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1. TOPIC HYBRIDISATION

2. WHAT IS HYBRIDISATION Redistribution of the energy of orbitals of individual atoms to give orbitals of equivalent energy happen when two atomic orbital combine to from hybrid orbital in a molecule.This process is called hybridization. During this process of hybridization the atomic orbital of comparable energies mixed together and mostly involved the merging of two ‘S’ orbital or two ‘P’ orbital or mixing of at ‘S’ orbital with a ‘P’ orbital as well as ‘S’ orbital with a ‘D’ orbital. The new orbital thus formed are known as hybrid orbitals.

3. KEY FEATURES OF HYBRIDISATION Atomic orbitals with equal energies undergo hybridization. The number of hybrid orbitals formed is equal to the number of atomic orbital mixing. Hybridization happens only during the bond formation and not is at isolated gaseous atom. The shape of the molecule can be predicted if the hybridization of the molecule is known. The bigger lobe of the hybrid orbital always as a positive sign, while the smaller lobe on the opposite side has a negative sign.

4. TYPES OF HYBRIDISATION The hybridization can be classified as: 1. sp 2. sp 2 3. sp 3 4. sp 3 d 5. sp 3 d 2 6. sp 3 d 3

5. SP HYBRIDISATION HP hybridization is observe when one S and one P orbital in the same main shell of an atom mix to form to new equivalent orbital the new orbital form are called SP hybridized orbital. It from linear molecular with an angle of 180 degree. This type of hybridization involves the mixing of one orbital and one ‘P’ orbital of equal energy to give a hybrid orbital known as SBI hybridized orbital. Sp hybridised orbital has at equal amount of S and P character– 50%s and 50%p character.

6. EXAMPLE OF SP HYBRIDISATION All compounds of beryllium like beF2 , BeH2 , becl2. All compounds of carbon-containing triple bond like C2H2 .

7. SP2 HYBRIDISATION SP2 hybridization is observed when one s and p orbital of the same shell of an atom mix to form 3 equivalent orbital. SP2 hybridization is also called trigonal hybridization. It involve mixing of one S orbital and two P orbital of equal energy to give a new hybrid known as SP2. A mixture of S and P orbital form in trigonal symmetry and is maintained at 120 degree. All the three hybrid orbital remain in one plane and make a angle of 120 with one another . Each of the hybrid orbital form has a 33.33% as character and 66.66% of P character. The molecules in which the centre atom is linked to three atom and is sp2 hybrid have a triangular planer shape.

8. EXAMPLE OF SP2 HYBRIDISATION All the compounds of boron i.e. BF3 , BH3

9. Sp3 HYBRIDISATION When one S orbital and three P orbital belonging to same cell of at atom mix together to form for new equivalent orbital the type of hybridization is called a tetrahedral hybridization or SP3. These are directed towards the four corners of a regular tetrahedron and make a angle of 10928 with one another. The angle between the SP3 hybrid orbital is 109. 28 degree. SP3 hybrid orbital has 25% S character and 75% P character. Example of sp3 HYBRIDISATION: ethane(C2H6) , methane .

10. EXAMPLE OF C2H6 ( ETHANE)

11. SP3D HYBRIDISATION SP3D hybridization involves the mixing of 1S orbital 3p orbital and 1D orbital to form 5 sp3d hybridized orbital of equal energy they have trigonal bipyramidal geometry. The mixture of S , P and D forms trigonal bipyramidal symmetry. Three hybrid orbital lie in the horizontal plain inclined at the angle of 120 to each other known as equatorial orbital. For example phosphorus pentachloride (PCL5).

12. EXAMPLE OF PCL5

13. SP3D2 HYBRIDISATION Sp3d2 hybridization has 1S , 3p and 2D orbital that undergo intermixing to form 6 identical sp3d2 hybrid orbitals. This 6 orbitals are directed towards the corners of a octahedron. They are inclined at a triangle of 90 degree to one another.

14. SP3D3 HYBRIDISATION The process of mixing one S orbital , three P orbital and three D orbital in an atom to from 7 sp3d3 hybrid orbitals of equivalent energy is called sp3d3 hybridization. FOR EXAMPLE: IF7