Rubella

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1. MD DANISH RIZVI DEPT . COMMUNITY MD DANISH RIZVI

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3. The Teratogenic property of the infection was documented by an Australian ophthalmologist Norman McAlister Gregg , in 1941 MD DANISH RIZVI

4.  Rubella , commonly known as German measles , is a disease caused by Rubella virus. The name is derived from the Latin, meaning little red .  Rubella is also known as German measles because the disease was first described by German physicians, Friedrich Hoffmann, in the mid-eighteenth century. MD DANISH RIZVI

5.  Rubella is a disease caused by the rubella virus.  Also known as German Measles or 3 day measles  Rubella is usually a mild illness.  Most people who have had rubella or the vaccine are protected against the virus for the rest of their lives.  Because of routine vaccination against rubella since 1970 , rubella is now rarely reported MD DANISH RIZVI

6.  Rubella virus is single stranded RNA virus  Diameter 50 – 70 nm  Enveloped Spherical  Virus multiply in the cytoplasm of infected cell MD DANISH RIZVI

7. AGENT ENVIRONMENT HOST MD DANISH RIZVI

8. Caused by an RNA virus of the togavirus family. It can be propagated in cell culture Agent Large no of rubella infections are Sub- clinical. Source of Infection It is much less communicable than measles. It probably extends from a week before symptoms to about a week after rash appears. Period of commu n ic a bility MD DANISH RIZVI

9. AGE Disease of childhood (3-10 years) IMMUNITY One attacks results in life long immunity; second attacks are rare. 40 % of women of child bearing age are susceptible to rubella in India, MD DANISH RIZVI

10.  Disease usually occurs in a seasonal pattern i.e. in temperate zones during the later winter and spring, with epidemics of every 4-9 years MD DANISH RIZVI

11.  The virus is transmitted directly from person to person by droplet nuclei from nose and throat.  The portal of entry is via the respiratory route.  The virus can cross the placenta and infect the foetus in uterus, leading to congenital rubella in new born MD DANISH RIZVI

12. 2-3 weeks Average 18 days MD DANISH RIZVI

13. Malaise Low grade fever Morbilliform rash Rash starts on Face Extremities Rarely lasts more than 5 days No features of the rash give clues to definitive diagnosis of Rubella. MD DANISH RIZVI

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15.  "Rubella infection in pregnant women during the first three months of pregnancy may result in the baby being born with birth defects or congenital rubella syndrome. MD DANISH RIZVI

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17. Occurs in Neonates and Childhood Lasts for 13 – 15 days Leads to development of antibodies The appearance of antibodies coincides the appearance of suggestive immulogic basis for the rash In 20 – 50 % cases of primary infections are subclinical MD DANISH RIZVI

18.  Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) refers to infants born with defects secondary to intrauterine infection.  It occurs if the infant has IgM rubella antibodies shortly after birth or IgG antibodies persist for more than 6 months, by the time maternally derived antibodies would have disappeared. MD DANISH RIZVI

19.  the most common and major defects are deafness, cardiac malformations and cataracts. de a fness cataracts PDA MD DANISH RIZVI

20.  Other defects includes Glaucoma Retinopathy Microcephalus Cerebral palsy Intrauterine growth retardation Hepato-splenomegaly Mental and motor retardation MD DANISH RIZVI

21.  Throat swab culture for virus isolation and serology.  Haemagglutination inhibition test (HAI)  Others includes ELISA test and radio-immune assay. MD DANISH RIZVI

22.  There is no specific treatment for Rubella; management is a matter of responding to symptoms to diminish discomfort. MD DANISH RIZVI

23.  Rubella vaccine is given to children at 9 months of age as a part of the MMR (measles- mumps-rubella) immunization.  Isolation of the patient.  Strict avoidance of close contact with patient.  Vaccination to girls(11-14 years), duration of immunity pffered being 10 years.  Other precautionary measures are needed as applied to air borne infection. MD DANISH RIZVI

24.  The MMR vaccine is a mixture of three live attenuated viruses , administered via injection for immunization against measles, mumps and rubella.  It is generally administered to children around the age of one year, with a second dose before starting school (i.e. age 4/5).  The second dose is not a booster; it is a dose to produce immunity in the small number of persons (2-5%) who fail to develop measles immunity after the first dose. MD DANISH RIZVI

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