonhon Island, a nearby uninhabited island, for safety and
rest, as they were unsure of how the natives on Zamal would react. They stayed there for
several days to recover from their long Pacific crossing.
March 17, 1521 – Landing at Homonhon)"
• Magellan and his crew land at Homonhon Island (now part of Eastern Samar).
• Homonhon Island was uninhabited when Magellan and his crew landed there
• However, locals from nearby islands, particularly from Suluan and Leyte, visited them and
offered food and assistance.

5. • These locals were likely under the influence or alliance of local chiefs or rajahs, such as Rajah
Kolambu of Limasawa, but Homonhon itself had no known ruler.
March 18, 1521
~ On March 18, 1521, nine local men arrived by boat. They were friendly and welcoming,
bringing food, drinks, and gifts. They showed great interest in the foreigners and even shared
cultural practices, such as using betel nut.
BETEL NUT CHEWING ~ in ILOCO ( ILOCANO ) LANGUAGE
•BUA ~ ARECA NUT
•APUG ~ SLAKED LIME
•GAWED ~ PIPER LEAF
MAMA – Is the practice of chewing betel nut wrapped in a betel leaf often with lime, commonly
for stimulant or cultural purposes
)"
They are friendly, peaceful, and hospitable. The natives gave them:  
› Fish
› Palm wine (uraca)
› Figs
› Rice (umai)
› Cocho
)"
Pigafetta described what seemed like a coconut.
•This palm tree grows a fruit called cocho, which is about the size of a human head. The outer
layer is green and about two fingers thick. Inside this layer are fibers that they use to make
ropes for tying their boats. Beneath that is a second, very hard shell, thicker than a walnut
shell. They burn this hard shell to make a useful powder. Inside, there’s a white part about a
fin’er thick, which they eat fresh with meat and fish, like we eat bread. It tastes like almonds,
and if dried, it can also be made into bread.
• Willingly showed them different islands and the names of this islands.
• The Humunu Island (Homonhon) (Watering Place of Good Signs) where they found the
first signs of gold in the island. )"
• Magellan named the group of islands the “Archipelago of St. Lazarus” because they arrived
close to Lazarus Sunday (a few days before Palm Sunday, 1521).
• This was a common European practice: naming places after saints or religious events.
• They saw two Ballangai (balangay) ~ the people who lived here are ( NPA ) - No permanent
address
RAJAH SIAGU - KING OF BUTUAN
• The leader Raia Siagu sent his men to the ship of Magellan.
• The kings were generous and gave food, drinks, and gifts.

6. • They received Ginger (luya) was known and valued, and Pigafetta mentioned it as a local
item.
• They bartered. Magellan was more focused on getting provisions like food, water, and wood
for the ships, and establishing friendly alliances.
• Magellan exchanged gifts of robes in Turkish fashions, red cap, knives and mirrors.
• The two men expressed their desire to become brothers. )"
• Magellan also boasted of his men in an armor who could not struck with swords and daggers.
The king was fascinated and remarked that men in such armor could be worth one hundred of
his men. )"
• Magellan was introduced to the king’s brother who was also king of another island.
• They went to this island and they saw mines of gold. )"
• The gold was abundant that the parts of the ship and the house of the second king were
made of gold.
March 22, 1521 – Meeting with Rajah Calambu
• King of Limasawa
• Pigafetta described him as the most handsome of all men that he saw in this place. )"
• He was adorned with sick and golden accecories like golden dagger, which he carried with
him in a wooden polished sheath.
March 31 (Easter Sunday)
• Magellan ordered the chaplain to preside a Mass by the shore. )"
• The king sent two dead pigs and attended the Mass with the other king. “ when the offertory
of the mass came, the two kings, went to kiss the cross like us, but they offered nothing, and at
the elevation of the body of our Lord they were kneeling like us, and adored our Lord with
joined hands.”
The First Mass In the Philippines 1521
• On Easter Sunday, 31 March 1521, Fr. Pedro de Valederrama celebrated the first mass in
the Philippines.
• The intensive Christianization process of the island would start only with the coming of the
Legazpi expedition in 1565, which brought the first missionaries, the Agustinians.
• After the Mass, Magellan ordered that the cross be brought with nails and crowned in place.
• Magellan explained that the cross, the nail, and the crown were the signs of his emperor and
that he was ordered to plant it in the places that he would reach and the cross would be
beneficial for their people because once the Spaniards saw this cross, then they would know
that they had been in this land and would not cause them troubles, and any person who might
be held captives by them would be released.
April 07, 1521
• Magellan and his men reached the port of Cebu, the largest and the richest of the islands
with the helped of Raia Calambu.  

7. • The king of Cebu (Rajah Humabon) demanded that they pay tribute as it was customary but
Magellan refused.
• Magellan said that he was the captain himself and thus would not pay tribute to the other
king.
• Magellan’s interpreter explained to the king of Cebu that Magellan’s king was the emperor of
the great empire and that it would do them better to make friends with them than to forge
enmity.
• The king consulted his council and the next day, together with the other principal men of
Cebu, they met in an open space and the king offered a bit of his blood demanded that
Magellan do the same. Blood compact ( sandugoan ) - symbolize the friendship
( pagkakaibigan)
“Then the king said that he was content, and as a greater sign of affection he sent him a little of
his blood from his right arm, and wish he should do the like. Our people answered that he
would do it. Besides that, he said that all the captains who came to his country had been
accustomed to make a present to him, and he to them, and therefore they should ask their
captain if he would observe the custom. Our people answered that he would: but as the king
wished to keep up the custom, let him begin and make a present, and then the captain would
do his duty.”
• Magellan spoke about peace and God. People took pleasure in his speech.
• Magellan asked the people who would succeed the king after his reign and the people
responded that the eldest child of the king, who happened to be a daughter, would be the next
in line.
• Parents were no longer taken into account and has to follow the orders of their children as the
new leaders of the land.
• People wished to become Christians through their free will and not because they were forced
or intimidated.
April 14 1521
• The people gathered with the king and other principal men of the island. Magellan spoke and
encouraged the king to be a good Christian by burning all the idols and worship the cross
instead.
• The king of Cebu was baptized as Christians
“To that the king and all his people answered that thy would obey the commands of the captain
and do all that he told them. The captain took the king by the hand, and they walk about on the
scaffolding, and when he was baptized he said that he would name him Don Charles (Carlos),
as the emperor his sovereign was named: and he named the Prince Don Fernand (Fernando),
after the brother of the emperor, and the king of Mazavva Jehan: to the Moor he gave the
name of Christopher, and to the others each a name of his fancy.”.
• After eight days, all of the islands inhabitant were already baptized.
• Pigafetta admitted that they burned a village down for obeying neither the king nor Magellan.

8. • The Mass was conducted by the shore everyday.
• When the queen (Hara Amihan) came to the Mass one day, Magellan gave her an Image of
the Infant Jesus made by Pigafetta himself.
April 26, 1521
• Zula, a principal man from the island of Matan (Mactan) went to see Magellan and ask him a
boat full of men so that he could fight the chief name Silalapulapu (Lapulapu). )"
• According to Zula, Lapulapu refused to obey the king and was also preventing him from
doing so.
• Magellan offered three boats and went to Mactan himself to fight Lapulapu.
• They arrived in Mactan in daylight with 49 in numbers while the islanders of Mactan were
estimated to number 1500.
“ When we reached land we found the islanders fifteen hundred in number, drawn up in three
squadrons, they came down upon us with terrible shouts, two squadrons attacking us on the
flanks, and the third in front. The captain then divided his men in two bands. Our musketeers
and crossbow-men fired for half an hour from a distance, but did nothing, since the bullets and
arrows, though they passed through their shields made of thin wood, and perhaps wounded
their arms, yet did not stop them.
The captain shouted not to fire, but he was not listened to. The islanders seeing that the shots
of our guns did them little or no harm would not retire, but shouted more loudly, and springing
from one side to the other to avoid our shots, they at the same time drew nearer to us,
throwing arrows, javelins, spears hardened in fire, stones and even mud, so that we could
hardly defend ourselves. Some of them cast lances pointed with iron at the captain-general.” )"
• Magellan died in the battle.
• The natives perceiving that the bodies of the enemies were protected with armors, aimed for
their legs Instead.
• Magellan was pierced with a poisoned arrow in his right leg.
• A few of their men charges at the natives and tried to intimidate them by burning an entire
village but this only enraged the natives further.
• Magellan was specifically targeted because the native knew he was the captain general.
• Magellan was hit with a lance in the face. Magellan retaliated and pierced the same native
with his lance in the breast and tried to draw his sword but could not lift it because of his
wounded arms. One native with a great sword delivered a blow in Magellan’s left leg, brought
him face down and the natives ceaselessly attacked Magellan with lances, swords and even
their bare hands.
“Whilst the Indians were thus overpowering him, several times he turned round towards us to
see if we were all in safety, as though his obstinate fight had no other object than to give an
opportunity for the retreat of his men.

9. • The king of Cebu who was baptized could have sent help but Magellan instructed him not to
join the battle and stay in the balangay so that he would see how they fought. )"
• The king offered the people of Mactan’s gifts of any value and amount in exchange of
Magellan’s body but the chief refused. They wanted to keep Magellan’s body as a momento
of their victory.
• Duarte Barbosa is elected as the new captain.
• Henry, Magellan’s slave and interpreter betrayed them and told the king of Cebu that they
intended to leave as quickly as possible. The slave allegedly told the king that if he followed his
advice, the king would acquire the ships and the goods of Magellan’s fleet.
• The two conspired and betrayed what was left of Magellan’s men.
• The king invited these men to a gathering where he said he would present the jewels that he
would send for the King of Spain.
• Twenty-four men attended while Pigafetta was not able to joined because he was nursing his
battle wounds. )"
• The natives had slain all the men except the interpreter and Juan Serrano who was already
wounded
• The fleet departed and abandoned Serrano.
• They left Cebu and continued their journey around the world
From the original five ships set to sail
1.San Antonio
2.Concepcion
3.Santiago
4.Trinidad
5.Victoria
• Only Victoria returned to Spain
• And from the original 237 men only 18 men survived
5 SHIPS AND THEIR INFOS
• Santiago
Crew:32
Under the command of Juan Serrano
Smallest of the 5 ships
Called as a caravel
First ship that has been lost
• San Antonio
Crew:60
Under the command of Juan De Cartagena
Soon led by  Alvarado De Mesquita
Largest in the fleet

10. Second ship that has been lost
)"
• Concepcion
Crew:43
Under the command of Gaspar de Quesada
Captain was executed because of mutiny
Burned
Third ship that has been lost
• Trinidad
Crew:55
Under the command of Ferdinand Magellan
The Flagship
Was attacked by Portuguese ship
Left shipwrecked
Fourth ship that has been lost
• Victoria
Crew:43
Under the command of Luiz Mendoza, soon led by Juan Sebastian Elcano
Antonio Pigafetta on board
First ship circumnavigated the world
Only ship to complete the voyage
“The best storyteller is the one who not only knows the story but saw it.”
• One of the most cited documents by historians who wished to study the pre colonial
Philippines.
• One of the earliest written accounts. Pigaffetta was seen as a credible source for a period,
which was prior unchronicled and undocumented.
• Earliest detailed documentation.
• It was believed that Pigafetta’s writing s account fot the “purest” precolonial society.
• Pigafetta’s work is a great importance in study and writing of Philippine history.
• We should recognized certain biases accompanying the author and his identity, loyalties, and
the circumstances that he was in; and how it affected the text that he produced.
• We need to understand that he was a chronicler commissioned by the King of Spain to
accompany and document a voyage intended to expand the Spanish empire. A noble descent
who came from a rich family in Italy
• These attributes influenced his narrative, his selection of details to be included in the text, his
characterization of the people and of the species that he encountered, and his interpretation
and retelling of the events.
• Being a scholar of cartography and geography, Pigafetta was able to give details on
geography and climate of the places that their voyage has reached.)"
• Pigafetta’s description to people was coming from sixteenth century European perspective.

11. • Pigaffetta regarded the indigenous belief systems and way of life as inferior to Christianity and
of the Europeans.
• He always remarks on the nakedness of the natives or how he was fascinated by their exotic
culture.
• He emphasized the native’s amazement and illiteracy to the European artillery, merchandise
and other goods.
• He repeatedly mentioned the abundance of spices like ginger, and of precious metals like
gold.
• When they saw the indigenous attires of the natives, Pigafetta saw them as being naked
because from the European standpoint, they were wearing fewer clothes.
• Pigafetta’s perspective was too narrow to realize that such attire was only appropriate to the
tropical climate of the islands.
• The same for the materials that the native used for their houses like palm and bamboo that
would let more air come through the house and compensate for the hot climate in the islands.
• We should understand that such observations were rooted from the context of Pigafetta and
his era.
Chronicler - a person who writes & records the events
Cartographer - a person who draws or produces maps