RUBBER CULTIVATION

RUBBER

1. University of agricultural sciences Bengaluru College of agriculture ,hassan

2. Presented to Dr.C.Suneetha Asst.Professor Dept. of Horticulture College of Agriculture Hassan

3. Production technology of Plantation,Spice,Medicinal and Aromatic crops Topic : Production technology of Rubber

4. Properties of rubber High strength . Low heat build up. Better resistance to wear and flex cracking .

5. rubber Scientific name: Hevea brasiliensis Common name:Para rubber Origin :South america

6. Rubber growing regions

7. Species of Rubber Manihot glaziovii Ceara rubber Castiola elastica Panama rubber

8. Havea brassiliensis Para rubber Ficus elastica Indian rubber

9. Botany Heavea brasiliensis is diploid (2n = 36,x=9). It is pernnial ,monoecious and cross-pollinated tree species . It belongs to family Euphorbiaceae .

10. Flowers Flowers are borne in many flowered, auxillary , pubescent . Flowers are small, scented ,unisexual with bell shaped female flowers(60-80 males to each female flower. Flowering takes place with some male flower opening first ,lasting for one day and then dropping ,followed by female flowers open for 3-5 days .

11. Fruits Only a small proportion of female flower set fruits . Among this 30-50% of after a month and more fall off later. Mature fruit is a large, compressed , 3-lobbed capsule , 3-5cm in diameter with 3 oil containing seeds.

12. Seeds The capsule burst open at the end of the rainy season with a characteristic loud bang like a rifle shot . The seeds are then collected for sowing in nursery.

13. PROPAGATION OF RUBBER Seed propogation Seeds are collected everyday or on alternate days as it loose vialibity if exposed to sun. Sown in nursery beds.

14. Vegetative propagation Green budding : Stock and scion used are young. Stock are of 2-8 mon old, green buds are taken from bud shoots of 6-8wks. Buds seen in axil of leaf is used.

15. 2 . Brown budding Old stocks of 10 months or more are used. Buds found in axils of leaves are used.

16. PLANTING MATERIALS 1.Seeds at stake : System of planting seeds in situ.

17. 2. Seedling stumps :Seedlings pulled out from nursery and stem and roots are pruned before planting.

18. 3.Budded stumps : Budded plants are cut above the bud patch and sealed with wax.

19. 4.Polybag plants : Raised by green budding the seedlings in polybags or by planting budded stumps.

20. 5.Stumped budding : Successful green budded plants are cut above bud patch and allowed to grow.

21. Soil Laterite soils are most suitable Very porous Well drained Optimum pH 4.0-6.5

22. Climate Rubber plants require annual rainfall of 200-300cm i.e., 125-150 rainy days with out any dry season. A warm temperature of 21º-35ºC is suitable . Humidity ranging from 70-90% is ideal . Growth of rubber is satisfactory up to 450m above mean sea level. A gently undulating topography with a slope of 5º-15º is ideal.

23. Manures and fertilizers 30-30-30kg NPK recommended per hectare. Plantations , where plants exihibit Mg deficiency symptoms ,addition of 50kg/ha of magnesium sulphate is recommended.

24. HARVESTING

25. TAPPING DEFINITION: Tapping is the process of controlled wounding of rubber tree during which thin shavings of bark are removed leading to flow of latex.

26. Slope and direction of tapping cut Tapping cut of budded trees should have a slope of 30° to horizontal and that of seedlings a slope of 25°. A very steep cut leads to wastage of bark when tapping reaches base of the tree, leads to overflow of latex.

27. Tapping depth, bark consumption and bark renewal The best yield is obtained by tapping to a depth of <1mm close to the cambium since more latex vessels are concentrated near the cambium. For obtaining optimum yield it is preferable to consume about 20-23m of bark annually on S/2 d2 system at 1.5mm per tapping. 100% tapping intensity= 150 taps per year.

28. T ime of tapping and utensils Tapping should be commence early in morning, as late tapping reduces exudation of latex. The Michie Golledge knife is used knife is used India. Dra knife or jebong knife commonly used in Malaysia. Michie Golledge knife jebong knife

29. Tapping systems Response to tapping system varies from clone to clone. In general budded trees are to be tapped on half spiral alternate days(S/2 d2 system) and seedlings on half spiral (S/2 d3) system. Difference between d2 and d3 is reflected in yield only in the initial period.

30. METHODS OF TAPPING RUBBER 1.Mini and Reduced spiral tapping cuts : Short tapping cuts (mini cuts of 5cm or reduced spiral cuts of 10cm) Less injurious to trees.

31. 2.High level tapping/Ladder tapping: When tapping of renewed bark becomes uneconomical,new cuts are opened at higher levels. They use small ladders.

32. 3.Controlled upward tapping: In CUT system , instead of using a ladder, a long handled modified gouge knife is used for upward tapping from ground.

33. 4.Puncture tapping or micro tapping: This is an incision method of tapping, which involves making punctures with a small needle.

34. 5. Intensive tapping: Done on old trees for few years prior to their removal. Increased tapping frequency, extension of tapping cut & opening of double cuts is done.

35. 6.Slaughter tapping: Highly intensive tapping prior to replanting is the last stage in tapping cycle. Objective is to extract as much latex as possible from available branch.

36. Collection of latex

37. Latex Latex is white or yellowish opaque liquid. It contains 30-45% of rubber and 55-65% 0f water. Intensive tapping reduces rubber content. Fresh latex collected from tree is neutral in nature It becomes acidic rapidly due to bacterial action .

38. Pests of Rubber Termites Management: Practice good sanitation in plantation. Destroy early colonies of termites. Regularly inspect termite tunnel sand destroy them.

39. Root feeding grubs Management: Do not apply insecticides since the grubs have many natural enemies. Use poly bags in raising rubber seedlings to prevent grub attack.

40. White fly Management: Tiny wasps,Encarsia sp. Parasitize nymphs of white flies. If the population of whitefly is newly established, soap solution underneath rubber leaves. During heavy infestation, Deltamethrin and Lambdacyhalomethrin may used.

41. Diseases of Rubber Abnormal leaf fall – Phytophthora palmivora Symptoms: Rotting of fruits. Later ,infected leaves fall in huge number. Leaves turn to coppery red. Management: Prophylactic spraying of 1% bordeaux mixture(3000-4000 lt /ha) or oil based copper oxychloride (30-40 lt /ha) Is recommended .

42. 2. Powdery mildew – Oidium heveae Tender leaves with ash coating curl ,crinkle ,petioles attached to the twigs . In later stages on older leaves white patches appear. Infected flower & fruits shed . IDM: spray wettable sulphur (0.02%) or carbendazim(0.05%)

43. 3. Pink disease – Corticium salmonicolor Symptoms: White or pink coloured cobweb mycelial growths . It forms on the surface of bark with streaks of latex. Results in rotting,drying up,cracking up. Management : Early stages,apply bordeaux paste upto 30 cm below and above the affected region. Apply Tridemorph(2%) incorporated in 1% of ammomiated field latex.

44. 4. Patch canker - Phytophthora palmivora , P.meadii , Pythium vexans

45. 5.Physiological disorder Tapping panel dryness syndrome[Brown bast] Symptoms: Due to dripping of latex. Gradual decline in volume yield, pre- coagulation of latex. Partial or complete drying of tapping area. Browning,thickening and cracking. High yielding clones are most susceptible . Management: Reduced tapping intensity or tapping rest for 3-12 months are curative measures.

46. Vulcanization of natural rubber Vulcanization   is a chemical process for converting natural  rubber  into more durable materials by the addition of sulfur or other equivalent curatives or accelerators. It was given by Charles goodyear.

47. Vulcanization Before After

48. Marketable forms of Natural rubber Sheet rubber

49. Crepe rubber

50. Block rubber

51. Types of Sheet rubber Ribbed smoked sheets

52. Air dried sheets

53. By products Adhesive & coatings

54. Rubber bands

55. Rubber gaskets

56. Rubber airbags

57. Tyres

58. Rubber Flooring

59. Rubber nozzels

60. Rubber anti-vibration products

61. Rubber balloons

62. Rubber lining

63. Research institutes and developmental organisations of Rubber Rubber research institute of India,Kottayam,Kerala

64. Rubber board, Kottayam,Kerala

65. Malaysian rubber board , Kaula lumpur

66. International rubber reserch and development board (IRRDB), Kaula lumpur , Malaysia.