Rural development Infrastructure in India

Rural development

1. The world “democracy” is derived from the greet roots – ‘Kratos‘ meaning ‘ Authority’ and ‘demos’ meaning ‘the people. It is governance of the people, by the people, for the people . Decentralization’ means distribution of functions and power from a central authority to regional and local authority. DD means : Govt which has derived its authority from the people, redistributes it to some extent to the people, for decision and action at the local level . This is known as Panchayati raj.

2. Panchayati Raj It consists of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) through which the self-government of villages is realized. They are tasked with " economic development , strengthening social justice and implementation of Central and State Government Schemes including those 29 subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule of Indian Constitution ." Part IX of the Indian Constitution is the section of the Constitution relating to the Panchayats. It stipulates that in states or Union Territories with more than two million inhabitants there are three levels of PRIs: the  Gram Panchayats  at village level the Mandal Parishad or Block  Samiti  or  Panchayat Samiti  at block level and the  Zila Parishad  at district level. 4

3. Implication of Panchayati Raj/Municipalities as the Third Tier of Governance on India’s Federal Structure UNION STATE PANCHAYATI RAJ MUNICIPALITY 3. Zilla Panchayat 2. Block/Taluk Panchayat 1. Village Panchayat 3. Municipal Corporation 2. Municipal Council 1. Nagar Panchayat GRAMA SABHA (Village Assembly) WARD MEETINGS (for Municipal Areas Autonomous Councils for Tribal Areas Autonomous Councils are created in some States like West Bengal, Jharkhand, Jammu & Kashmir and Assam for administration and development of certain areas with special features. But they also have statutory local bodies

4. PANCHAYATI RAJ IN PAST Although Panchayati raj originated in 2nd millennium BCE in India during Vedic times. Since Vedic times, the village (gram) in the country is considered as the basic unit for regional self-administration. Mahatma Gandhi  advocated Panchayati Raj as the foundation of India's political system, as a decentralized form of government in which each village would be responsible for its own affairs. The term for such a vision was  Gram Swaraj  ("village self-governance"). Instead, India developed a highly centralized form of government.  However, this has been moderated by the delegation of several administrative functions to the local level, empowering elected gram panchayats. There are significant differences between the traditional Panchayati Raj system, that was envisioned by Gandhi, and the system formalized in India in 1992. The Panchayat Raj system was first adopted by the state of Bihar by the Bihar Panchayat Raj Act of 1947. It was a continued legacy of local self government started by Lord Ripon in the British era. Later it was implemented by Rajasthan in  Nagaur district  on 2 October 1959. Rajasthan was the first state to introduce the panchayat system in India after independence. During the 1950s and 60s, other state governments adopted this system as laws were passed to establish panchayats in various states.  6

5. After Independence, the main aim of the government was to create a welfare state and fulfill the basic needs of the people. Planning Commission was set up in 1950 to prioritize areas of development and optimize utilization of resources. 1 st FYP came into effect from 1951. National Extension System came into being in 1952.

6. It is the systematic, planned and nation wide extension effort. It was based on the experiences of the early extension efforts (pre Independence period). In the last seven decades, the National Extension System has passed through several phases depending upon the developmental challenges and prevailing conditions.

7. National Extension System Community De v elop m ent T echnological Development Development with Social Justice

8. Community D eve l opment Community D eve l opment Projects (1952) National Exten s ion Service (1953) Community D eve l opment Blocks (1954) Panchayati Raj (1957)

9. National Ex t ension System Community Deve lop ment Community Deve lop ment Projects National Ex t ension Service Community Deve lop ment Blocks P anc h aya ti Raj Technological Development Dev e lo pme n t with Social Justice

10. Launched in 1954. To strengthen and consolidate the gains made under CDP and NES. People participation was appreciated. Aim: to facilitate their further development by giving additional monetary and human resources. Uniqu e f e atur e : C r ea t io n o f Bl o c k Admini s tra t ive team (BAT) (Basic unit of development). B A T comprise d o f b lock de v elopmen t of f icers, extension officers, village level workers . Heads of BAT- BDO. The job of BDO- to coordinate the implementation of development activities in the block and educating the village leaders and staff members.

11. Govt personnel in India have not only assumed major responsibility for determining what the needs of villagers were. Village leaders had difficulty in mobilizing their people to undertake projects. Absence of understanding the basic purpose of generating local group dynamic. Social Education Organizers: No clear cut concept of their roles. Little or no people participation . Lack of democratic leadership .

12. Introduction PANCHAYATI RAJ IN INDIA 15

13. Introduction – PR in India : Article 40  of the constitution directs to state to organize Village Panchayats as a unit of self-government. The twin objectives of the Panchayati Raj system as envisaged by the Constitution of India are  to ensure local economic development and social justice . Three Tier Panchayats came into existence as Development Agencies following the Balwantrai Mehta Report of 1957 Panchayati Raj, a process from Gram Sabha to Lok Sabha was a subject of discussion and debate. Since 1978 Panchayats were seen as Political Institutions. The milestones were the Ashok Mehta Committee Report (1978) and the West Bengal Panchayat Elections (1977)

14. Growth of PR in India after Independence Phase of ascendency (1959-64) Phase of stagnation (1965-69). Phase of decline (1969-77) Last two phases mainly due to: Reducing the allocation of fund. Lack of adjustment of the bureaucratic administration with PRIs. Lack of political will. Lack of conceptual clarity. Postponement of elections and supersession. The study team recommended a basic pattern of democratic decentralization with the Gram panchayat (Village Council) at the village level, the Panchayat Samiti at the block level and the Zilla Parishad (district council) at the district level. The Gram panchayat is at the bottom of the Panchayat Raj System and the Zilla Parishad is at the apex. The Panchayat Samiti constitutes the middle tier of this three-tier new set up of rural administration. 17

15. Balwantray Mehta Committee 1957. Panchayati raj emerged as a system for democratic Decentralization. Panchayati Raj (Council of five officials) is the  system  of  local self-government  of  villages  in rural  India  as opposed to urban and suburban  municipalities . Balwant Rai Mehta  was a parliamentarian when the committee was established. He is credited for pioneering the concept the Panchayati Raj in India and also known as Father of Panchayati Raj in India. The  Balwant Rai Mehta Committee , headed by  MP   Balwantrai Mehta , was a committee appointed by the Government of India in January 1957 to examine the work of the Community Development Programme (1952) and the National Extension Service (1953), to suggest measures to improve their work. The committee's recommendation was implemented by NDC in January 1958, and this set the stage for the launching of Panchayati Raj Institutions throughout the country. The committee recommended the establishment of the scheme of ‘democratic decentralization’, which finally came to be known as Panchayati Raj. This led to the establishment of a three-tier Panchayati Raj system: Gram Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and Zila Parishad at the district level. 18

16. Political will of the Govt in sharing authority and responsibility with the Panchayats. Enactment of laws relating to PRIs. H o lding P ancha y a t el e cti o n s a t r e gu l ar intervals. Involvement of the people at the grassroot level through the Panchayat in planning and implementation. Holding regular training programme . Provision of adequate funds and facilities .

17. In 1989 Rajiv Gandhi introduced the 64 th C onstitutional Amendment (CA) Bill on 15 th May 1989 and 65 th CA Bill on 7 th August 1989 for PR ( Panchayati Raj) and ULB (Urban Local Bodies) . But Loksabha dissolved for election and Bill expired. --------------------------------------- But again in 1992 CA 73 rd and 74 th was passed by Parliament for PR and Urban Local Bodies under PM Narsimha Rao and implemented in 1993. The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992 has added a new part IX consisting of 16 Articles and the Eleventh Schedule to the Constitution. The 73th Amendment  envisages the Gram Sabha  as the foundation of the Panchayat Raj System to perform functions and powers entrusted to it by the State Legislatures.

18. Modern Panchayati Raj The modern Panchayati Raj system was introduced in India by the 73rd constitutional amendment in 1993, although it is based upon the historical  Panchayati raj  system of the  Indian subcontinent  and is also present in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.  Following a proposal submitted in 1986 by the  LMSinghvi  Committee to make certain changes to the Panchayati raj institutions, which had already existed in early Indian history and which had been reintroduced, not very successfully, in the 20th century, the modern Panchayati raj system was formalized and introduced in India in 1992 as the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution, following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing a more decentralized administration. The modern Panchayati Raj and its  Gram Panchayats  are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional  Khap  Panchayats  found in parts of western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. 21

19. Cont. In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a  system  of  governance  in which gram panchayats are the basic units of  local administration . Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland,  Meghalaya , and  Mizoram , and in all Union Territories except Delhi. The Panchayats receive funds from three sources: Local body grants, as recommended by the  Central Finance Commission Funds for implementation of centrally sponsored schemes Funds released by the state governments on the recommendations of the State Finance Commissions Sources of income Taxes collected locally such as on water, place of pilgrimage, local  mandirs  (temples), and markets A fixed grant from the State Government in proportion to the land revenue and money for works and schemes assigned to the Parishads Donations 22

20. In the mid-80s District Government Idea was debated Panchayats became Institutions of Self- Government in Part IX of the Constitution (Article 243G) on 24 April 1993. Municipalities became Institutions of Self-Government (Part IX A Article 243 P(e) & W) of the Constitution on June 1, 1993. Within one year all States passed conformity legislations

21. Article 243Q of the Constitution states that: A Municipal Corporation shall be constituted for a larger urban area A Municipal Council for a smaller urban area A Nagar Panchayat for an area, which is in the process of transition from rural to urban

22. Salient Features Panchayats and Municipalities will be “institutions of self-government”. Seats at all levels filled by direct election Seats reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and chairpersons at all levels also shall be reserved for SCs and STs in proportion to their population. Not less than one-third of the total number of seats reserved for women. One-third of the seats reserved for SCs and STs also reserved for women. One-third offices of chairpersons at all levels reserved for women.

23. Uniform five year term and elections to constitute new bodies to be completed before the expiry of the term. In the event of dissolution, elections compulsorily within six months Independent Election Commission in each state for superintendence, direction and control of the electoral rolls. 74th Amendment provides for a District Planning Committee to consolidate the plans prepared by panchayats and Municipalities.

24. Funds: Budgetary allocation from state governments, revenue of certain taxes, collect and retain the revenue it raises, Central Government programmes and Grants. In each State a Finance Commission to determine the principles on the basis of which adequate financial resources would be ensured for panchayats and municipalities.

25. Meaning of three tiers of Panchayati raj System, Function and Organizational set up

26. Multi-Level Federalism and Widening Democratic Base after the 73 rd and 74 th Constitution Amendments First Stratum UNION Two Houses of Parliament have 793 Members (Lok Sabha: 543; Rajya Sabha: 250) Second Stratum STATES & UNION TERRITORIES 28 State Assemblies and Two* Union Territories have 4508 Members Total Elected Members at the Union and State Level 5308 Third Stratum DISTRICT & BELOW Rural: 700 Million plus 594 District Panchayats elect 15,815 5912 Block/Tehsil/Mandal Panchayats elect 145,412 231,630 Village Panchayats elect 2,971,446 Total Elected Members : 3,132,673 Urban: 300 Million plus 109 City Corporations** 1432 Town Municipalities 2182 Nagar Panchayats*** Total Elected Members : 68,554 The Third Stratum Elects 3,200,000 Members (Approx) Of this more than 1,000,000 are women 800,000 are SCs/STS * Only two Union Territories (Delhi and Pondicherry) out of seven have elected Assemblies. ** Population above 300,000 *** Areas in transition. One-third of all the Panchayats and City Corporations/Municipalities/Nagar Panchayats are headed by women as Presidents, Mayors. About one-fourth are headed by hitherto untouchables (Scheduled Castes) and Scheduled Tribes. Source: Institute of Social Sciences, Panchayati Raj Research.

27. District Level Panchayat System After the 73 rd and 74 th Amendments the Democratic base has widened enormously enabling Horizontal Planning and Implementation of Development Programmes at three levels. At district level, Panchayati Raj system is called as " Zila Parishad " . It looks after the administration of the rural area of the district and its office is located at the district headquarters. It is headed by the "District Collector" or the "District Magistrate" or the "Deputy Commissioner". 30

28. Zila Parishad The governing of the advance system at the district level in Panchayat Raj is also popularly known as Zila Parishad . The chief of administration is an officer of the  IAS  cadre and chief officer of the Panchayat raj for the district level. Composition The membership varies from 40 to 60 and usually comprises: Deputy Commissioner of the District Presidents of all Panchayat Samitis in the district Heads of all Government Departments in the district members of Parliament and Members of Legislative Assemblies in the district a representative of each cooperative society some women and Scheduled Caste members, if not adequately represented co-opted members having extraordinary experience and achievements in public service. 31

29. This is the third tier of Panchayat Raj operating at the district level. It consists of: M.L.A.s of the District M.P.s of the District Two women representatives. One representative of Scheduled Casts. One representative of scheduled Tribes. Two persons interested in rural development. The members of the Parishad elect a chairman and a vice- chairman. The District heads of development departments take part in the proceedings of the parishad and its standing committees. There will be a secretary appointed by the Government, who attends all meetings of the Parishad and its standing committees.

30. Zila Parishad Functions Provide essential services and facilities to the rural population Supply improved seeds to farmers and inform them of new farming techniques Set up and run schools and libraries in rural areas Start primary health centers and hospitals in villages; start vaccination drives against epidemics Execute plans for the development of the scheduled castes and tribes; run ashram for Adivasi children; set up free hostels for them. Encourage entrepreneurs to start small-scale industries and implement rural employment schemes. Construct bridges, roads and other public facilities and their maintenance Provide employment. Works on Sanitation related issues 33

31. Zilla Parishad should function as advisory body over the Panchayat Samiti with powers to a) approve their budgets b) co- ordinate their plans and c) distribute funds given by the Government among the blocks. It has to prepare plans for all items of developmental activities in the district including Municipal areas. It has to secure execution of plans etc. which are common to two or more blocks. Secondary education is the responsibility of Zilla Parishad. The parishad should perform such of the powers and functions of the District Board as are transferred to it by the Government. It should advise the Government in all matters relating to rural development in the district. It should discuss and review at it’s ordinary meetings the progress made or the results achieved under-various items . Similarly the District Officer of every Development Department furnishes to the Parishad a brief note on the achievements in the schemes of his department. Such notes will be periodically reviewed by the Parishad.

32. This is the next tier of administration at the Block level. Local M.L.A. and M.L.C. One person nominated by District Collector. Reservation: women. One from scheduled castes. One form scheduled tribes. The president and vice-president of the samiti are elected form among the village panchayat presidents. Block Development Officer appointed by the Government is the chief executive of the samiti and function as the leader of the team of block level officials.

33. Block level Panchayat Samiti Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India, notably  mandal  and  taluka , there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat. For example, it is known as  Mandal PrajaParishad  in  AndhraPradesh ,  TalukaPanchayat  in  Gujarat  and  Karnataka , and  Panchayat Samiti  in  Maharashtra . In general, the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level. Composition Membership in the block panchayat is mostly  ex-official ; it is composed of: all of the  Sarpanchas  (gram panchayat chairmen) in the Panchayat Samiti area, the MPs and MLAs of the area, the sub-district officer (SDO) of the subdivision, co-opt members (representatives of the  SC/ST  and women), associate members (a farmer from the area, a representative of the cooperative societies and one from marketing services), and some elected members. However, in Kerala, block panchayat members are directly elected, just like grama panchayat and district panchayat members. The Panchayat Samiti is elected for a term of five years and is headed by a chairman and a deputy chairman 36

34. Block level Depts. & Functions The common departments in the Samiti are as follows: - 1. General Administration 2. Finance 3. Public Works 4. Agriculture 5.Health 6.Education 7. Social Welfare 8. Information Technology 9. Water Supply Department 10. Animal Husbandry and others There is an officer for every department. A government-appointed Block Development Officer (BDO) is the executive officer to the Samiti and the chief of its administration, and is responsible for his work to the CEO of ZP. Functions Implementation of schemes for the development of agriculture and infrastructure Establishment of primary health centres and primary schools Supply of clean drinking water, drainage and construction/repair of roads Development of a cottage and small-scale industries, and the opening of cooperative societies Establishment of youth organizations in India 37

35. The President and members of the Panchayat Samiti have to endeavour to instill among the people within their jurisdiction a spirit of self-help and initiative and harness their enthusiasm for raising the standard of living. They have to enlist the whole-hearted support of the people for the implementation of the Development Programmes, not only of those which relate to the community for which Government assistance is forthcoming but much more so of those which relate to individuals and which as mainly based on self-help. In particular all the activities of Community Development Programme are taken over by Panchayat Samiti. The activities concerning the rural welfare and development in the field of agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Health and Sanitation, Elementary Education, cottage industries, social welfare etc. which were being carried on by the normal Development Departments are now entrusted to the Panchayat Samiti . The powers of the various authorities to accord administrative and financial sanction in respect of the works and schemes of Panchayat Samiti are embodied in the rules issued by Government. The loan funds available with some of normal development departments such as Agriculture, Animal Husbandary , and Industries etc. are also made over to Panchayat Samiti to be similarly spent and recovered.

36. It is basic, first formal democratic institution at the village level. The chairperson of this unit is called as Sarpanch. It is primary unit of local self-government. Gram panchayat is a cabinet of the village elders, directly elected by the adult citizens of the village . There are 8 to 10 ward punches , two or three coopted members , who constitute the body of Gram Panchayat; they are consists of 8 to 10 villages. The members of the Gram Panchayats have tenure of five years and are directly elected from wards while the Sarpanch is elected by the members. There is provision for reservation of seats for women and for scheduled casts and scheduled tribes. There is Gram Sabha for each panchayat and the Sarpanch is required to conduct Gram Sabha meetings at least once in six months .

37. F un c tion s of G r am P anchay a t : There ar e n u mbe r o f fu n cti o n s per f orm by Gra m P anc h aya t s . divided into two categories, namely, These fu n cti o n s are t h e obli g ato r y fu n cti o n s and the options functions.

38. Construction, repairs, maintenance, alteration and extension of village roads, provisions of lights on the roads and other places of public resort and removal of encroachments and obstructions on the roads and other public places. Supply of drinking water to the villages. Adoption of preventive measures against epidemics and other dangerous diseases, prevention of obnoxious and dangerous trade, registration of births and deaths and the preparation of the necessary records for the purpose. Preparation of census records of men and animals, maintenance of relevant records and submission of periodic records and returns. Spread of primary education and its management. Social conservation. Control of Markets, ferries, fairs, Ghats and other public places. Adoption and encouragement of improved methods of cultivation.

39. Development and maintenance of village forests. Development of the livestock. Construction, management and control of slaughter houses. Reclamation of cultivable wastes and follows land. Organization and management of multi-purpose co-operative societies. Famine relief measures. Establishment and maintenance of village libraries. Marketing of agricultural produce Organization of the Fire services and protection of life and property in case of fire. Maternity and child welfare and establishment of centers of the purpose. Organization, management and promotion of cottage industries. Organization and maintenance of industrial and agricultural exhibitions. Construction and maintenance of Dharmasalas and Rest houses. Provision of adult education, establishment of primary schools with the prior approval of the panchayat samiti. Prevention of gambling and implementation of prohibition. To keep the records about the unemployed persons.

40. T o con v en e an d presid e over t he me e tin gs o f t he Gram Panchayat. To conduct and regulate and be responsible for the proper maintenance of the records of the proceedings of the meetings. To be responsible for the proper working of the Gram panchayat as required by or under the Act. T o hav e a u t hor i t y t o en t e r int o correspond e nc e on behalf of Gram panchayat. To order preparation of all statements and reports . T o brin g t o t he n o ti c e o f th e Sarpanch t he irregularities if any, noticed during such inspection.

41. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) Launched on March 2015 Target: Universal access to Banking facilities March 2015 – 14.71 crore accounts March 2018 – 31.44 crore Accounts. Achievement so far: Rs. 78,494 crore deposit mobilized. 4675 Life Insurance claims paid. 44 Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (P MSBY) Launched on May 9, 2015 Coverage so far: 13.49 crore enrolled. Achievement so far: 16,469 claims of Rs. 328 cr. disbursed. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) Launched on May 9, 2015 Coverage so far: 5.33 crore beneficiaries enrolled. Achievement so far: 90082 claims of Rs. 1802 crore disbursed. Pro-poor Initiatives-II

42. Pradhan Mantri UJJWALA Yojana and Other LPG Initiatives

43. SALIENT FEATURES OF PMUY CCEA approved Rs 8000 Cr for the next 3 years starting from FY 2016-17. 2. PM Ujjwala Yojana will provide 5 Cr LPG connections to BPL Families. 3. FM had announced about the scheme in his Budget Speech and made a Budgetary provision of Rs 2000 Cr in the current FY. Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas

44. NEED FOR THE PMUY Poor have limited access to Clean fuel (LPG) . LPG spread predominantly in Urban and Semi Urban areas. Use of fossil fuels and conventional fuel like cowdung has a serious health implications for women and Children. According to WHO, 5 Lakhs die every year due to heart disease, pulmonary diseases etc. Indoor air pollution is also responsible for significant number of acute respiratory diseases in young children. Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas

45. Operational Details of PMUY 5 Cr LPG connections will be provided to BPL families with a support of Rs 1600. Connections will be given in the name of Women beneficiaries. Identification of BPL families will be made in consultation with State Governments and Union territories. EMI Facility for meeting the cost of Stove and Refill cost Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas

46. Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas PAHAL Status/Visibility 15.2 crore Registered Consumers (out of 16.6 crore Active Consumers) – 91.5% World’s largest Cash Transfer programme (Guinness Book of World Records) Rs. 30,000 cr transferred so far in Pahal 10.5 cr Transactions in PAHAL in the month of Feb, 2016 alone 7.3 cr Transactions in all other DBT Schemes combined in last 11 months Cash Transfer Failure rate has come down from 1.81% in Feb, 2015 to 0.24% in Feb, 2016

47. Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas GiveItUp Campaign To encourage ‘well off’ consumers to voluntarily surrender LPG subsidy Against each ‘ GiveItUp ’ consumer, one security deposit free connection is given to BPL family Objective Benefits Status/Visibility Call of Prime Minister in Úrja Sangam ’ on 27.03.2015 More than 83 lakh LPG consumers are part of ‘ GiveItUp ’ campaign ‘ GiveBack ’ – BPL connections – 55 lakh

48. Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas Increase in LPG coverage In 2015, 1.50 crore new LPG connections were provided 50 lakh connections to the BPL households Highest ever in the history of India Target to provide 10 crore new LPG connections in next three years Out of that, 5 crore connections for BPL households 10, 000 new LPG distributorships will be commissioned primarily in Rural areas LPG Coverage to increase significantly from 61% at present 14 States/ UTs with LPG coverage below national average – would be focus States

49. Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas “2016 Year of Consumers” To provide enhanced quality services to consumers 1906 – 24*7 Emergency Helpline for Gas Leakage Sahaj - Facility for release of online connection Introduction of Composite cylinder Monitoring of social media based grievances and their redressal Increasing number of LPG distributorship Objective Key Initiative Status 1906 Emergency helpline launched on 01.01.2016– During Jan-16, 18926 and Feb.-16, 12532 complaints received and resolved. Sahaj – Online booking/payment for new connections is getting good response Online payment for refills – response is encouraging especially from Urban consumers Pilot project for Introduction of Composite cylinder (transparent) has been started Monitoring of social media based grievances and disposal in real time

50. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage employment ensuring food security while creating durable community, social & economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

51. SGSY continued Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of Panchayati Raj Institutions and the Banks At the Central Level, Central Level Coordination Committee (CLCC) has been constituted to review and ensure effective implementation of the programme . Credit targets under the SGSY are fixed every year by a Committee having representatives from the Ministry of Finance, NABARD, Reserve Bank of India (RBI), State Bank of India (SBI) and Ministry of Rural Development. For the year 2010-11, Rs 5210.63 crore was fixed as credit target. Against this credit target, and amount of Rs 2901.36 crore was disbursed by the banks upto December, 2

52. National Rural Livelihoods Mission Launched by the Ministry of Rural Development ( MoRD ), Government of India in June 2010 Ensures at least one member of each rural BPL family, preferably a woman member, is covered under SHG net NRLM is a demand driven programme and the states formulate their own poverty reduction action plans under it based on their past experience, resources and skills base Dedicated sensitive support units at the National, State, district and sub-district levels staffed with professionally competent and dedicated human resources

53. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) Enacted on 5th September, 2005 Came into force on 2nd February, 2006 Known as National Rural Employment Guarantee Act prior to 31 st Dec, 2009 First year, 200 districts were covered. Following year, extension to 130 districts 2008-09, it was extended to 285 districts. Coverage of districts under Mahatama Gandhi NREGA currently stands at 619.

54. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Housing for All 2022 Scheme)

55. PMAY-Introduction The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana(PMAY) has been the talk of the town since it was introduced by PM on 1 June 2015. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana is an initiative provided by the Government of India which aims at providing affordable housing to the urban poor. The mission of this initiative is to provide housing for all by the year 2022. Under this scheme, affordable houses will be built in selected cities and towns using eco-friendly construction methods for the benefit of the urban poor population in India. Under the Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme, beneficiaries under PMAY are eligible for interest subsidy if they avail a loan to purchase or construct a house.

56. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (PMAY) is a mission started with an aim ‘Housing For All’ (HFA) scheme by Government to be achieved by the year 2022, that is when India will be completing its 75 years of Independence. The mission started in 2015 and will be attained in seven years i.e., during 2015 – 2022. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna will bring a ‘ Pucca house’ for every family in urban cities and rural area with water connection, toilet facilities, 24x7 electricity supply and complete access.” As addressed by our PM in the joint session of parliament on 9th June, 2014. “Housing for all” Mission for Urban area will be implemented during 2015-2022.The Mission will be implemented through four verticals giving options to beneficiaries, ULB and State Governments as under: i )”In Situ” slum Redevelopment ii) Affordable housing through credit Linked subsidy. iii) Affordable housing in partnership iv) Subsidy for beneficiary –led individual house construction. Out of above, affordable Housing through Credit Linked Subsidy will be implemented through Banks/FI ,under the mission.

57. CENTRAL NODAL AGENCY & BENEFICIARY Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) and National Housing Bank(NHB) have been identified as Central Nodal Agencies (CNAs) to channelize this subsidy to the lending institutions and for monitoring the progress of this component. Individual/s from Economically Weaker Section (EWS) and Low Income Group(LIG) seeking housing loans from Banks, Housing Finance Companies and other such institutions. EWS:- Households having annual income up to Rs.3,00,000. LIG:- Annual income between Rs.300,001 up to Rs.6,00,000. State/UTs shall have the flexibility to re-define the annual income criteria as per local conditions in consultation with the center.