RVBEII- UNIT 1- HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND THEIR DETERMINANTS.pdf

B.arch sem 3 history notes unit 2

1. AR3401 - REGIONAL AND VERNACULAR BUILT
ENVIRONMENTS IN INDIA

2. AR3401 - REGIONAL AND VERNACULAR BUILT ENVIRONMENTS IN INDIA - SYLLABUS
compiled by Ar. Syeda Najia
UNIT I - HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND THEIR DETERMINANTS - 7
•Determinants of morphology of human settlements – climate, culture, socio-economic aspects, geography, etc
•Differentiating between rural and urban settlements.
•Overview of settlement evolution in India.
•Relation between settlement morphology and architecture.
•Discussion of the terms traditional architecture, regional architecture, indigenous architecture, vernacular architecture,
etc
UNIT II -STUDY OF VERNACULAR/ REGIONAL ARCHITECTURE - 8
•Vernacular/ regional architecture as a process and responsive design.
•Concepts, approaches, survey and study of vernacular/ regional architecture -aesthetic, architectural, anthropological, etc
•General aspects to be studied in vernacular/ regional architecture of India – climatic response, forms, spatial planning,
socio-cultural aspects, symbolism, colour, art, materials of construction and construction technique, etc.,
UNIT III -SETTLEMENT MORPHOLOGY AND REGIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF GUJARAT AND RAJASTHAN - 10
•Determinants and morphology of rural and urban settlements in Gujarat.
•Vernacular/ regional architecture of Gujarat as particular productions.
•Determinants and morphology of rural and urban settlements in Rajasthan.
•Vernacular/ regional architecture of Rajasthan as particular productions.

3. UNIT IV -SETTLEMENT MORPHOLOGY AND REGIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF KASHMIR AND BENGAL - 10
•Determinants and morphology of settlements in Kashmir.
•Vernacular/ regional architecture of Kashmir as particular productions.
•Determinants and morphology of settlements in Bengal.
•Vernacular/ regional architecture of Bengal as particular productions.
• Colonial and modern influences.
UNIT V- SETTLEMENT MORPHOLOGY AND REGIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF TAMILNADU AND KERALA - 10
•Determinants and morphology of settlements in Kerala.
•Vernacular/ regional architecture of Kerala as particular productions.
•Determinants and morphology of rural and urban settlements in Tamil Nadu.
•Vernacular/ regional architecture of Tamil Nadu as particular productions.
•Colonial and modern influences.
AR3401 - REGIONAL AND VERNACULAR BUILT ENVIRONMENTS IN INDIA - SYLLABUS
compiled by Ar. Syeda Najia

4. UNIT I -HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND THEIR
DETERMINANTS
❑DETERMINANTS OF MORPHOLOGY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
❑OVERVIEW OF SETTLEMENT EVOLUTION IN INDIA
❑DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS.
❑RELATION BETWEEN SETTLEMENT MORPHOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE.
❑DISCUSSION OF THE TERMS TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE, REGIONAL ARCHITECTURE,
INDIGENOUS ARCHITECTURE, VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

5. NEED FOR SHELTER
BASIC PHYSIOLOGICAL
HUMAN NEEDS
•Human beings have
certain basic needs.
•We must havefood,
water, air, and shelterto
survive.
•If any one of these basic
needs is not met, then
humans cannot survive.
MASLOW’S HEIRARCHY OF HUMAN NEEDS

6. WHAT IS THE NEED FOR SHELTER – a physiological need & environmental need

❑ ENVIRONMENTAL NEED
• that provides security,
personal safety and
protection from the
weather, wild animals ,ill
health and disease.
• Shelter is a basic human
need crucial for survival in
cases of natural hazards or
conflict with enemies to
lead a safe and healthy life.
❑ PHYSIOLOGICAL NEED
Having a place of shelter,
of safety.
A shelter is a basic architectural structure or building
WHAT IS SHELTER

7. WHAT IS THE NEED FOR SHELTER – a
social need, cultural need
❑ SOCIAL NEED
Human have a social need the
needto have relationships with
others once the physiological and
safety needs have beenfulfilled.
Shelter Design based on how
people, organizations, families and
individuals need spatially.
❑CULTURAL NEED
‘culture’ includes ‘way of life’,
customs, leisure activity, language
and beliefs : The shelter design thus
responds to the context reflecting
the needs of the local culture,
vulnerabilities and capacities of the
affected community.

8. •A Settlement is an assemblage of persons settled
in a locality
•A Settlement is a form of human habitation in an
organized colony which ranges from a single
dwelling to a large city.
•A settlement also denotes the area of
interaction of a given group of people (that
includes areas of residential, social and economic
activity.)
•Settlement is a process of grouping of people
and acquiring of territory to build houses as well
as shelter for their economic support, settling in
a previously uninhabited area .
WHAT IS A HUMAN SETTLEMENT - DEFINITIONS

9. MORPHOLOGY OF SETTLEMENT

10. MORPHOLOGY OF SETTLEMENT
•Morphology is defined asknowledge to study the physical form of a city.
•Morphology is a form of science or approach to understanding the development of a city that
continues to experience changes during its development process through the form and pattern of
urban spatial structure
•Morphology refers to the study of spacing of dwellings, pattern of streets and the process of
growth of settlement.
•And the factors determining the growth of settlement.
•The morphology of a rural settlement is governed by factors such as physical, socio-cultural,
economic and political factors etc.
MORPHOLOGYWITH
REFERENCE TOTHE
LAYOUT OR THE
INTERNAL STRUCTURE
OF THE SETTLEMENT.
MORPHOLOGY OF A TAMILNADU HOUSE

11. MORPHOLOGY OF SETTLEMENT
URBANISATION MAPPING OF CHENNAI FROM 1980 - 2018
MORPHOLOGYWITH
REFERENCE TOTHE
LAYOUT OF THE
WHOLE SETTLEMENT.
❑NATURAL DETERMINANTS
•AVAILABLITY NATURAL RESOURCES
•CLIMATE
•TOPOGRAPHY (LOCATION, GEOGRAPHY)
•BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
❑MAN-MADE DETERMINANTS
•SOCIO-ECONOMIC - TRADE
•POLITICAL POWER
•MOBILITY
•CULTURE - ETHNICS
DETERMINANTS OF MORPHOLOGY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS – CLIMATE, CULTURE, SOCIO-
ECONOMIC ASPECTS, GEOGRAPHY, ETC

12. DETERMINANTS OF MORPHOLOGY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
DETERMINANTS OF MORPHOLOGY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS – CLIMATE, CULTURE, SOCIO-ECONOMIC
ASPECTS, GEOGRAPHY, ETC
GROWTH STRUCTURE
GROWTH PATTERN

13. WATER SUPPLY
•Settlements are located near water bodies such as rivers, lakes and springs
•Water supply is a main factor as it is used for drinking, cooking, washing, irrigation and
transportation purposes
VEGETATION
•There are many kinds of vegetation, such as trees, bushes, flowers, grass, and reeds.
•plants were a source of food and useful products out of plants, including baskets, tools medicine
rope and even paper
TOPOGRAPHY
•Topography refers to the shape and elevation of the land.
•It includes features like mountains, hills, plains, valleys, and deserts.
•Farmers preferred to settle in flat, open areas such as plains and valleys for cultivation which has
rich fertile soil.
•Mountains were less friendly to human settlement. Steep mountains were hard to cross. Their
jagged peaks, cold temperatures, and rocky land made farming difficult.
•Deserts also discouraged settlement. They were hot and dry. They contain very little water for
farming.
DETERMINANTS OF MORPHOLOGY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS – CLIMATE, CULTURE, SOCIO-ECONOMIC
ASPECTS, GEOGRAPHY, ETC
❑NATURAL DETERMINANTS

14. ❑NATURAL DETERMINANTS
•AVAILABLITY NATURAL RESOURCES
•CLIMATE
•TOPOGRAPHY (LOCATION, GEOGRAPHY)
•BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
LINEAR PATTERN
DISPERSED PATTERN
NUCLEATED PATTERN
the settlements are along lines,
often next to a geographical
feature
settlements are spread out
over a wide area.
They are often found in
rural areas or areas of
steep relief.
settlements are grouped/
clustered closely together,
often around a central
feature like crossroads,
water supply etc

15. CULTURAL FACTOR
•These include aspects like caste, community, ethnicity and religion. EG. In India it
is commonly found that the main land owning caste resides at the centre of the
village and the other service providing castes on the periphery.
ACCESSIBILITY
•Need to communicate with other areas of trade and travel
•Settlements are often located along transport routes and communication lines
road and trail lines
•Settlement needs communication network
•This leads to social segregation and fragmentation of a settlement into several
units
DETERMINANTS OF MORPHOLOGY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS – CLIMATE, CULTURE, SOCIO-ECONOMIC
ASPECTS, GEOGRAPHY, ETC
❑MAN-MADE DETERMINANTS
HISTORICAL OR DEFENCE FACTOR
•Mostly border areas were conquered or attacked frequently by outsiders.
•Security concerns favoured the evolution of nucleated settlements.
•Building on high ground allowed people the chance to look out for
enemies
•Surrounding a settlement with water also helped with defence
CULTURAL
RELIGIOUS
POLITICAL FACTORS
CONCENTRIC CITY
PLANNING, MADURAI

16. ACCESSIBILITY - ECONOMIC
CULTURAL
POLITICAL
DEFENCE
❑MAN-MADE DETERMINANTS
•SOCIO-ECONOMIC - TRADE
•POLITICAL POWER
•MOBILITY
•CULTURE - ETHNICS
DETERMINANTS OF MORPHOLOGY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS – CLIMATE, CULTURE, SOCIO-ECONOMIC
ASPECTS, GEOGRAPHY, ETC

17. THE PHYSICAL CHARACTER
vary in location, shape, size
, differ in terms of the
built-up area and inter-
house distance ,
arrangement of houses and
activities of the inhabitants
THE ECONOMIC CHARACTER
URBAN SETTLEMENTS- nodes of economic growth, provide goods and services
RURAL SETTLEMENTS in their hinterlands in return for food and raw materials.
This functional relationship between the urban and rural settlements takes
place through transport and communication network.
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Rural and urban settlements differ in
terms of social relationship, attitude
and outlook.
DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS.

18. DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS.
RURAL SETTLEMENTS URBAN SETTLEMENTS
open country and settlements
with fewer than 2,500
residents
comprise larger places and
densely settled areas around
them more than 2,500
residents
The rural settlements derive
their life support or basic
economic needs from land
based PRIMARY ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES specialising in
agriculture or other primary
activities.
urban settlements specializing
in SECONDARY AND TERTIARY
ACTIVITIES. urban settlements,
depend on processing of raw
materials and manufacturing
of finished goods on the one
hand and a variety of services
on the other.
Rural people are less mobile
and therefore, social relations
among them are intimate.
In urban areas, on the other
hand, way of life is complex
and fast, and social relations
are formal.
THE ECONOMIC CHARACTER
Cities act as nodes of economic growth, provide
goods and services not only to urban dwellers
but also to the people of the rural settlements in
their hinterlands in return for food and raw
materials. This functional relationship between
the urban and rural settlements takes place
through transport and communication network.
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Rural and urban settlements differ in terms of
social relationship, attitude and outlook.
THE PHYSICAL CHARACTER
vary in location, shape, size , differ in terms of
the built-up area and inter-house distance ,
arrangement of houses and activities of the
inhabitants
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

19. ❑SETTLEMENT
EVOLUTION
– RURAL
SETTLEMENT
•A Rural Settlement, as the point of origin and primary residence of human society.
•The concept of evolution of rural settlement includes the colonization, spread and
competition of different groups in the process of origin and growth of rural
settlement.
https://drpranabkrdas.home.blog/2020/05/16/types-of-rural-settlement-in-indian-context/
THE FARMING VILLAGE OF
POOMPARAI (FLOWER
ROCK), KODAIKANAL, INDIA
ISOLATED DWELLING HAMLET
VILLAGE
HIERARCHY OF RURAL
SETTLEMENT –
•ISOLATED
DWELLING
•HAMLET
•VILLAGE

20. THE MORPHOLOGY OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS HAS EVOLVED OVER CENTURIES,
INFLUENCED BY VARIOUS HISTORICAL EVENTS AND SOCIETAL CHANGES
•ANCIENT SETTLEMENTS - The history of rural settlements dates back to ancient
times when humans transitioned from nomadic lifestyles to settled agricultural
communities. Early settlements were often clustered around fertile lands and water
sources, enabling agricultural practices.
•FEUDAL SYSTEM AND MANORIALISM - During the medieval period,feudal systems
(a system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank
and worked and fought for them in return)and manorialism (primarily an economic
relationship between landowners and peasants that provided landowners witha
system of land management to produce goods) played a crucial role in shaping rural
settlements. Large manors owned by nobles were often nucleated with peasants'
houses surrounding them.
•COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS- Colonization efforts by European powers in different
parts of the world led to the establishment of rural settlements with planned
layouts, reflecting the colonial power's architectural styles and preferences.
https://testbook.com/ias-preparation/morphology-of-rural-settlements
❑SETTLEMENT EVOLUTION
•AVAILABILITY
OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
-WATER, FERTILE
LAND
•POLITICAL
POLICIES
•DEFENSE
•RELIGION &
CULTURE
Historical events
causing Change in
•POLITICAL
POLICIES
•DEFENSE
•RELIGION &
CULTURE

21. •INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION- TheIndustrial Revolutionbrought significant
changes to rural settlements. The growth of industries led to the development
of linear settlements along transportation routes to facilitate the movement
of goods and workers.
•MODERN URBANIZATION- In recent times, rural settlements have
experienced changes due to urbanization, with some regions witnessing the
transformation of traditional patterns to more modern, grid-like layouts.
•SOCIO-CULTURAL
•TRADE
•TECHNOLOGY Access
to transportation
networks
•RAPID INCREASE IN
POPULATION
❑SETTLEMENT EVOLUTION
https://www.jkgeography.com/spheres-of-influencee.html

22. ❑OVERVIEW OF SETTLEMENT EVOLUTION IN
INDIA

23. MOHENJO-DARO & HARAPPA- 3500-1700 BCE - were importantwere fortified settlements
and trade centers along river Induscity had well-planned architecture - houses, streets,
wells and public bath facilities using baked and sundried bricks.Declined suddenly due to
excessive flooding
ANCIENT TOWNS -INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION- 3500-1700 BCE- Mohenjo-daro, Harappa

24. ANCIENT TOWNS -INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION- 3500-1700 BCE- Mohenjo-daro, Harappa
•The main feature in this period is the total absence of the highly
skilled construction of the previous civilization the Indus Valley
Civilization
•Vedic Period
was a direct
result of the
ARYAN
MOVEMENT

25. •The Main Contribution of the Vedic Period is the influence it
had on all the subsequent periods in Indian Architecture
.The caves of Ajanta and Ellora, much of Buddhist
architecture
•The Rig Vedic Aryans were mostly scattered in villages.
SOCIETY AND ECONOMY
•Families were patriarchal, and people prayed for abundance
of sons.
•Society was strictly organized in a system of caste.
•The four major Varnas (classes) were Brahmin
(preists/rulers) , Kshatriya (warriors) , Vaishya (merchants)
and Shudra (farmers) and the untouchables (paraiahs)
Those who are outside these caste structure are known as
Adivasis
SOCIETAL STRUCTURE RELECTED THE VILLAGE LAYOUTS
•One of these quarters contained the citadel and another
housed the residential area. A third quarter was reserved
for the merchants, and the last for tradesmen . They cleared
forests around the riverbanks of the Gangetic plain and
settled in small villages
ANCIENT TOWNS – VEDIC PERIOD 1500 – 800 BC- Village Planning Layouts, Pataliputra

26. VEDIC VILLAGES
•Rural communities were well- organized and a self-
sufficient unit.
8 VEDIC PLANNING LAYOUTS
•MANASARA SHILPA SHASTRA is a classic Sanskrit work on Indian
architecture and design written in the first millennium CE.
•Houses, small forts and village assembly halls are mentioned as an
integral part of a village.
ANCIENT TOWNS – VEDIC PERIOD 1500 – 800 BC- Village Planning Layouts

27. •The city was surrounded by a stupendous timber palisade individual field were not enclosed
•The city has fort walls with loopholes for archers and protected externally by a wide and deep moat.
•At intervals were bastions with towers .It was entered by as many as 64 gates.
•A change in this pattern of architecture occurred when magnificent monuments executed in stone began to appear in Bihar
during the Mauryan period.
•Each settlement had a common pasture land for the cattle and also a jungle to provide wood for building and fuel.
ANCIENT TOWNS – BUDHIST PERIOD - 600 B.C – 325 B.C- Pataliputra ,Magadha
•Pataliputra the capital of the greatMauryan Emperors
•The City of Pataliputra situated along the banks of the
Ganges derived a lot of its prosperity from river-based
commerce
•During this period,
settlements were of
compact type mainly
along the trade routes
and in river valleys.

28. ANCIENT TOWNS – BUDHIST PERIOD - 600 B.C – 325 B.C- Pataliputra ,Magadha
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pataliputra#:~:text=320%E2%80%93180%20BCE)%2C%20the,largest%20cities%20in%20the%20world.

29. •Madurai is one of the many temple towns in South India
•Concentric city planning, Madurai
•Occupational and caste wise- hierarchical zoning
•The entire city surrounded by fort walls
•Can also be seen in temple town of Srirangam
ANCIENT TOWNS – DRAVIDIAN EMPIRE- 325 B.C- Madurai- matiray -"walled
city"

30. •Each of these cities grew round the palace - fortress of a particular dynasty
and every dynasty wished to have a new headquarters for consideration of
prestige.
•These are fort towns which came up on the ruins of ancient towns.
•Important among them are Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, Agra and
Nagpur.
•The rural settlement are characterized by compact villages. Houses are cluster
of mud huts with roofs made of clay tiles and few amenities. E.g. Lucknow
https://urbandesignlab.in/exploring-indian-urbanism/
MEDIEVAL MUSLIM PERIOD- 1530-1707 A.D- Shahjahanabad
PRE-MUSLIM OR RAJPUT PERIOD (800 A.D –1200 A.D)
The established new villages, the land was put under continuous tillage, even the marginal land was brought under plough.

31. Jaipur popularly known as the Pink City -the capital of Rajasthan was
founded as a new economic city by Rajput chief of Kachhwaha clan Jai
Singh II IN 1727, who ruled the region from 1699 to 1743.
•The city's division into nine wards was also in conformity with the
Hindu caste system, which necessitated the segregation of people
belonging to different communities and ranks.
•Even the lanes were named after the occupations of inhabitants.
•The settlement pattern
could not change before
the arrival of British's due
to lack of peace and
security.
•Big villages ,surrounded by
canal in plains and walls in
plateau.
•Population increased and
more land brought under
plough.
MEDIEVAL TOWNS– MARATHA AND BRITISH PERIOD -1700 – 1947 A.D- Jaipur

32. MODERN TOWNS – COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS- POST – INDEPENDENCE PERIOD- 1947 A.D- Chennai (Madras)

33. MODERN TOWNS – INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION & MODERN URBANIZATION - Chandigarh, Bhubaneswar, Gandhinagar
After Independence new government rural policies help to increase facilities in the rural area. Economic activities are in not
only based on primary level but also in secondary level. House pattern and type also changed. Concreate houses, paths, high
school, college etc. can be seen. Most are nucleated settlements, while others are more dispersed.

34. ON THE BASIS OF THEIR EVOLUTION IN DIFFERENT PERIODS, INDIAN TOWNS MAY BE CLASSIFIED AS-
❑ANCIENT TOWNS
•INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION- 3500-1700 BCE- Mohenjo-daro, Harappa
•ARYANS - VEDIC PERIOD 1500 – 800 BC- Village Planning Layouts.
•BUDHIST PERIOD - 600 B.C – 325 B.C- Pataliputra ,Magadha , Madurai
❑MEDIEVAL TOWNS
•PRE-MUSLIM OR RAJPUT PERIOD - 800 A.D – 1200 A.D
•MUSLIM PERIOD- 1530-1707 A.D- Shahjahabad
•MARATHA AND BRITISH PERIOD -1700 – 1947 A.D- Jaipur
❑MODERN TOWNS
•COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS- POST – INDEPENDENCE PERIOD- 1947 A.D – PRESENT - Mumbai (Bombay), Chennai
(Madras), and Kolkata (Calcutta)
•INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - Chandigarh, Bhubaneswar, Gandhinagar, Dispur
•MODERN URBANIZATION - Ghaziabad, Rohtak, Gurgaon
OVERVIEW OF SETTLEMENT EVOLUTION IN INDIA

35. •Towns flourished since prehistoric times in India.
•Even at the time of Indus valley civilization, towns like Harappa and Mohanjodaro were in
existence.
•It continued with periodic ups and downs until the arrival of Europeans in India in the eighteenth
century.
ON THE BASIS OF THEIR EVOLUTION IN DIFFERENT PERIODS, INDIAN TOWNS MAY BE CLASSIFIED AS-
❑ANCIENT TOWNS
•There are number of towns in India having historical background spanning over 2000 years.
•Most of them developed as religious and cultural centers.
•Varanasi is one of the important towns among these.
•Prayag (Allahabad), Pataliputra (Patna), Madurai are some other examples of ancient towns in the
country.
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION- 3500-1700 BCE-Mohenjo-daro, Harappa
were importantwere fortified settlementsand trade centers along river Induscity had well-planned
architecture -houses, streets, wells and public bath facilities using baked and sundried
bricks.Declined suddenly due to excessive flooding
OVERVIEW OF SETTLEMENT EVOLUTION IN INDIA

36. •ARYANS - VEDIC PERIOD 1500 – 800 BC- Village Planning Layouts.
•Society and village planning was strictly organized in a system of caste.
•The Rig Vedic Aryans lived in Rural communities ,scattered in villages that were well- organized and
self-sufficient unit.
•The were mostly Houses, small forts and village assembly halls as an integral part of a village.
BUDHIST PERIOD - 600 B.C – 325 B.C- Pataliputra ,Magadha , Madurai
•During this period, settlements were of compact type mainly along the trade routes and in river
valleys.
•Each settlement had a common pasture land for the cattle and also a jungle to provide wood for
building and fuel. The city was surrounded by a timber palisade, fort walls,bastions, gates and a
deep moat. The city was Surrounded byindividual field were not enclosed. Began the use of stone
❑MEDIEVAL TOWNS
•About 100 of the existing towns have their roots in the medieval period.
•Most of them developed as headquarters of principalities and kingdoms.
•These are fort towns which came up on the ruins of ancient towns.
•Important among them are Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, Agra and Nagpur.
OVERVIEW OF SETTLEMENT EVOLUTION IN INDIA

37. ❑MEDIEVAL TOWNS
PRE-MUSLIM OR RAJPUT PERIOD - 800 A.D – 1200 A.D
The established new villages, the land was put under continuous tillage, even the marginal land
was brought under plough.
MUSLIM PERIOD- 1530-1707 A.D- Shahjahabad
•Each of these cities grew round the palace - fortress of a particular dynasty and every dynasty
wished to have a new headquarters for consideration of prestige.
•These are fort towns which came up on the ruins of ancient towns.
•Therural settlement are characterized by compact villages. Houses are cluster of mud huts with
roofs made of clay tiles and few amenities. E.g. Lucknow
MARATHA AND BRITISH PERIOD -1700 – 1947 A.D- Jaipur
•The settlement pattern could not change before the arrival of British's due to lack of peace and
security.
•Big villages and towns ,surrounded by canal in plains and walls in plateau.
•Population increased and more land brought under plough.
OVERVIEW OF SETTLEMENT EVOLUTION IN INDIA

38. ❑MODERN TOWNS
•COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS- The British and other Europeans have developed a number of towns in
India.
•Starting their foothold on coastal locations, they first developed some trading ports such as Surat,
Daman, Goa, Pondicherry, etc.
•Rapidly extending their domination either directly or through control over the princely states.
•The British established their administrative centers, hill townsas summer resorts, and added new
civil,administrativeand military areas to them.
•Towns based on modern industries also evolved after 1850.
•Jamshedpur can be cited as an example.
•POST – INDEPENDENCE PERIOD- 1947 A.D – PRESENT - Mumbai (Bombay), Chennai (Madras), and
Kolkata (Calcutta)
•INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - Chandigarh, Bhubaneswar, Gandhinagar, Dispur
•After Independence new government rural policies help to increase facilities in the rural area.
Economic activities are in not only based on primary level but also in secondary level. House
pattern and type also changed. Concrete houses, paths, high school, college etc. can be seen.
Most are nucleated settlements, while others are more dispersed.
OVERVIEW OF SETTLEMENT EVOLUTION IN INDIA

39. MODERN URBANIZATION
•New Industrial centres such as Durgapur, Bhilai, Sindri, Barauni.
•Some old towns also developed as satellite towns around metropolitan cities such as
Ghaziabad, Rohtak, Gurgaon around Delhi.
•With increasing investment in rural areas,a large number of medium and small towns have
developed all over the country.
•The population residing inurban areas in India, according to the 1901 census, was 11.4%,
increasing to 28.53% by the 2001 census, and is now currently 34% in 2017
•Enlargementof urban centers and emergence of new towns have played a significant role in the
growth of urban population and urbanization in the country.
OVERVIEW OF SETTLEMENT EVOLUTION IN INDIA

40. RELATION BETWEEN SETTLEMENT
MORPHOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE.
•THE SINGLE CELL (single cell
shelter) –MULTIPLIED
•One roof form and
readable as one cell.
•Enclosed VERTICAL
MULTIPLICATION OF CELLS
•Single cell DIVIDED
HORIZONTALLY.
CONCEPTION
OF SPACE
BEGINS WITH
A SINGLE
CELL
MORPHOLOGY - the study of forms (size, shape,
structure) , how they are formed, and their relationship
to other forms in the samelanguage.
BANNI HOUSE, KUTCH TODA HOUSE & PANIAN HOUSE, NILGIRIS
•Single units
multiplied to a
village with a
temple in the
centre

41. BANNI HOUSE, KUTCH
•Home to the Maldharis of Banni in northern Kutch, the
Bhunga reflects the symbiotic relationship that the people
share with the land they live in.
•Conception of space begins with a THE SINGLE CELL (single
cell shelter) – MULTIPLIED
•Division of a single layer cell into a numku of smaller
spaces.
•This is a single cell and its multiplication.
•These cells are connected by a platform.
•The kitchen and bathing space are additional cells
separated from the main cell.
•The spacing of the kitchen outside is mainly to maintain its
sacredness (women not allowed during menstrual
periods).
RELATION BETWEEN SETTLEMENT MORPHOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE.

42. RELATION BETWEEN SETTLEMENT MORPHOLOGY AND
ARCHITECTURE.
•Single units multiplied to a village with a village in the center.
•Establishing the fact thathe temple and religion renders the village its social order
MORPHOLOGY OF
SETTLEMENT refers tothe
layout or the internal
structure of the settlement.
The morphology of rural
settlement is governed by
physical, socio-cultural,
economic and political
factors. Morphology refers
to the spacing of dwellings,
pattern of streets and the
process of growth of
settlement. This is in turn
reflected to its architecture,
the style of design and
method of construction of
buildings and other physical
structures.

43. •One roof form and readable
as one cell.
RELATION BETWEEN SETTLEMENT MORPHOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE.
TODA HOUSE, NILGIRIS
•Enclosed Multiplication of cell Platform in between
forming courtyard
•However internally it is divided into number of
rooms depending on the functions.
•Upper Platform become a Storage loft lower
Platform defines sleepy area roof with gable vaults.
•The door is usually off centered

44. PANIAN HOUSE - NILGIRIS
•House for agricultural labourers
•panians have house in valley.
•Choola Roofing Space.
•Single cell divided horizontally.
•These houses have only one entry
irrespective of the number of divisions.
•The platform defines the space front
platform used for sitting down
whereas back platform is for tying
cattle etc.,
•The definition of space is as far as the
roof extends.
RELATION BETWEEN SETTLEMENT MORPHOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE.
ELEVATION – of a Panian
house
SECTION – of a Panian
house
UPPER LEVEL PLAN – of
a Panian house
LOWER LEVEL PLAN – of
a Panian house

45. TODA HOUSE, NILGIRIS
RELATION BETWEEN SETTLEMENT MORPHOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE.

46. “it is architecture without architects.”
“the architecture of the people, and by the people, for the people”.
“It is most often applied to residential buildings .”
-PAUL OLIVER
The term vernacular is derived from the Latin vernaculus, meaning "domestic, native, indigenous“.
Hence it means 'native science of building’.
•The term "vernacular architecture" in general refers to the informal building of structures through
traditional building methods by local builders without using the services of a professional architect.
•Refers to those buildings made by common builders in an informal way, not by architects using
design methodologies.
•Vernacular architecture, as the term, refers to the local construction methods and time-tested
building technology that natives employ to build shelters using locally prevalent resources
(materials) responsive to the climatic conditions and local needs of that particular place
•only 10 percent of the buildings in which we live, or work are designed by architects, and a huge 90 percent of the
world's architecture is vernacular. (1995 byAmos Rapoport) It is the most widespread form of building
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE – DEFINITION

47. "A building designed by an amateur, without any training in design; the
individual will have been guided by a series of conventions built up in his locality,
paying little attention to what may be fashionable. The function of the building
would be the dominant factor, aesthetic considerations, though present to
some small degree, being quite minimal. Local materials would be
predominantly used and other materials being chosen and imported quite
exceptionally.“
-R.W. BRUNSKILL
•It can be contrasted against architecture which is characterized by stylistic elements of design
intentionally incorporated for aesthetic purposes which go beyond a building's functional
requirements.
•These building maximize the local knowledge of how buildings can be effectively designed as well
as how to effectively use local materials and resources.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE – DEFINITION

48. "Folk building growing in response to actual needs, fitted into environment by people
who knew no better than to fit them with native feeling".
-FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
•It is an indigenous architecture with specific time or place (not imported or copied from
elsewhere).
•building that is perfectly adapted to the building's users and the building's locale.
•A building without sacrificing a building's function, comfort, or ecological friendliness in the
pursuit of some aesthetic quality or even worse, an architect's egotistical pursuits.
•Vernacular architecture tends to evolve over time to reflect the environmental , cultural and
historical context in which it exists.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE – DEFINITION

49. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE –DEFINITIONS

50. DISCUSSION OF THE SYNONYMOUS TERMS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
INDIGENOUS ARCHITECTURE
▪Architectural design evolved over hundreds of thousands of years
▪to suit the needs of indigenous peoples (people inhabitingor existing in a land from the earliest times or
from before the arrival ofcolonists) and
▪to suit their function in specific environments and climates.
TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE
▪Traditional architecture is the way of building using recognizable symbols of a particular
culture of unique people in a special way.
▪includes formal building structures like e.g., temples, churches, mosques, monuments etc.
REGIONAL ARCHITECTURE
▪Regional architecture is aboutthe context and customs of making buildings in a
particular region.
▪These buildings, mainly houses, rely on specific knowledge of the climate, geology,
geography, and topography of the region.

51. TYPES OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
▪VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE CAN BE CATEGORIZED
•BASED ON ITS SETTING
•BASED ON THEIR USAGE
•BASED ON THEIR STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
•BASED ON PLANNING ORGANIZATION , SHAPE AND SIZE etc.
BASED ON ITS SETTING
▪RURAL AREA
▪URBAN AREA
BASED ON THEIR STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
(characterized by its construction materials
and construction techniques ,in India)
▪KUCHCHA STRUCTURE
▪PUCCA STRUCTURE
▪SEMI-PUCCA STRUCTURE
BASED ON THEIR USAGE
▪DOMESTIC BUILDINGS
▪AGRICULTURAL BUILDINGS
▪INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
▪RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS

52. TYPES OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE-BASED ON THEIR USAGE
•VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE CAN BE CATEGORIZED BASED ON THEIR USAGE : (Burn skill
1998)
▪DOMESTIC BUILDINGS
- designed for living purpose including private houses, rest houses and leisure houses.
▪AGRICULTURAL BUILDINGS
- include the buildings of the farmstead apart from the farmhouse and its domestic ancillaries;
like stables, cow-house, poultry shed & cart shed.
▪INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
- associated with industrial activities such as potteries, other commercial establishments etc.
▪RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS
- for eg. temples, churches, mosques, monuments etc.

53. ▪KUCHCHA STRUCTURE
•is constructed using natural materials and therefore is a short-lived
structure
•Not strong and requires constant maintenance and replacement
•These houses are usually constructed by the owner themselves ie.
requires less or no manual labor
•Directly responds to climate and locally available materials
•Materials used for construction - mud, grass, bamboo, thatch or sticks,
stone , bamboo, lime .
•Technique for construction – mud for plastering, wattle and daub ,
rammed earth, adobe, cob , pressed bricks.
TYPES OF INDIAN VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
▪PUCCA STRUCTURE
• is made of resistant materials
•mortar is used to bind the building materials.
•May have a sloped or a flat roof
•Manual labor for construction is higher than kutcha houses
•It is more durable, expensive and does not require constant
maintenance.
•Materials used for construction - stone, timber, brick ,clay tiles and metal

54. ▪SEMI-PUCCA STRUCTURE
▪is a combination of the pucca and kuchcha styles.
▪Is characterized by walls made of brick in cement or lime plaster
▪Stronger than kutcha houses
▪It employs less manual labour than pucca houses
▪Roof is covered with stone or clay tiles but on Thatch or bamboo
framework as that of kutcha houses
TYPES OF INDIAN VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE CAN ALSO BE CATEGORIZED
BASED ON PLANNING ORGANIZATION , SHAPE AND SIZE etc.