S5c8 chapter 8-facts and figures related to drought in india.
DrShivu
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About This Presentation
Some of the facts related to drought are mentioned in this chapter. Drought is a threat to the humanity; it is a threat to the plant and animal kingdom. We also know that the area occupied by the drought is increasing as the population is increasing on this earth and we need to understand deforestat...
Slide Content
Contents of Section 5: Reticular canal system for Interlinking Indian Rivers.
Chapter 8-Facts and figures related to Drought in India.
8.1-F&F – India digs deeper in to the drought.
8.2-F&F – More than 100 million are at risk due to drought.
8.3-F&F – Millions of death due to drought.
8.4-F&F – Drought translate in to a fall in growth.
8.5-F&F – Environmental issues in India.
8.6-F&F – Rapid growth of population and its effect on natural resources and environment;
8.7-F&F – Water supply and sanitation in India.
8.8-F&F – Pollution of Ganga.
8.9-F&F – Drought as climatic anomaly.
8.10-F&F – Seasonal rain falls and droughts.
8.11-F&F –Without rain most of the crops will be destroyed.
8.12-F&F - GDP was known to drop when there was a bad drought.
8.13-F&F – Sun-blistered west and central regions.
8.14-F&F – Food—fruits and vegetables—would not exist without pollinators visiting flowers.
8.15-F&F – Water, the stuff of life, has become the source of dangerous friction.
8.16-F&F – Types of drought.
8.17-F&F – National commission on agriculture classifies drought.
8.18-F&F – Drought - the silent threat to rural economy.
8.19-F&F – Drought monitoring.
8.20-F&F – Space technology for drought monitoring.
Chapter 8: Facts and figures related to
Drought in India:
8.1 . F&F – India digs deeper in to the drought.
[Drought:
With water supply running out, India digs deeper in to their drought.
Posted Oct 01, 2006 at 07:08AM by Mabie A. Listed in: Natural Resources Tags: India.
Having resources at hand that will sustain the life in any country is a big must, particularly if your
population has gone past the one billion mark in the status quo. But what if you're running low on
these resources, and there isn't much the government can do about it? Obviously, that scenario
spells trouble.
The region of India seems to be facing its most challenging obstacle with their water supply running
unbelievably low. In the past decade, more and more parts of the country have fallen into a dry
spell, experiencing little to no rain.
The most apparent implication of this dry spell that they cannot sustain the kind of lifestyle they
indulged in before and would like to develop further, particularly food production. Gone are the
days when they would till their lands and wait for harvest to put food on the table, and to sell to the
markets. Now, farming has been taken over by digging. And the dry season isn't making the fight an
easy one.
Chapter 8-Facts and figures related to Drought in India.
8.1-F&F – India digs deeper in to the drought.
8.2-F&F – More than 100 million are at risk due to drought.
8.3-F&F – Millions of death due to drought.
8.4-F&F – Drought translate in to a fall in growth.
8.5-F&F – Environmental issues in India.
8.6-F&F – Rapid growth of population and its effect on natural resources and environment;
8.7-F&F – Water supply and sanitation in India.
8.8-F&F – Pollution of Ganga.
8.9-F&F – Drought as climatic anomaly.
8.10-F&F – Seasonal rain falls and droughts.
8.11-F&F –Without rain most of the crops will be destroyed.
8.12-F&F - GDP was known to drop when there was a bad drought.
8.13-F&F – Sun-blistered west and central regions.
8.14-F&F – Food—fruits and vegetables—would not exist without pollinators visiting flowers.
8.15-F&F – Water, the stuff of life, has become the source of dangerous friction.
8.16-F&F – Types of drought.
8.17-F&F – National commission on agriculture classifies drought.
8.18-F&F – Drought - the silent threat to rural economy.
8.19-F&F – Drought monitoring.
8.20-F&F – Space technology for drought monitoring.
Chapter 8: Facts and figures related to
Drought in India:
8.1 . F&F – India digs deeper in to the drought.
[Drought:
With water supply running out, India digs deeper in to their drought.
Posted Oct 01, 2006 at 07:08AM by Mabie A. Listed in: Natural Resources Tags: India.
Having resources at hand that will sustain the life in any country is a big must, particularly if your
population has gone past the one billion mark in the status quo. But what if you're running low on
these resources, and there isn't much the government can do about it? Obviously, that scenario
spells trouble.
The region of India seems to be facing its most challenging obstacle with their water supply running
unbelievably low. In the past decade, more and more parts of the country have fallen into a dry
spell, experiencing little to no rain.
The most apparent implication of this dry spell that they cannot sustain the kind of lifestyle they
indulged in before and would like to develop further, particularly food production. Gone are the
days when they would till their lands and wait for harvest to put food on the table, and to sell to the
markets. Now, farming has been taken over by digging. And the dry season isn't making the fight an
easy one.
Because of the rapid decline in their water supply, India's people have turned to digging wells in
order for them to have access to this fundamental natural resource. But because of lax government
policies and a seemingly loose structure in the implementation of whatever little policies they may
have, the people of India only digs more, and their problems grow deeper.
In the district of Jaipur, up to 80% of the groundwater blocks are already deemed to be in danger of
running out. Even Punjab, considered to be one of the few remaining fertile, rain-drenched pockets
of the country is not spared with 79% of groundwater blocks classified as overexploited or critical.
The situation is exacerbated by the indiscriminate digging of the locals for water wells. But then
again, who can blame them, really? If they do not dig up wells, they will not be able to sustain
themselves and most likely perish from thirst. That is why most people, especially those who are
lucky enough to have their own parcels of land, dig up wells for their water supply, even though they
are very well aware that they are running on low. Because of the excessive diggings over the past
years, water in wells have dropped to as much as 130 ft, twice as deep as ten years ago.
"We are close to the finishing point," says a farmer from Peeple Ka Bas. "The water is almost gone."
It is indeed a sad state, especially since water is considered to be one of, if not the most important,
natural resource that man needs to survive.
For now, government efforts include water deliveries via train just so the residents of small towns
can fill their buckets with water for 15 minutes every 48 hours. Source
[45]
]
With RCS underground water in all the places of the nation will reappear, all the present bore wells
and open wells will be filled with quality water. There will not be any necessity to dig new bore wells
with RCS. The free flowing surface water of the RCS will be good enough to use for domestic
purposes provided the RCS is not contaminated by the activity of the people. Strict policies on solid –
liquid – gaseous waste disposal will lead to prevention of contamination of surface water.
8.2 . F&F – More than 100 million are at risk due to drought.
[India: More than 100 million at risk: Low rainfall during the last two years has caused severe
drought conditions in 11 Indian States. An estimated 130 million people - 15 percent of the
population - in more than 70,000 villages and 230 urban centres are at risk. Apart from economic
loss due to low agricultural production, loss of animal wealth, inadequate nutrition and primary
health care, the impact of the drought is likely to retard the development process. The most severely
affected States are Gujarat, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh.
UNICEF is seeking US $3.575 million in funding in support of relief efforts to help an estimated
population of 60 million people in the five worst affected states. Of these, approximately 9 million
are children and 1.2 million are pregnant women. The immediate short term measures include the
trucking of water, the rehabilitation of wells and hand pumps, the purification of water sources,
surface water storage, mobility support, water purification tablets, vitamin A, oral rehydration salts
and hygiene education flyers. The long-term strategy addresses household water security through
the promotion of rooftop rainwater harvesting; the sustainability of community water sources
through ground water recharge structures with user participation; and the environmental protection
of these sources. Sanitation and hygiene education are also underway. Source
[46]
]
order for them to have access to this fundamental natural resource. But because of lax government
policies and a seemingly loose structure in the implementation of whatever little policies they may
have, the people of India only digs more, and their problems grow deeper.
In the district of Jaipur, up to 80% of the groundwater blocks are already deemed to be in danger of
running out. Even Punjab, considered to be one of the few remaining fertile, rain-drenched pockets
of the country is not spared with 79% of groundwater blocks classified as overexploited or critical.
The situation is exacerbated by the indiscriminate digging of the locals for water wells. But then
again, who can blame them, really? If they do not dig up wells, they will not be able to sustain
themselves and most likely perish from thirst. That is why most people, especially those who are
lucky enough to have their own parcels of land, dig up wells for their water supply, even though they
are very well aware that they are running on low. Because of the excessive diggings over the past
years, water in wells have dropped to as much as 130 ft, twice as deep as ten years ago.
"We are close to the finishing point," says a farmer from Peeple Ka Bas. "The water is almost gone."
It is indeed a sad state, especially since water is considered to be one of, if not the most important,
natural resource that man needs to survive.
For now, government efforts include water deliveries via train just so the residents of small towns
can fill their buckets with water for 15 minutes every 48 hours. Source
[45]
]
With RCS underground water in all the places of the nation will reappear, all the present bore wells
and open wells will be filled with quality water. There will not be any necessity to dig new bore wells
with RCS. The free flowing surface water of the RCS will be good enough to use for domestic
purposes provided the RCS is not contaminated by the activity of the people. Strict policies on solid –
liquid – gaseous waste disposal will lead to prevention of contamination of surface water.
8.2 . F&F – More than 100 million are at risk due to drought.
[India: More than 100 million at risk: Low rainfall during the last two years has caused severe
drought conditions in 11 Indian States. An estimated 130 million people - 15 percent of the
population - in more than 70,000 villages and 230 urban centres are at risk. Apart from economic
loss due to low agricultural production, loss of animal wealth, inadequate nutrition and primary
health care, the impact of the drought is likely to retard the development process. The most severely
affected States are Gujarat, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh.
UNICEF is seeking US $3.575 million in funding in support of relief efforts to help an estimated
population of 60 million people in the five worst affected states. Of these, approximately 9 million
are children and 1.2 million are pregnant women. The immediate short term measures include the
trucking of water, the rehabilitation of wells and hand pumps, the purification of water sources,
surface water storage, mobility support, water purification tablets, vitamin A, oral rehydration salts
and hygiene education flyers. The long-term strategy addresses household water security through
the promotion of rooftop rainwater harvesting; the sustainability of community water sources
through ground water recharge structures with user participation; and the environmental protection
of these sources. Sanitation and hygiene education are also underway. Source
[46]
]
With RCS – the rain fall on all the areas becomes better because the clouds will form locally. People
need not wait for the rain to come for their cultivation and domestic purposes because RCS will
supply adequate water to all the places continuously.
Impact of drought like low agricultural production, loss of animal wealth, inadequate nutrition, and
retardation in the development process will never occur with RCS. Even the most severely drought
affected States like Gujarat, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh will get adequate water for all the water
related activities in all the days of the year through RCS.
The immediate short term measures like ‘trucking of water, the rehabilitation of wells and hand
pumps, the purification of water sources, surface water storage, mobility support, water purification
tablets, vitamin A, oral rehydration salts and hygiene education flyers’ are not going to give
permanent solution for the problem and the money spent in this way can be utilized to create the
permanent solution like creation of RCS.
The long-term strategies like ‘household / MV buildings water security through the promotion of
rooftop rainwater harvesting; the sustainability of community water sources through ground water
recharge structures with user participation; and the environmental protection of these sources.
Sanitation and hygiene education’ can be easily done through the VPA in the MV.
8.3 . F&F – Millions of death due to drought.
[Drought in India has resulted in tens of millions of deaths over the course of the 18th, 19th, and
20th centuries. Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on the climate of India: a favorable
southwest summer monsoon is critical in securing water for irrigating Indian crops. In some parts of
India, the failure of the monsoons result in water shortages, resulting in below-average crop yields.
This is particularly true of major drought-prone regions such as southern and eastern Maharashtra,
northern Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Gujarat, and Rajasthan.
In the past, droughts have periodically led to major Indian famines, including the Bengal famine of
1770, in which up to one third of the population in affected areas died; the 1876–1877 famine, in
which over five million people died; and the 1899 famine, in which over 4.5 million died.
All such
episodes of severe drought correlate with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. El Niño-
related droughts have also been implicated in periodic declines in Indian agricultural output.
Nevertheless, ENSO events that have coincided with abnormally high sea surfaces temperatures in
the Indian Ocean—in one instance during 1997 and 1998 by up to 3 °C (5 °F)—have resulted in
increased oceanic evaporation, resulting in unusually wet weather across India. Such anomalies have
occurred during a sustained warm spell that began in the 1990s. A contrasting phenomenon is that,
instead of the usual high pressure air mass over the southern Indian Ocean, an ENSO-related oceanic
low pressure convergence center forms; it then continually pulls dry air from Central Asia,
desiccating India during what should have been the humid summer monsoon season. This reversed
air flow causes India's droughts. The extent that an ENSO event raises sea surface temperatures in
the central Pacific Ocean influences the degree of drought.
Source
[47]
]
We will not read news like this with RCS, we can eradicate the word ‘Drought’ with RCS may not be
the ‘Flood’.
need not wait for the rain to come for their cultivation and domestic purposes because RCS will
supply adequate water to all the places continuously.
Impact of drought like low agricultural production, loss of animal wealth, inadequate nutrition, and
retardation in the development process will never occur with RCS. Even the most severely drought
affected States like Gujarat, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh will get adequate water for all the water
related activities in all the days of the year through RCS.
The immediate short term measures like ‘trucking of water, the rehabilitation of wells and hand
pumps, the purification of water sources, surface water storage, mobility support, water purification
tablets, vitamin A, oral rehydration salts and hygiene education flyers’ are not going to give
permanent solution for the problem and the money spent in this way can be utilized to create the
permanent solution like creation of RCS.
The long-term strategies like ‘household / MV buildings water security through the promotion of
rooftop rainwater harvesting; the sustainability of community water sources through ground water
recharge structures with user participation; and the environmental protection of these sources.
Sanitation and hygiene education’ can be easily done through the VPA in the MV.
8.3 . F&F – Millions of death due to drought.
[Drought in India has resulted in tens of millions of deaths over the course of the 18th, 19th, and
20th centuries. Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on the climate of India: a favorable
southwest summer monsoon is critical in securing water for irrigating Indian crops. In some parts of
India, the failure of the monsoons result in water shortages, resulting in below-average crop yields.
This is particularly true of major drought-prone regions such as southern and eastern Maharashtra,
northern Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Gujarat, and Rajasthan.
In the past, droughts have periodically led to major Indian famines, including the Bengal famine of
1770, in which up to one third of the population in affected areas died; the 1876–1877 famine, in
which over five million people died; and the 1899 famine, in which over 4.5 million died.
All such
episodes of severe drought correlate with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. El Niño-
related droughts have also been implicated in periodic declines in Indian agricultural output.
Nevertheless, ENSO events that have coincided with abnormally high sea surfaces temperatures in
the Indian Ocean—in one instance during 1997 and 1998 by up to 3 °C (5 °F)—have resulted in
increased oceanic evaporation, resulting in unusually wet weather across India. Such anomalies have
occurred during a sustained warm spell that began in the 1990s. A contrasting phenomenon is that,
instead of the usual high pressure air mass over the southern Indian Ocean, an ENSO-related oceanic
low pressure convergence center forms; it then continually pulls dry air from Central Asia,
desiccating India during what should have been the humid summer monsoon season. This reversed
air flow causes India's droughts. The extent that an ENSO event raises sea surface temperatures in
the central Pacific Ocean influences the degree of drought.
Source
[47]
]
We will not read news like this with RCS, we can eradicate the word ‘Drought’ with RCS may not be
the ‘Flood’.
It is better that we need to do permanent solutions for eradication the drought situation at least by
the sufferings that we are under and from the history. People dying due to various reasons during
drought can be prevented with the permanent solutions like RCS.
Contrasting phenomenon like ‘instead of the usual high pressure air mass over the southern Indian
Ocean, an ENSO-related oceanic low pressure convergence center formation; it then continually
pulls dry air from Central Asia, causing India's droughts’ can be prevented from the RCS, thus the
periodic declines in Indian agricultural output can be prevented.
8.4 . F&F – Drought translate in to a fall in growth.
[How does a drought translate into a fall in growth? Since agriculture constitutes about 25 per cent
of GDP, a four percentage point decline in agricultural production should directly translate into a one
percentage point decline in GDP growth. In addition, there are other effects. The linkages between
agriculture and GDP arise from both the demand and the supply side. On the demand side, when
agriculture does well, rural incomes rise. A rise in rural incomes leads to greater demand for
industrial products. It has been seen that consumer goods do well when rural incomes rise. In some
cases the impact is immediate, in others the effect comes with a lag. The sales of shampoos, soaps
and bicycles might respond immediately, whereas the sales of motorcycles, fertiliser, tractors and
televisions may have a lagged impact. Source
[48]
]
When we eradicate the drought then there is no question of fall in growth. We can expect good rural
income with RCS – VPA – MV – MN. This good rural income leading to better industrial product
demand can be managed with VP Factories after assessing the type of demand and this income
again will be distributed to the people and the nation thus the indivual income and the national
income improves and the people will lead quality life.
8.5 . F&F – Environmental issues in India.
[Environmental issues in India: The rapid growing population and economic development are leading
to the environmental degradation in India because of the uncontrolled growth of urbanization and
industrialization, expansion and massive intensification of agriculture, and the destruction of forests.
Major environmental issues are Forest and Agricultural land degradation, Resource depletion (water,
mineral, forest, sand, rocks etc) Environmental degradation, Public Health, Loss of Biodiversity, Loss
of resilience in ecosystems, Livelihood Security for the Poor.
It is estimated that the country’s population will increase to about 1.26 billion by the year 2016. The
projected population indicates that India will be the first most populous country in the world and
China will be ranking second in the year 2050. India having 18% of the world's population on 2.4% of
world's total area has greatly increased the pressure on its natural resources. Water shortages, soil
exhaustion and erosion, deforestation, air and water pollution afflicts many areas.
India's water supply and sanitation issues are related to many environmental issues. Source
[49]
]
the sufferings that we are under and from the history. People dying due to various reasons during
drought can be prevented with the permanent solutions like RCS.
Contrasting phenomenon like ‘instead of the usual high pressure air mass over the southern Indian
Ocean, an ENSO-related oceanic low pressure convergence center formation; it then continually
pulls dry air from Central Asia, causing India's droughts’ can be prevented from the RCS, thus the
periodic declines in Indian agricultural output can be prevented.
8.4 . F&F – Drought translate in to a fall in growth.
[How does a drought translate into a fall in growth? Since agriculture constitutes about 25 per cent
of GDP, a four percentage point decline in agricultural production should directly translate into a one
percentage point decline in GDP growth. In addition, there are other effects. The linkages between
agriculture and GDP arise from both the demand and the supply side. On the demand side, when
agriculture does well, rural incomes rise. A rise in rural incomes leads to greater demand for
industrial products. It has been seen that consumer goods do well when rural incomes rise. In some
cases the impact is immediate, in others the effect comes with a lag. The sales of shampoos, soaps
and bicycles might respond immediately, whereas the sales of motorcycles, fertiliser, tractors and
televisions may have a lagged impact. Source
[48]
]
When we eradicate the drought then there is no question of fall in growth. We can expect good rural
income with RCS – VPA – MV – MN. This good rural income leading to better industrial product
demand can be managed with VP Factories after assessing the type of demand and this income
again will be distributed to the people and the nation thus the indivual income and the national
income improves and the people will lead quality life.
8.5 . F&F – Environmental issues in India.
[Environmental issues in India: The rapid growing population and economic development are leading
to the environmental degradation in India because of the uncontrolled growth of urbanization and
industrialization, expansion and massive intensification of agriculture, and the destruction of forests.
Major environmental issues are Forest and Agricultural land degradation, Resource depletion (water,
mineral, forest, sand, rocks etc) Environmental degradation, Public Health, Loss of Biodiversity, Loss
of resilience in ecosystems, Livelihood Security for the Poor.
It is estimated that the country’s population will increase to about 1.26 billion by the year 2016. The
projected population indicates that India will be the first most populous country in the world and
China will be ranking second in the year 2050. India having 18% of the world's population on 2.4% of
world's total area has greatly increased the pressure on its natural resources. Water shortages, soil
exhaustion and erosion, deforestation, air and water pollution afflicts many areas.
India's water supply and sanitation issues are related to many environmental issues. Source
[49]
]
Population can be effectively controlled with VPA- VPH-MV-MN. We can achieve better economic
development in the absence of enviornamental destruction. Enviornmental destruction decreases
because the total area consumed in the form of villages is going to decrease (Total number of
villages is going to decrease from 6 lakh villages to 40 thousand VPA), the total area consumed by
the roads and infrastructure is going to decrease, the VPA will actively involve in the process of
forest creation in their village limits, fuel consumption is going to decrease since people need not
use vehicle inside their village panchayath limit and with CRS - CRTS, VPA will involve in the
preventive process of land degradation / erosion by implanting plants at appropriate places,
desilting and reutilization of the same soil as manure is possible with RCS thus the top soil depositing
at the river delta region can be prevented, water shortage will never occur with RCS, air pollution
can be prevented to the maximum by non utilization of vehicles inside the village – mass
transportation – minimizing the transportation – transportation of ready to utilize or ready to store
products instead of transporting the raw materials and again the ready to use materials back, water
pollution can be prevented by not discharging any waste to the water paths – proper treatment of
the waste – recycling of the waste in an appropriate way can be done through VPA.
8.6 . F&F – Rapid growth of population and its effect on natural
resources and environment;
[One of the primary causes of environmental degradation in a country could be attributed to rapid
growth of population, which adversely affects the natural resources and environment. The uprising
population and the environmental deterioration face the challenge of sustainable development. The
existence or the absence of favorable natural resources can facilitate or retard the process of socio-
economic development. The three basic demographic factors of births (natality),deaths (mortality)
and human migration (migration) and immigration (population moving into a country produces
higher population) produce changes in population size, composition, distribution and these changes
raise a number of important questions of cause and effect.
Population growth and economic development are contributing to many serious environmental
calamities in India. These include heavy pressure on land, land degradation, forests, habitat
destruction and loss of biodiversity. Changing consumption pattern has led to rising demand for
energy. The final outcomes of this are air pollution, global warming, climate change, water scarcity
and water pollution. Source
[49]
]
The man power of the population can be effectively utilized in the process of protecting the nature
in a scientific way through VPA like implanting the plants and creating forest or converting thin
forest in to thick forest. Increased utilization of natural sources of energy like solar energy instead of
fire wood, migration and urbanization can be well controlled with VPA.
8.7 . F&F – Water supply and sanitation in India.
[Water supply and sanitation in India: Out of India's 3,119 towns and cities, just 209 have partial
treatment facilities, and only 8 have full wastewater treatment facilities (WHO 1992). 114 cities
development in the absence of enviornamental destruction. Enviornmental destruction decreases
because the total area consumed in the form of villages is going to decrease (Total number of
villages is going to decrease from 6 lakh villages to 40 thousand VPA), the total area consumed by
the roads and infrastructure is going to decrease, the VPA will actively involve in the process of
forest creation in their village limits, fuel consumption is going to decrease since people need not
use vehicle inside their village panchayath limit and with CRS - CRTS, VPA will involve in the
preventive process of land degradation / erosion by implanting plants at appropriate places,
desilting and reutilization of the same soil as manure is possible with RCS thus the top soil depositing
at the river delta region can be prevented, water shortage will never occur with RCS, air pollution
can be prevented to the maximum by non utilization of vehicles inside the village – mass
transportation – minimizing the transportation – transportation of ready to utilize or ready to store
products instead of transporting the raw materials and again the ready to use materials back, water
pollution can be prevented by not discharging any waste to the water paths – proper treatment of
the waste – recycling of the waste in an appropriate way can be done through VPA.
8.6 . F&F – Rapid growth of population and its effect on natural
resources and environment;
[One of the primary causes of environmental degradation in a country could be attributed to rapid
growth of population, which adversely affects the natural resources and environment. The uprising
population and the environmental deterioration face the challenge of sustainable development. The
existence or the absence of favorable natural resources can facilitate or retard the process of socio-
economic development. The three basic demographic factors of births (natality),deaths (mortality)
and human migration (migration) and immigration (population moving into a country produces
higher population) produce changes in population size, composition, distribution and these changes
raise a number of important questions of cause and effect.
Population growth and economic development are contributing to many serious environmental
calamities in India. These include heavy pressure on land, land degradation, forests, habitat
destruction and loss of biodiversity. Changing consumption pattern has led to rising demand for
energy. The final outcomes of this are air pollution, global warming, climate change, water scarcity
and water pollution. Source
[49]
]
The man power of the population can be effectively utilized in the process of protecting the nature
in a scientific way through VPA like implanting the plants and creating forest or converting thin
forest in to thick forest. Increased utilization of natural sources of energy like solar energy instead of
fire wood, migration and urbanization can be well controlled with VPA.
8.7 . F&F – Water supply and sanitation in India.
[Water supply and sanitation in India: Out of India's 3,119 towns and cities, just 209 have partial
treatment facilities, and only 8 have full wastewater treatment facilities (WHO 1992). 114 cities
dump untreated sewage and partially cremated bodies directly into the Ganges River. Downstream,
the untreated water is used for drinking, bathing, and washing. This situation is typical of many
rivers in India as well as other developing countries. Open defecation is widespread even in urban
areas of India. Source
[49]
]
All the cities, towns and the VPA will have scientific method of treatment of waste and recycling
system and thus their effect on the environment can be controlled locally. Since even the cities and
the VPA on the banks of Rivers treats the waste and utilizing the treated water for the growth of
trees like neem, rose, teak and so on, no water generated as the waste water will enter in to the
rivers directly. The MV is planned in such a way that it is away from the water pathways and the
distance between the MV and the water pathway should be in such a way that even during the
seasons of flood the water should not touch the village limits and there should be sufficient area
available to create the forest area by utilizing the treated waste water from the village.
No one will enjoy open air defecation since everyone will have good attractive toilets and bathrooms
in their own house in the MV.
8.8 . F&F – Pollution of Ganga.
[Pollution of Ganga
To know why 1,000 Indian children die of diarrheal sickness every day, take a wary stroll along the
Ganges in Varanasi. As it enters the city, Hinduism’s sacred river contains 60,000 faecal coliform
bacteria per 100 millilitres, 120 times more than is considered safe for bathing. Four miles
downstream, with inputs from 24 gushing sewers and 60,000 pilgrim-bathers, the concentration is
3,000 times over the safety limit. In places, the Ganges becomes black and septic. Corpses, of semi-
cremated adults or enshrouded babies, drift slowly by. The Economist on December 11, 2008.
Source
[49]
]
Not only the cities but all the VPA coming on either the sides of the rivers will treat the waste water
in their village limit and will be utilizing for develepmet of trees like neem – rose – teak wood, thus
the fecal matter entering in to the river will be avoided. All the partially flowing and contaminated
rivers will be flushed with the water of RCS and thus the water becomes safe for the people to use in
the down stream.
8.9 . F&F – Drought as climatic anomaly.
[Agricultural drought;
Agricultural Drought scenario in India;
Drought is a climatic anomaly, characterized by deficient supply of moisture resulting either from
sub-normal rainfall, erratic rainfall distribution, higher water need or a combination of all the three
factors. About two thirds of the geographic area of India receives low rainfall (less than 1000 mm),
which is also characterized by uneven and erratic distributions. Out of net sown area of 140 million
hectares about 68% is reported to be vulnerable to drought conditions and about 50% of such
vulnerable area is classified as ‘severe’, where frequency of drought is almost regular. Abnormally
the untreated water is used for drinking, bathing, and washing. This situation is typical of many
rivers in India as well as other developing countries. Open defecation is widespread even in urban
areas of India. Source
[49]
]
All the cities, towns and the VPA will have scientific method of treatment of waste and recycling
system and thus their effect on the environment can be controlled locally. Since even the cities and
the VPA on the banks of Rivers treats the waste and utilizing the treated water for the growth of
trees like neem, rose, teak and so on, no water generated as the waste water will enter in to the
rivers directly. The MV is planned in such a way that it is away from the water pathways and the
distance between the MV and the water pathway should be in such a way that even during the
seasons of flood the water should not touch the village limits and there should be sufficient area
available to create the forest area by utilizing the treated waste water from the village.
No one will enjoy open air defecation since everyone will have good attractive toilets and bathrooms
in their own house in the MV.
8.8 . F&F – Pollution of Ganga.
[Pollution of Ganga
To know why 1,000 Indian children die of diarrheal sickness every day, take a wary stroll along the
Ganges in Varanasi. As it enters the city, Hinduism’s sacred river contains 60,000 faecal coliform
bacteria per 100 millilitres, 120 times more than is considered safe for bathing. Four miles
downstream, with inputs from 24 gushing sewers and 60,000 pilgrim-bathers, the concentration is
3,000 times over the safety limit. In places, the Ganges becomes black and septic. Corpses, of semi-
cremated adults or enshrouded babies, drift slowly by. The Economist on December 11, 2008.
Source
[49]
]
Not only the cities but all the VPA coming on either the sides of the rivers will treat the waste water
in their village limit and will be utilizing for develepmet of trees like neem – rose – teak wood, thus
the fecal matter entering in to the river will be avoided. All the partially flowing and contaminated
rivers will be flushed with the water of RCS and thus the water becomes safe for the people to use in
the down stream.
8.9 . F&F – Drought as climatic anomaly.
[Agricultural drought;
Agricultural Drought scenario in India;
Drought is a climatic anomaly, characterized by deficient supply of moisture resulting either from
sub-normal rainfall, erratic rainfall distribution, higher water need or a combination of all the three
factors. About two thirds of the geographic area of India receives low rainfall (less than 1000 mm),
which is also characterized by uneven and erratic distributions. Out of net sown area of 140 million
hectares about 68% is reported to be vulnerable to drought conditions and about 50% of such
vulnerable area is classified as ‘severe’, where frequency of drought is almost regular. Abnormally
low rainfall in 1979 in India reported to have reduced the overall food grain by as much as 20%. The
1987 drought in India damaged 58.6 million hectares of cropped area affecting over 285 million
people. The 2002 drought had reduced the sown area to 112 million hectares from 124 million
hectares and the food grain production to 174 million tons from 212 million tons. The total food
grain production in India has to be stepped up from 212 million metric tons to 300 million metric
tons by 2020 to meet the food demands of growing population. Therefore, there is a need for
effective monitoring of agricultural drought, its onset, progression and impact on crops to minimize
the damages.
All the developing countries, being primarily agrarian, are very much dependent on the vagaries of
seasonal rainfall and climatic conditions and hence more vulnerable to droughts. On an average,
severe drought occurs once every five years in most of the tropical countries, though often they
occur on successive years causing severe losses to agriculture and allied sectors. More than 500
million people live in the drought prone areas of the world and 30% of the entire continental surface
is affected by droughts or desertification process. The water needs in agricultural sector are going to
be very high, as several thousand tons of water is required to produce each metric ton of food
grains. Therefore, there is a need for effective monitoring of agricultural drought, its onset,
progression and impact on crops to minimize the damages. Source
[50]
]
This will never occur with RCS, all the lands will get adequate water with RCS at any time of the day,
any day of the month, any month of the year and any amount of water. People need on wait for the
rain to occur for their particular area. Adequate water at appropriate time will lead to good yield.
It is easy to get the water as per our requirement with RCS, thus we will not have damages to the
sown and cropped areas and the productivity in the field of agriculture will improve.
8.10 . F&F – Seasonal rain falls and droughts.
[Agricultural Drought scenario in India
All the developing countries, being primarily agrarian, are very much dependent on the vagaries of
seasonal rainfall and climatic conditions and hence more vulnerable to droughts. On an average,
severe drought occurs once every five years in most of the tropical countries, though often they
occur on successive years causing severe losses to agriculture and allied sectors. More than 500
million people live in the drought prone areas of the world and 30% of the entire continental surface
is affected by droughts or desertification process. The water needs in agricultural sector are going to
be very high, as several thousand tons of water is required to produce each metric ton of food
grains. Therefore, there is a need for effective monitoring of agricultural drought, its onset,
progression and impact on crops to minimize the damages. Source
[51]
]
With RCS all the lands will get sufficient water in all the years. With better agriculture and forest land
creation we can prevent processes like desertification.
8.11 . F&F –Without rain most of the crops will be destroyed.
[Without rain most of the crops will be destroyed.
1987 drought in India damaged 58.6 million hectares of cropped area affecting over 285 million
people. The 2002 drought had reduced the sown area to 112 million hectares from 124 million
hectares and the food grain production to 174 million tons from 212 million tons. The total food
grain production in India has to be stepped up from 212 million metric tons to 300 million metric
tons by 2020 to meet the food demands of growing population. Therefore, there is a need for
effective monitoring of agricultural drought, its onset, progression and impact on crops to minimize
the damages.
All the developing countries, being primarily agrarian, are very much dependent on the vagaries of
seasonal rainfall and climatic conditions and hence more vulnerable to droughts. On an average,
severe drought occurs once every five years in most of the tropical countries, though often they
occur on successive years causing severe losses to agriculture and allied sectors. More than 500
million people live in the drought prone areas of the world and 30% of the entire continental surface
is affected by droughts or desertification process. The water needs in agricultural sector are going to
be very high, as several thousand tons of water is required to produce each metric ton of food
grains. Therefore, there is a need for effective monitoring of agricultural drought, its onset,
progression and impact on crops to minimize the damages. Source
[50]
]
This will never occur with RCS, all the lands will get adequate water with RCS at any time of the day,
any day of the month, any month of the year and any amount of water. People need on wait for the
rain to occur for their particular area. Adequate water at appropriate time will lead to good yield.
It is easy to get the water as per our requirement with RCS, thus we will not have damages to the
sown and cropped areas and the productivity in the field of agriculture will improve.
8.10 . F&F – Seasonal rain falls and droughts.
[Agricultural Drought scenario in India
All the developing countries, being primarily agrarian, are very much dependent on the vagaries of
seasonal rainfall and climatic conditions and hence more vulnerable to droughts. On an average,
severe drought occurs once every five years in most of the tropical countries, though often they
occur on successive years causing severe losses to agriculture and allied sectors. More than 500
million people live in the drought prone areas of the world and 30% of the entire continental surface
is affected by droughts or desertification process. The water needs in agricultural sector are going to
be very high, as several thousand tons of water is required to produce each metric ton of food
grains. Therefore, there is a need for effective monitoring of agricultural drought, its onset,
progression and impact on crops to minimize the damages. Source
[51]
]
With RCS all the lands will get sufficient water in all the years. With better agriculture and forest land
creation we can prevent processes like desertification.
8.11 . F&F –Without rain most of the crops will be destroyed.
[Without rain most of the crops will be destroyed.
Drought fuels India farmer fears.
Maharashtra is one of India's most prosperous states - but despite that, farmers have been
committing suicide for the past three years in despair at crop failure, drought and Growing
indebtedness.
There, the steady rise in farmers' suicides has become a shameful public scandal, even forcing the
new Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to pay a visit earlier this month.
In denial
According to statistics provided by the Cotton Growers Association of Maharashtra, 330 farmers in
the cotton and soya bean-growing region of Vidarbha committed suicide in the last three years.
Lack of rain
"If it does not rain - and rain well - in the next eight to 10 days, 35-40% of all the crops will be
destroyed. If there is no rain for 15 days, the situation will get very serious". The civil servant who
runs the Nagpur division admits the situation is bad. Source
[52]
]
Water scarcity and loss in agriculture will never occur with RCS in any part of India. Farmers need not
wait or rain in any season of the year, water for agriculture will be available in sufficient quantity all
the time of the year. Thus RCS will bring an end to the farmer’s suicide due to loss in agriculture.
8.12 . F&F - GDP was known to drop when there was a bad drought.
[Drought-proofing India.
Ila Patnaik Posted: Aug 09, 2004 at 0000 hrs IST
Maharashtra is one of India's most prosperous states - but despite that, farmers have been
committing suicide for the past three years in despair at crop failure, drought and Growing
indebtedness.
There, the steady rise in farmers' suicides has become a shameful public scandal, even forcing the
new Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to pay a visit earlier this month.
In denial
According to statistics provided by the Cotton Growers Association of Maharashtra, 330 farmers in
the cotton and soya bean-growing region of Vidarbha committed suicide in the last three years.
Lack of rain
"If it does not rain - and rain well - in the next eight to 10 days, 35-40% of all the crops will be
destroyed. If there is no rain for 15 days, the situation will get very serious". The civil servant who
runs the Nagpur division admits the situation is bad. Source
[52]
]
Water scarcity and loss in agriculture will never occur with RCS in any part of India. Farmers need not
wait or rain in any season of the year, water for agriculture will be available in sufficient quantity all
the time of the year. Thus RCS will bring an end to the farmer’s suicide due to loss in agriculture.
8.12 . F&F - GDP was known to drop when there was a bad drought.
[Drought-proofing India.
Ila Patnaik Posted: Aug 09, 2004 at 0000 hrs IST
Forecasts for GDP growth in the Indian economy have been revised downwards as a result of the
monsoon scenario. But even though growth projections for agriculture are negative, the growth
projection for GDP remains positive. Growth is not expected to fall drastically. For instance, in
CRISIL’s recent forecast, agricultural GDP is projected to be minus 2.5 per cent, as a result of the
drought. But GDP growth projections have only been revised downwards from 6.2 per cent to 5.6
per cent. This is a big change, as compared with previous decades when GDP was known to drop
when there was a bad drought.
How does a drought translate into a fall in growth? Since agriculture constitutes about 25 per cent of
GDP, a four percentage point decline in agricultural production should directly translate into a one
percentage point decline in GDP growth. In addition, there are other effects. The linkages between
agriculture and GDP arise from both the demand and the supply side. On the demand side, when
agriculture does well, rural incomes rise. A rise in rural incomes leads to greater demand for
industrial products. It has been seen that consumer goods do well when rural incomes rise. In some
cases the impact is immediate, in others the effect comes with a lag. The sales of shampoos, soaps
and bicycles might respond immediately, whereas the sales of motorcycles, fertiliser, tractors and
televisions may have a lagged impact.
On the supply side, increase in agricultural production increases the supply of food and raw
materials. Cereals, fruit, vegetables, milk, meat, eggs, etc enter the consumption bundle of all
households. Their plentiful supply and lower prices, following a good monsoon, reduces the cost of
living. Real incomes of both the urban and rural populations increase. They both have more to spend
on non-agricultural products. Also, there are a large number of industries that use farm products as
raw materials. Products such as sugarcane, jute, cotton and oilseeds are directly used by industry.
Cleaper raw materials augur well for these industries.
These linkages were very strong in the past.
In the 1950s a less than 5 per cent decline in agriculture led to a fall in both GDP-industry and in total
GDP. But this has not happened since the 1990s. The last time GDP saw an actual decline was in
1979-80. This was the result of both a very bad monsoon, which resulted in agricultural output
falling by a shocking 13 per cent, and an oil price shock. In that year, industrial growth declined by
over 3 per cent, and GDP fell by 5.2 per cent.
However, in the 1980s and 1990s when agricultural output declined, though industrial growth
slowed down, industrial production did not fall. Even when agricultural output fell by 5.2 per cent in
2002-03 (a very bad monsoon), industrial growth remained positive and GDP grew at 4 per cent. As a
consequence of the change in the importance of agriculture in industrial and total GDP in the
economy, the Indian economy is witnessing industrial business cycles, rather than monsoon cycles.
What is responsible for this change? The most important factor is that non-agricultural sectors have
been growing faster. Consequently, the share of agriculture in GDP has been declining, while that of
industry and services has been increasing. A fall in demand arising from a drop in agricultural
incomes can be devastating if the bulk of industrial demand depends on it. However, if the non-
agricultural economy is bigger and stronger and the demand for industry only slows down, then the
impact is not so devastating.
When a drought hits incomes (either amongst farmers or amongst other households), the household
tries to protect consumption by using savings or credit. Higher savings have given households
greater power to smooth their consumption. The increase in household savings since the 1980s has
led to a build-up of wealth, which allows households to smooth consumption even in bad years
when their income declines, by dissaving.
monsoon scenario. But even though growth projections for agriculture are negative, the growth
projection for GDP remains positive. Growth is not expected to fall drastically. For instance, in
CRISIL’s recent forecast, agricultural GDP is projected to be minus 2.5 per cent, as a result of the
drought. But GDP growth projections have only been revised downwards from 6.2 per cent to 5.6
per cent. This is a big change, as compared with previous decades when GDP was known to drop
when there was a bad drought.
How does a drought translate into a fall in growth? Since agriculture constitutes about 25 per cent of
GDP, a four percentage point decline in agricultural production should directly translate into a one
percentage point decline in GDP growth. In addition, there are other effects. The linkages between
agriculture and GDP arise from both the demand and the supply side. On the demand side, when
agriculture does well, rural incomes rise. A rise in rural incomes leads to greater demand for
industrial products. It has been seen that consumer goods do well when rural incomes rise. In some
cases the impact is immediate, in others the effect comes with a lag. The sales of shampoos, soaps
and bicycles might respond immediately, whereas the sales of motorcycles, fertiliser, tractors and
televisions may have a lagged impact.
On the supply side, increase in agricultural production increases the supply of food and raw
materials. Cereals, fruit, vegetables, milk, meat, eggs, etc enter the consumption bundle of all
households. Their plentiful supply and lower prices, following a good monsoon, reduces the cost of
living. Real incomes of both the urban and rural populations increase. They both have more to spend
on non-agricultural products. Also, there are a large number of industries that use farm products as
raw materials. Products such as sugarcane, jute, cotton and oilseeds are directly used by industry.
Cleaper raw materials augur well for these industries.
These linkages were very strong in the past.
In the 1950s a less than 5 per cent decline in agriculture led to a fall in both GDP-industry and in total
GDP. But this has not happened since the 1990s. The last time GDP saw an actual decline was in
1979-80. This was the result of both a very bad monsoon, which resulted in agricultural output
falling by a shocking 13 per cent, and an oil price shock. In that year, industrial growth declined by
over 3 per cent, and GDP fell by 5.2 per cent.
However, in the 1980s and 1990s when agricultural output declined, though industrial growth
slowed down, industrial production did not fall. Even when agricultural output fell by 5.2 per cent in
2002-03 (a very bad monsoon), industrial growth remained positive and GDP grew at 4 per cent. As a
consequence of the change in the importance of agriculture in industrial and total GDP in the
economy, the Indian economy is witnessing industrial business cycles, rather than monsoon cycles.
What is responsible for this change? The most important factor is that non-agricultural sectors have
been growing faster. Consequently, the share of agriculture in GDP has been declining, while that of
industry and services has been increasing. A fall in demand arising from a drop in agricultural
incomes can be devastating if the bulk of industrial demand depends on it. However, if the non-
agricultural economy is bigger and stronger and the demand for industry only slows down, then the
impact is not so devastating.
When a drought hits incomes (either amongst farmers or amongst other households), the household
tries to protect consumption by using savings or credit. Higher savings have given households
greater power to smooth their consumption. The increase in household savings since the 1980s has
led to a build-up of wealth, which allows households to smooth consumption even in bad years
when their income declines, by dissaving.
The increase in the availability of retail credit to households in recent years has allowed urban
households to borrow and spend irrespective of the rains, which helps sustain non-agricultural GDP.
In addition, the export demand for manufacturing has added to the reduction in the dependence of
industrial demand on Indian agriculture.
The result of the change in these patterns of growth is striking. The mean GDP growth rate has risen
sharply. If we compute an average mean growth rate of GDP every year for the preceding 10 years,
starting in 1961, we find that this rate has risen from a 3-4 per cent sluggish growth rate, often called
the Hindu rate of growth, to over 5 per cent. Further, the volatility of the growth has gone down
sharply. India is no longer subject to sharp ups and downs in production and income. While it is true
that the monsoon will pull down growth, raise expenditure on drought relief and reduce tax revenue
collection, but its impact will be limited. All the ills of the economy can no longer be placed at its
door.
Traditional issues in agricultural policy — such as improving irrigation — are still necessary for
reducing the vulnerability of agriculture to monsoons. But the growth of non-agricultural sectors,
high household savings rates and access to credit have created conditions under which consumer
demand does not dry up in a year of drought. Drought-proofing India critically hinges on obtaining
high growth rates of industry and services.
Source
[53]
]
In the recent years because of development of sectors like industry, IT, servise sector leading to
increase in the GDP, still the major population of the India and the better increase in the GDP
depends on the people who depend on agriculture in India. Unless other wise we make the drastic
changes in the agriculture for improving the productivity by improving the irrigation the GDP of the
nation will not increase drastically and we will be in a slower phase as copared to many other nation
in this rapidly progressing world. Creation of RCS will solve the problems related to irrigation and
thus the people dependent on agriculture will produce more income and they also produce demand
on the industry for their needs and thus the industry and the agriculture segment together will lead
to better GDP.
8.13 . F&F – Sun-blistered west and central regions.
[South Asia reels from drought and famine
Source: The Christian Science Monitor
Date: August 27th, 2000
Just as India is recovering from the devastating cyclone that ripped through the east last November,
wells have recently dried up and crops have withered in the drought afflicting the nation's sun-
blistered west and central regions.
Large parts of western and central India, particularly Gujarat and Rajasthan states, have been
hardest hit by the crisis. Officials say it is impossible to estimate how many people have died, but
urge international intervention to stem acute hunger, mass exodus, and locust invasions. Source
[54]
]
With RCS we will not be seeing the people dieing from drought, suffereing from hunger and so on.
households to borrow and spend irrespective of the rains, which helps sustain non-agricultural GDP.
In addition, the export demand for manufacturing has added to the reduction in the dependence of
industrial demand on Indian agriculture.
The result of the change in these patterns of growth is striking. The mean GDP growth rate has risen
sharply. If we compute an average mean growth rate of GDP every year for the preceding 10 years,
starting in 1961, we find that this rate has risen from a 3-4 per cent sluggish growth rate, often called
the Hindu rate of growth, to over 5 per cent. Further, the volatility of the growth has gone down
sharply. India is no longer subject to sharp ups and downs in production and income. While it is true
that the monsoon will pull down growth, raise expenditure on drought relief and reduce tax revenue
collection, but its impact will be limited. All the ills of the economy can no longer be placed at its
door.
Traditional issues in agricultural policy — such as improving irrigation — are still necessary for
reducing the vulnerability of agriculture to monsoons. But the growth of non-agricultural sectors,
high household savings rates and access to credit have created conditions under which consumer
demand does not dry up in a year of drought. Drought-proofing India critically hinges on obtaining
high growth rates of industry and services.
Source
[53]
]
In the recent years because of development of sectors like industry, IT, servise sector leading to
increase in the GDP, still the major population of the India and the better increase in the GDP
depends on the people who depend on agriculture in India. Unless other wise we make the drastic
changes in the agriculture for improving the productivity by improving the irrigation the GDP of the
nation will not increase drastically and we will be in a slower phase as copared to many other nation
in this rapidly progressing world. Creation of RCS will solve the problems related to irrigation and
thus the people dependent on agriculture will produce more income and they also produce demand
on the industry for their needs and thus the industry and the agriculture segment together will lead
to better GDP.
8.13 . F&F – Sun-blistered west and central regions.
[South Asia reels from drought and famine
Source: The Christian Science Monitor
Date: August 27th, 2000
Just as India is recovering from the devastating cyclone that ripped through the east last November,
wells have recently dried up and crops have withered in the drought afflicting the nation's sun-
blistered west and central regions.
Large parts of western and central India, particularly Gujarat and Rajasthan states, have been
hardest hit by the crisis. Officials say it is impossible to estimate how many people have died, but
urge international intervention to stem acute hunger, mass exodus, and locust invasions. Source
[54]
]
With RCS we will not be seeing the people dieing from drought, suffereing from hunger and so on.
8.14 . F&F – Food—fruits and vegetables—would not exist without
pollinators visiting flowers.
[World food supply at risk, experts warn
Source: CNN
Date: August 16th, 2000.
One-third of all our food—fruits and vegetables—would not exist without pollinators visiting
flowers. But honeybees, the primary species that fertilizes food-producing plants, have suffered
dramatic declines in recent years, mostly from afflictions introduced by humans. Domestic
honeybees have lost as many as one-third of their hives and their wild cousins have become virtually
extinct in many places around the world. A variety of troubles threaten the pollinators: Endless
waves of development destroy nesting and feeding grounds; pesticides decimate them along with
other beneficial insects.
Agribusiness increasingly treats honeybees as a mass commodity, exposing them to uncontrollable
plagues of pests. Source
[54]
]
With RCS – VPA – MV – MN there will be better biological cycles. It is possible to stop using all the
pesticides with VPA thus the harmful effects of the same on the useful pollinators.
8.15 . F&F – Water, the stuff of life, has become the source of
dangerous friction.
[Thirsty planet
Source: Agence France-Presse
Date: July 2, 2000.
Water, the stuff of life, has become the source of dangerous friction, with developing nations
jousting over water supplies as their populations soar and their environment deteriorates.
"Worldwide, at least 214 rivers flow through two or more countries, but no enforceable law governs
the allocation and use of international waters," Sandra Postel, a senior researcher for the
Worldwatch Institute, points out.
According to the World Commission on Water, a 20-percent increase in fresh water will be needed
by 2025, when the world’s population of six billion people is expected to have increased by three
billion.
Ismail Serageldin, vice president of the World Bank, made an ominous prediction in 1995: "Many of
the wars of this century were about oil—but the wars of the next century will be about water."
The biggest flash point is the Middle East, a region that is predominantly desert in climate, has a
huge rate of population growth, shrinking aquifers and a seething tradition of strife.
Water, water everywhere--but only 0.8% to drink.
Work is to begin on canals intended to siphon millions of cubic meters of the Nile daily and channel
them into the Western Desert--transforming thousands of square miles of "the howling waste" into
farms brimming with fruits and other crops.
But the plan involves a commodity--fresh water--that is becoming worryingly scarce in the Third
World. Many observers fear war could erupt as Egypt and its neighbors--Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea-
-struggle for access to the Nile's dwindling waters.
pollinators visiting flowers.
[World food supply at risk, experts warn
Source: CNN
Date: August 16th, 2000.
One-third of all our food—fruits and vegetables—would not exist without pollinators visiting
flowers. But honeybees, the primary species that fertilizes food-producing plants, have suffered
dramatic declines in recent years, mostly from afflictions introduced by humans. Domestic
honeybees have lost as many as one-third of their hives and their wild cousins have become virtually
extinct in many places around the world. A variety of troubles threaten the pollinators: Endless
waves of development destroy nesting and feeding grounds; pesticides decimate them along with
other beneficial insects.
Agribusiness increasingly treats honeybees as a mass commodity, exposing them to uncontrollable
plagues of pests. Source
[54]
]
With RCS – VPA – MV – MN there will be better biological cycles. It is possible to stop using all the
pesticides with VPA thus the harmful effects of the same on the useful pollinators.
8.15 . F&F – Water, the stuff of life, has become the source of
dangerous friction.
[Thirsty planet
Source: Agence France-Presse
Date: July 2, 2000.
Water, the stuff of life, has become the source of dangerous friction, with developing nations
jousting over water supplies as their populations soar and their environment deteriorates.
"Worldwide, at least 214 rivers flow through two or more countries, but no enforceable law governs
the allocation and use of international waters," Sandra Postel, a senior researcher for the
Worldwatch Institute, points out.
According to the World Commission on Water, a 20-percent increase in fresh water will be needed
by 2025, when the world’s population of six billion people is expected to have increased by three
billion.
Ismail Serageldin, vice president of the World Bank, made an ominous prediction in 1995: "Many of
the wars of this century were about oil—but the wars of the next century will be about water."
The biggest flash point is the Middle East, a region that is predominantly desert in climate, has a
huge rate of population growth, shrinking aquifers and a seething tradition of strife.
Water, water everywhere--but only 0.8% to drink.
Work is to begin on canals intended to siphon millions of cubic meters of the Nile daily and channel
them into the Western Desert--transforming thousands of square miles of "the howling waste" into
farms brimming with fruits and other crops.
But the plan involves a commodity--fresh water--that is becoming worryingly scarce in the Third
World. Many observers fear war could erupt as Egypt and its neighbors--Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea-
-struggle for access to the Nile's dwindling waters.
Egypt plans to divert an annual 5.5 billion cubic meters of Nile water into canals to turn four million
hectares of sand into prime agricultural land. Egypt recently threatened to attack Ethiopia for taking
too much from the Nile. Now it wants to increase its own 55.5 billion cubic meters annual extraction.
World Bank vice-president Ismail Seageldin says: "Many wars this century were about oil, but the
wars of the next century will be about water."
Seven percent of the world's population has not enough water. By 2050, this will be 70 percent. Yet
our planet has 1,400 million million million liters of water: 100 billion liters a head. But 97 percent is
salty and much of the rest is trapped underground or stored as polar ice. Only 0.8 percent of the
Earth's water is accessible--and drinkable: about a billion billion liters.
It is enough on average. But some countries have too much. Others have too little. Source
[54]
]
I think the nation has to understand the seriousness and act according for the supply of water to all
the parts of the country on emergency basis. If we take rest for few years by not taking any serious
thought to get the water for all the people of the nation and if we plan the same after some years by
that time we may be in a position to do the project but the international laws may stop us not to
carry out any such projects and the people of the nation is going suffer from the deficiency. The
word ‘war for water’ needs to be understood efficiently.
8.16 . F&F – Types of drought.
[What is drought?
Droughts can be of three kinds: -
1. Meteorological drought: This happens when the actual rain fall Normal: 19 per cent above normal.
19 per cent below normal rainfall in an area is significantly less than the climatological mean of that
area. The country as a whole may have a normal monsoon, but different meteorological districts and
sub-divisions can have below normal rainfall. The rainfall categories for smaller areas are defined by
their deviation from a meteorological area's normal rainfall – Excess: 20 per cent or more above
normal, Deficient: 20 per cent below normal - 59 per cent below normal, Scanty: 60 per cent or more
below normal.
2. Hydrological drought: A marked depletion of surface water causing very low stream flow and
drying of lakes, rivers and reservoirs.
3. Agricultural drought: Inadequate soil moisture resulting in acute crop stress and fall in agricultural
productivity.
Earlier years of all-India drought 1987, 1979, 1972.
Drought 2001-2002.
Drought and flood affected regions.
hectares of sand into prime agricultural land. Egypt recently threatened to attack Ethiopia for taking
too much from the Nile. Now it wants to increase its own 55.5 billion cubic meters annual extraction.
World Bank vice-president Ismail Seageldin says: "Many wars this century were about oil, but the
wars of the next century will be about water."
Seven percent of the world's population has not enough water. By 2050, this will be 70 percent. Yet
our planet has 1,400 million million million liters of water: 100 billion liters a head. But 97 percent is
salty and much of the rest is trapped underground or stored as polar ice. Only 0.8 percent of the
Earth's water is accessible--and drinkable: about a billion billion liters.
It is enough on average. But some countries have too much. Others have too little. Source
[54]
]
I think the nation has to understand the seriousness and act according for the supply of water to all
the parts of the country on emergency basis. If we take rest for few years by not taking any serious
thought to get the water for all the people of the nation and if we plan the same after some years by
that time we may be in a position to do the project but the international laws may stop us not to
carry out any such projects and the people of the nation is going suffer from the deficiency. The
word ‘war for water’ needs to be understood efficiently.
8.16 . F&F – Types of drought.
[What is drought?
Droughts can be of three kinds: -
1. Meteorological drought: This happens when the actual rain fall Normal: 19 per cent above normal.
19 per cent below normal rainfall in an area is significantly less than the climatological mean of that
area. The country as a whole may have a normal monsoon, but different meteorological districts and
sub-divisions can have below normal rainfall. The rainfall categories for smaller areas are defined by
their deviation from a meteorological area's normal rainfall – Excess: 20 per cent or more above
normal, Deficient: 20 per cent below normal - 59 per cent below normal, Scanty: 60 per cent or more
below normal.
2. Hydrological drought: A marked depletion of surface water causing very low stream flow and
drying of lakes, rivers and reservoirs.
3. Agricultural drought: Inadequate soil moisture resulting in acute crop stress and fall in agricultural
productivity.
Earlier years of all-India drought 1987, 1979, 1972.
Drought 2001-2002.
Drought and flood affected regions.
This year, 19 per cent of India's land area experienced 'moderate drought’; 10 per cent
suffered 'severe drought'
Rainfall in July (most important for agriculture) was 49 per cent 'deficient'. The last time this figure
fell below 45 per cent was in 1911
When there is more than 10 per cent rainfall deficiency, and more than 20 per cent of the area of
the country is under drought, the situation is called "all-India drought"
In 2002, rainfall deficiency was 19 per cent, and 29 per cent of India was under drought .
Meterological sub-division. Rainfall (per cent
below normal).
SEVERE DROUGHT
West Rajasthan -71
East Rajasthan -60
MODERATE DROUGHT.
Haryana -36
Chandigarh -36
Delhi -36
Punjab -36
Coastal Andhra Pradesh -26
Rayalseema -33
North Interior Karnataka -31
South Interior Karnataka -44
Coastal Karnataka -30
Tamil Nadu -45
Kerala -35
Lakshadweep -45
(Source: Down to Earth, January 15, 2003.)
Drought 2000-2001
During the drought of 2000-2001, a total of eight states have fallen foul of the rain gods. These
included Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Chattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra
suffered 'severe drought'
Rainfall in July (most important for agriculture) was 49 per cent 'deficient'. The last time this figure
fell below 45 per cent was in 1911
When there is more than 10 per cent rainfall deficiency, and more than 20 per cent of the area of
the country is under drought, the situation is called "all-India drought"
In 2002, rainfall deficiency was 19 per cent, and 29 per cent of India was under drought .
Meterological sub-division. Rainfall (per cent
below normal).
SEVERE DROUGHT
West Rajasthan -71
East Rajasthan -60
MODERATE DROUGHT.
Haryana -36
Chandigarh -36
Delhi -36
Punjab -36
Coastal Andhra Pradesh -26
Rayalseema -33
North Interior Karnataka -31
South Interior Karnataka -44
Coastal Karnataka -30
Tamil Nadu -45
Kerala -35
Lakshadweep -45
(Source: Down to Earth, January 15, 2003.)
Drought 2000-2001
During the drought of 2000-2001, a total of eight states have fallen foul of the rain gods. These
included Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Chattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra
and Tehri Garhwal districts in Uttaranchal. Some states were in their second or third consecutive
year of drought.
Frightening figures: States hit by drought
Chhattisgarh: 10,252 villages in 12 of 16 districts, 9,400,000 people affected.
Gujarat: 12,240 villages in 22 of 25 districts, 29,100,000 people, 107,00,000 cattle.
Madhya Pradesh: 22,490 villages in 32 of 45 districts, 12,700,000 people, 8,570,000 cattle.
Orissa: 15,000 villages in 28 of 30 districts, 11900,000 people, 39900,000 cattle.
Rajasthan: 31,000 villages in 31 of 32 districts, 33,000,000 people, 39,900,000 cattle.
Himachal Pradesh: All 12 districts affected, 4600,000 people, 88,000 hectare of crop area.
Maharashtra: 20,000 villages in 26 of 35 districts, 45,500,000 people, 258,000 cattle.
Uttaranchal: One district affected.
In the 70 important water reservoirs in India, the storage position is officially described as the
lowest in a decade. Ground water levels have fallen considerably in the eight droughts hit states. In a
number of districts, says the nodal agriculture ministry, the fall in water levels is at the rate of over 2
metres a year- this includes eight districts in Chattisgarh, 13 in Gujarat, 30 in Madhya Pradesh, 18 in
Orissa and 15 in Rajasthan.
Source: Catchwater, a CSE newsletter, June 2001. Drought 1999-2000. Source
[55]
]
With RCS all the drought prone states of the India like Rajastan, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, Panjab,
Andrapradesh and Rayal seema, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, and Kerala can be irrigated well. The areas of
the India which are coloured blue are flood prone that does not mean the flood is due to rain over
that area, but it is due to the convergence of river water over there. With RCS all these water will be
diverted at their tributary level at a higher level and thus more water entering to the areas colored
blue will be avoided and this water will be supplied to the drought prone areas which are colored
brown in the map.
8.17 . F&F – National commission on agriculture classifies drought.
[Types of drought;
Several definitions of drought are available in literature. In India, National Commission on
Agriculture (1976) has categorized drought into three types, viz., meteorological drought,
hydrological drought and agricultural drought based on the concept of its utilization. The National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) defines agricultural drought as a combination of
temperature and precipitation over a period of several months leading to substantial reduction (less
than 90%) in yield. India Meteorological Department (IMD) classified drought as an occasion when
the rainfall for a week is half of the normal or less, when the normal weekly rainfall is above 5 mm or
more. If such 4 consecutive weeks occur from middle of May to October, it is considered as
year of drought.
Frightening figures: States hit by drought
Chhattisgarh: 10,252 villages in 12 of 16 districts, 9,400,000 people affected.
Gujarat: 12,240 villages in 22 of 25 districts, 29,100,000 people, 107,00,000 cattle.
Madhya Pradesh: 22,490 villages in 32 of 45 districts, 12,700,000 people, 8,570,000 cattle.
Orissa: 15,000 villages in 28 of 30 districts, 11900,000 people, 39900,000 cattle.
Rajasthan: 31,000 villages in 31 of 32 districts, 33,000,000 people, 39,900,000 cattle.
Himachal Pradesh: All 12 districts affected, 4600,000 people, 88,000 hectare of crop area.
Maharashtra: 20,000 villages in 26 of 35 districts, 45,500,000 people, 258,000 cattle.
Uttaranchal: One district affected.
In the 70 important water reservoirs in India, the storage position is officially described as the
lowest in a decade. Ground water levels have fallen considerably in the eight droughts hit states. In a
number of districts, says the nodal agriculture ministry, the fall in water levels is at the rate of over 2
metres a year- this includes eight districts in Chattisgarh, 13 in Gujarat, 30 in Madhya Pradesh, 18 in
Orissa and 15 in Rajasthan.
Source: Catchwater, a CSE newsletter, June 2001. Drought 1999-2000. Source
[55]
]
With RCS all the drought prone states of the India like Rajastan, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, Panjab,
Andrapradesh and Rayal seema, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, and Kerala can be irrigated well. The areas of
the India which are coloured blue are flood prone that does not mean the flood is due to rain over
that area, but it is due to the convergence of river water over there. With RCS all these water will be
diverted at their tributary level at a higher level and thus more water entering to the areas colored
blue will be avoided and this water will be supplied to the drought prone areas which are colored
brown in the map.
8.17 . F&F – National commission on agriculture classifies drought.
[Types of drought;
Several definitions of drought are available in literature. In India, National Commission on
Agriculture (1976) has categorized drought into three types, viz., meteorological drought,
hydrological drought and agricultural drought based on the concept of its utilization. The National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) defines agricultural drought as a combination of
temperature and precipitation over a period of several months leading to substantial reduction (less
than 90%) in yield. India Meteorological Department (IMD) classified drought as an occasion when
the rainfall for a week is half of the normal or less, when the normal weekly rainfall is above 5 mm or
more. If such 4 consecutive weeks occur from middle of May to October, it is considered as
agricultural drought. From agriculture perspective, drought is a condition, in which, the amount of
water needed for transpiration and direct evaporation exceeds the amount available in the soil.
In meteorological terms, a drought is "a sustained, regionally extensive, deficiency in precipitation".
All other definitions are related to the effect or impact of below normal precipitation on water
resources, agriculture, social and economic activities; hence the terms hydrological drought and
agricultural drought. In quantitative terms, the definitions could vary among countries and regions.
In India, the definition for "meteorological drought" adopted by the Indian Meteorological
Department (IMD) is a situation when the deficiency of rainfall at a meteorological sub-division level
is 25 per cent or more of the long-term average (LTA) of that sub-division for a given period. The
drought is considered "moderate", if the deficiency is between 26 and 50 per cent, and severe" if it is
more than 50 per cent. Based on this definition, the National Commission on Agriculture has given
the following broad classifications
* Hydrological drought: prolonged meteorological drought resulting in depletion of surface water
from reservoirs, lakes, streams, rivers, cessation of spring flow and fall in groundwater levels causing
severe shortage of water for livestock and human needs;
* Agricultural drought: when soil moisture and rainfall are inadequate during the crop growing
season to support healthy crop growth to maturity, which situation causes extreme crop stress and
wilting? It is defined as a period of four consecutive weeks (of severe meteorological drought) with a
rainfall deficiency of more than 50 per cent of the LTA or with a weekly rainfall of 5 cm or less during
the period from mid-May to mid- October (the Kharif season) when 80 per cent of the country’s total
crop is planted, or six such consecutive weeks during the rest of the year.
Drought differs from other natural hazards in many respects -most complex and least understood of
all disasters. While it is difficult to demarcate the onset and end of drought but the effects of
drought accumulate for a considerable period of time. Prolonged droughts or abnormal weather
conditions such as extended winters, cold summers, floods, biological factors like plague of locusts
or rodents result in famines. On an average, severe drought occurs once every five years in most of
the tropical countries, though often they occur on successive years causing misery to human life and
live stock. The crisis brought out by this hazard directly hit poorest and most deprived sections of
our society thus destroy the life, economy, infrastructure, environment and society because all are
inter linked.
Period Drought years
No.
of
years
1801-25 1801,04,06,12,19,25 6
1826-50 1832,33,37 3
1851-75 1853,60,62,66,68,73 6
1876-
1900
1877,91,99 3
1901-25 1901,04,05,07,11,13,15,18,20,25 10
1926-50 1939,41 2
water needed for transpiration and direct evaporation exceeds the amount available in the soil.
In meteorological terms, a drought is "a sustained, regionally extensive, deficiency in precipitation".
All other definitions are related to the effect or impact of below normal precipitation on water
resources, agriculture, social and economic activities; hence the terms hydrological drought and
agricultural drought. In quantitative terms, the definitions could vary among countries and regions.
In India, the definition for "meteorological drought" adopted by the Indian Meteorological
Department (IMD) is a situation when the deficiency of rainfall at a meteorological sub-division level
is 25 per cent or more of the long-term average (LTA) of that sub-division for a given period. The
drought is considered "moderate", if the deficiency is between 26 and 50 per cent, and severe" if it is
more than 50 per cent. Based on this definition, the National Commission on Agriculture has given
the following broad classifications
* Hydrological drought: prolonged meteorological drought resulting in depletion of surface water
from reservoirs, lakes, streams, rivers, cessation of spring flow and fall in groundwater levels causing
severe shortage of water for livestock and human needs;
* Agricultural drought: when soil moisture and rainfall are inadequate during the crop growing
season to support healthy crop growth to maturity, which situation causes extreme crop stress and
wilting? It is defined as a period of four consecutive weeks (of severe meteorological drought) with a
rainfall deficiency of more than 50 per cent of the LTA or with a weekly rainfall of 5 cm or less during
the period from mid-May to mid- October (the Kharif season) when 80 per cent of the country’s total
crop is planted, or six such consecutive weeks during the rest of the year.
Drought differs from other natural hazards in many respects -most complex and least understood of
all disasters. While it is difficult to demarcate the onset and end of drought but the effects of
drought accumulate for a considerable period of time. Prolonged droughts or abnormal weather
conditions such as extended winters, cold summers, floods, biological factors like plague of locusts
or rodents result in famines. On an average, severe drought occurs once every five years in most of
the tropical countries, though often they occur on successive years causing misery to human life and
live stock. The crisis brought out by this hazard directly hit poorest and most deprived sections of
our society thus destroy the life, economy, infrastructure, environment and society because all are
inter linked.
Period Drought years
No.
of
years
1801-25 1801,04,06,12,19,25 6
1826-50 1832,33,37 3
1851-75 1853,60,62,66,68,73 6
1876-
1900
1877,91,99 3
1901-25 1901,04,05,07,11,13,15,18,20,25 10
1926-50 1939,41 2
1951-75 1951,65,66,68,72,74 6
1976-02 1979,82,85,87,2002 5
Source
[56]
]
We should understand that the drought is not the new problem and it will be there only for few
years and then goes off. This is the human sufferings existing from many centuries and the severity is
increasing as the population increases. With RCS we can eradicate all types of drought permanently.
8.18 . F&F – Drought - the silent threat to rural economy.
[Drought – the silent threat to rural economy;
Agriculture is the immediate victim of drought disaster – impacting crop area, crop production and
farm employment. Droughts in the beginning of the season adversely affect the sown area leaving
large portions of agricultural lands as fallow. Mid season droughts result in poor crop growth and
reduction in crop yields. Reduction in income and purchasing power of farmers turns the small and
marginal farmers into agricultural laborers leading to increase in unemployment. Consequently,
farmers and farm workers tend to migrate to urban areas in search of employment opportunities.
Shortage of drinking water and starvation for food are the other consequences that emerge. Fodder
problem drives away the animals to distress sales. Thus climate is the initial causative factor for
drought; the implications are manifested by human interactions with the situation. Source
[57]
]
Since agriculture is the main profession of the nation and the immediate victim of the drought
disaster is the agriculture, we need to take measures to eradicate the drought immediately on
emergency basis and the solution for this is the RCS. Since the Drought causes damage to the crop
and thus the farm employment, the marginal farm employs are the people who are going to affect at
the first and leads to migration to urban areas in search of employment. Thus if we create RCS all the
farmers will have better income in their own village and will not migrate.
8.19. F&F – Drought monitoring.
[Conventional mechanisms for agricultural drought monitoring;
Conventionally agricultural drought conditions are characterized by ground observations on
meteorological parameters such as rainfall, aridity and agricultural parameters such as sown crop
area, crop condition and crop yield.
Meteorological observations;
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) prepares rainfall maps on sub-divisional basis every
week throughout the year. These maps show the rainfall received during a week and corresponding
departures from normal. During monsoon season, these maps are indicative of development of
drought. In addition, IMD also provides the information on weekly rainfall and its deviation from
normal at district level for the entire country. This information is useful to identify the districts with
deficit/scanty rainfall and the prevailing meteorological drought.
1976-02 1979,82,85,87,2002 5
Source
[56]
]
We should understand that the drought is not the new problem and it will be there only for few
years and then goes off. This is the human sufferings existing from many centuries and the severity is
increasing as the population increases. With RCS we can eradicate all types of drought permanently.
8.18 . F&F – Drought - the silent threat to rural economy.
[Drought – the silent threat to rural economy;
Agriculture is the immediate victim of drought disaster – impacting crop area, crop production and
farm employment. Droughts in the beginning of the season adversely affect the sown area leaving
large portions of agricultural lands as fallow. Mid season droughts result in poor crop growth and
reduction in crop yields. Reduction in income and purchasing power of farmers turns the small and
marginal farmers into agricultural laborers leading to increase in unemployment. Consequently,
farmers and farm workers tend to migrate to urban areas in search of employment opportunities.
Shortage of drinking water and starvation for food are the other consequences that emerge. Fodder
problem drives away the animals to distress sales. Thus climate is the initial causative factor for
drought; the implications are manifested by human interactions with the situation. Source
[57]
]
Since agriculture is the main profession of the nation and the immediate victim of the drought
disaster is the agriculture, we need to take measures to eradicate the drought immediately on
emergency basis and the solution for this is the RCS. Since the Drought causes damage to the crop
and thus the farm employment, the marginal farm employs are the people who are going to affect at
the first and leads to migration to urban areas in search of employment. Thus if we create RCS all the
farmers will have better income in their own village and will not migrate.
8.19. F&F – Drought monitoring.
[Conventional mechanisms for agricultural drought monitoring;
Conventionally agricultural drought conditions are characterized by ground observations on
meteorological parameters such as rainfall, aridity and agricultural parameters such as sown crop
area, crop condition and crop yield.
Meteorological observations;
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) prepares rainfall maps on sub-divisional basis every
week throughout the year. These maps show the rainfall received during a week and corresponding
departures from normal. During monsoon season, these maps are indicative of development of
drought. In addition, IMD also provides the information on weekly rainfall and its deviation from
normal at district level for the entire country. This information is useful to identify the districts with
deficit/scanty rainfall and the prevailing meteorological drought.
IMD also monitors drought using water balance technique which addreesses agricultural drought.
The aridity index is calcumated using the formula;
Aridity Index = Water deficit/Water need;
(Actual Evapotranspiration – Potential Evapotranspiration) / Potential Evapotranspiration.
The departure of aridity index from normal percentage terms is used to define the various categories
of drought severity. Anomaly upto 25 % is atrtributed to mild drought, 26-50% to moderate drought
and >50% to severe drought. IMD has been bringing out weekly aridity anomaly charts from 1979
onwards, based on data from different observatories, covering south west monsoon period. These
charts show the departures of actual aridity from normal aridity giving indication of the severity of
water deficit to water demand relationship on weekly basis. IMD is also preparing detailed maps of
rainfall, temperature (maximum and minimum), cloud cover, relative humidity and analyse this
information with prevailing crop conditions and an Agromet Advisory Bulletin is prepared and
disseminated to users. Based on rainfall, temperature, soil moisture and evaporation, various
indicators of meteorological drought indicators have been developed by researchers as shown in
Table 2. Some of these indices like Palmer’s index, Standardised Precipiatation Index, Crop Moisture
Index are being used operationally in some of the countries.
Year Index
1916 Munger’s Index
1919 Kincer Index
1930 Morkowitch Index
1942 Blumenstock Index
1954 Antecedent precipitation index
1957 Moisture adequacy index
1965 Palmer’s index (PDSI, PHDI)
1968 Crop Moisture Index
1968 Keetch Byram Drought Index
1981 Surface water supply index
1993 Standardized precipitaion index
Source
[58]
]
It becomes easy to monitor these parameters all over the nation through VPA and all these
parameter becomes better with RCS and we can also compare these data before and after the
complete establishment of RCS.
8.20 . F&F – Space technology for drought monitoring.
[Space technology for agricultural drought monitoring;
Unlike point observations of ground data, satellite sensors provide direct spatial information on
vegetation stress caused by drought conditions. Satellite remote sensing technology is widely used
for monitoring crops and agricultural drought assessment. Over the last 20 years, coarse resolution
satellite sensors are being used routinely to monitor vegetation and detect the impact of moisture
stress on vegetation. AVHRR on NOAA’s polar orbiting satellites has been collecting coarse resolution
The aridity index is calcumated using the formula;
Aridity Index = Water deficit/Water need;
(Actual Evapotranspiration – Potential Evapotranspiration) / Potential Evapotranspiration.
The departure of aridity index from normal percentage terms is used to define the various categories
of drought severity. Anomaly upto 25 % is atrtributed to mild drought, 26-50% to moderate drought
and >50% to severe drought. IMD has been bringing out weekly aridity anomaly charts from 1979
onwards, based on data from different observatories, covering south west monsoon period. These
charts show the departures of actual aridity from normal aridity giving indication of the severity of
water deficit to water demand relationship on weekly basis. IMD is also preparing detailed maps of
rainfall, temperature (maximum and minimum), cloud cover, relative humidity and analyse this
information with prevailing crop conditions and an Agromet Advisory Bulletin is prepared and
disseminated to users. Based on rainfall, temperature, soil moisture and evaporation, various
indicators of meteorological drought indicators have been developed by researchers as shown in
Table 2. Some of these indices like Palmer’s index, Standardised Precipiatation Index, Crop Moisture
Index are being used operationally in some of the countries.
Year Index
1916 Munger’s Index
1919 Kincer Index
1930 Morkowitch Index
1942 Blumenstock Index
1954 Antecedent precipitation index
1957 Moisture adequacy index
1965 Palmer’s index (PDSI, PHDI)
1968 Crop Moisture Index
1968 Keetch Byram Drought Index
1981 Surface water supply index
1993 Standardized precipitaion index
Source
[58]
]
It becomes easy to monitor these parameters all over the nation through VPA and all these
parameter becomes better with RCS and we can also compare these data before and after the
complete establishment of RCS.
8.20 . F&F – Space technology for drought monitoring.
[Space technology for agricultural drought monitoring;
Unlike point observations of ground data, satellite sensors provide direct spatial information on
vegetation stress caused by drought conditions. Satellite remote sensing technology is widely used
for monitoring crops and agricultural drought assessment. Over the last 20 years, coarse resolution
satellite sensors are being used routinely to monitor vegetation and detect the impact of moisture
stress on vegetation. AVHRR on NOAA’s polar orbiting satellites has been collecting coarse resolution
imagery world wide with twice daily coverage and synoptic view. The NOAA AVHRR NDVI has been
extensively used for drought/vegetation monitoring, detection of drought and crop yield estimation.
The Drought Monitor of USA using NOAA-AVHRR data, Golbal Information and Early Warning System
(GIEWS) and Advanced Real Time Environmental Monitoring Information System (ARTEMIS) of FAO
using Meteosat and SPOT – VGT data, International Water Management Institute (IWMI)’s drought
assessment in South west Asia using Modis data, are proven examples for application of coarse
resolution satellite images for operational drought assessment. India’s National Agricultural Drought
Assessment and Monitoring System (NADAMS) project stands as an example for operational use of
both moderate resolution and coarse resolution satellite data for operational drought assessment at
different spatial scales.
Drought indices from satellite data;
The crop/vegetation reflects high in the near infrared due to its canopy geometry, the health of the
standing crops / vegetation and absorbs high in the red reflected radiance due to its biomass and
accumulated photosynthesis.
Stressed vegetation has a higher reflectance than healthy vegetation in the visible (0.4-0.7 microns)
region and lower reflectance in the near infrared (0.7-1.1 microns) region of the electromagnetic
spectrum. Vegetation indices take the advantage of this differential response in the visible and near
infra red regions of the spectrum.
Using these contrast characteristics of near infrared, red and middle infra red bands which indicate
both the health and condition of the crops/ vegetation, different types of vegetation indices have
been developed as shown below ;
Difference Vegetation Index
Ratio Vegetation Index
Infrared Percent Vegetation Index
Perpendicular Vegetation Index
Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index
Weighted Difference Vegetation Index
Greenness Vegetation Index
Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
Normalized Difference Wetness Index
Enhanced Vegetation Index
Among the various vegetation indices that are now available, Normalized Difference Vegetation
Index (NDVI) is an universally acceptable index for operational drought assessment because of its
simplicity in calculation, easy to interpret and its ability to partially compensate for the effects of
atmosphere, illumination geometry etc NDVI is a transformation of reflected radiation in the visible
and near infrared bands of NOAA AVHRR and is a function of green leaf area and biomass.
NDVI is derived as under;
extensively used for drought/vegetation monitoring, detection of drought and crop yield estimation.
The Drought Monitor of USA using NOAA-AVHRR data, Golbal Information and Early Warning System
(GIEWS) and Advanced Real Time Environmental Monitoring Information System (ARTEMIS) of FAO
using Meteosat and SPOT – VGT data, International Water Management Institute (IWMI)’s drought
assessment in South west Asia using Modis data, are proven examples for application of coarse
resolution satellite images for operational drought assessment. India’s National Agricultural Drought
Assessment and Monitoring System (NADAMS) project stands as an example for operational use of
both moderate resolution and coarse resolution satellite data for operational drought assessment at
different spatial scales.
Drought indices from satellite data;
The crop/vegetation reflects high in the near infrared due to its canopy geometry, the health of the
standing crops / vegetation and absorbs high in the red reflected radiance due to its biomass and
accumulated photosynthesis.
Stressed vegetation has a higher reflectance than healthy vegetation in the visible (0.4-0.7 microns)
region and lower reflectance in the near infrared (0.7-1.1 microns) region of the electromagnetic
spectrum. Vegetation indices take the advantage of this differential response in the visible and near
infra red regions of the spectrum.
Using these contrast characteristics of near infrared, red and middle infra red bands which indicate
both the health and condition of the crops/ vegetation, different types of vegetation indices have
been developed as shown below ;
Difference Vegetation Index
Ratio Vegetation Index
Infrared Percent Vegetation Index
Perpendicular Vegetation Index
Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index
Weighted Difference Vegetation Index
Greenness Vegetation Index
Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
Normalized Difference Wetness Index
Enhanced Vegetation Index
Among the various vegetation indices that are now available, Normalized Difference Vegetation
Index (NDVI) is an universally acceptable index for operational drought assessment because of its
simplicity in calculation, easy to interpret and its ability to partially compensate for the effects of
atmosphere, illumination geometry etc NDVI is a transformation of reflected radiation in the visible
and near infrared bands of NOAA AVHRR and is a function of green leaf area and biomass.
NDVI is derived as under;
NDVI= (NIR-Red)/(NIR+Red)
Where Near Infra Red and Red are the reflected radiations in these two spectral bands.
Water, clouds and snow have higher reflectance in the visible region and consequently NDVI
assumes negative values for these features. Bare soil and rocks exhibit similar reflectance in both
visible and near IR regions and the index values are near zero. The NDVI values for vegetation
generally range from 0.1 to 0.6, the higher index values being associated with greater green leaf area
and biomass.
In general, growth and decay of crop canopy represents similarities in the temporal vegetation index
profile during the crop growth. The peak of this profile corresponds to peak vegetation cover of the
crop. Interpretation of vegetation index (VI) profile can be used to derive information on the crop
stage. Further VI level at peak vegetative stage or the time integration of VI profile is related with
accumulated biomass in the crop or crop condition or crop yields. Lowering of VI values reflects
moisture stress in vegetation, resulting from prolonged rainfall deficiency. Such a decrease in VI
could also be caused by other stresses such as pest/disease attack, nutrient deficiency or
geochemical effects. The seasonal VI profile is thus reflective of vegetation dynamics and condition.
Comparison of VI profile of the reporting year and a previous normal agricultural year provides
assessment of drought impact in the scale of previous agricultural scenario. Source
[59]
]
With space technology the team at the centre and at the state can assess the VPA who are doing
well and not well in agriculture and identify the cause for it and suggest the solutions for those who
are not doing well and takes the tips from the VPA who are doing well. With RCS we can achieve
better things and eradicate drought.
Sources:
[45] India-Introduction\Article Detail - Science News - QJ_NET.mht.
[46] Internet: Drought disasters – UNICEF.
[47] Drought in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.mht.
[48] Internet: Drought-proofing India.
[49] Internet: Environmental issues in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
[50] Internet: Welcome to NRSC – Drought. National Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO/DOS, Govt. of
India. Recent update in Feb-2009. 2006-2008 National Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO/DOS, Govt. of
India. Recent update in Feb-2009. Designed & Developed by CMC Limited.
http://dsc.nrsc.gov.in:14000/DSC/Drought/index.jsp?include1=homelink1_b1.jsp&&include2=homel
ink1_b2.jsp# Welcome to NRSC - Drought.mht.
[51] Internet: Welcome to NRSC – Drought.
[52] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3916559.stm By Zubair Ahmed BBC correspondent in
Maharashtra.
[53]India-Introduction\Drought-proofing India.mht.
Where Near Infra Red and Red are the reflected radiations in these two spectral bands.
Water, clouds and snow have higher reflectance in the visible region and consequently NDVI
assumes negative values for these features. Bare soil and rocks exhibit similar reflectance in both
visible and near IR regions and the index values are near zero. The NDVI values for vegetation
generally range from 0.1 to 0.6, the higher index values being associated with greater green leaf area
and biomass.
In general, growth and decay of crop canopy represents similarities in the temporal vegetation index
profile during the crop growth. The peak of this profile corresponds to peak vegetation cover of the
crop. Interpretation of vegetation index (VI) profile can be used to derive information on the crop
stage. Further VI level at peak vegetative stage or the time integration of VI profile is related with
accumulated biomass in the crop or crop condition or crop yields. Lowering of VI values reflects
moisture stress in vegetation, resulting from prolonged rainfall deficiency. Such a decrease in VI
could also be caused by other stresses such as pest/disease attack, nutrient deficiency or
geochemical effects. The seasonal VI profile is thus reflective of vegetation dynamics and condition.
Comparison of VI profile of the reporting year and a previous normal agricultural year provides
assessment of drought impact in the scale of previous agricultural scenario. Source
[59]
]
With space technology the team at the centre and at the state can assess the VPA who are doing
well and not well in agriculture and identify the cause for it and suggest the solutions for those who
are not doing well and takes the tips from the VPA who are doing well. With RCS we can achieve
better things and eradicate drought.
Sources:
[45] India-Introduction\Article Detail - Science News - QJ_NET.mht.
[46] Internet: Drought disasters – UNICEF.
[47] Drought in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.mht.
[48] Internet: Drought-proofing India.
[49] Internet: Environmental issues in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
[50] Internet: Welcome to NRSC – Drought. National Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO/DOS, Govt. of
India. Recent update in Feb-2009. 2006-2008 National Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO/DOS, Govt. of
India. Recent update in Feb-2009. Designed & Developed by CMC Limited.
http://dsc.nrsc.gov.in:14000/DSC/Drought/index.jsp?include1=homelink1_b1.jsp&&include2=homel
ink1_b2.jsp# Welcome to NRSC - Drought.mht.
[51] Internet: Welcome to NRSC – Drought.
[52] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3916559.stm By Zubair Ahmed BBC correspondent in
Maharashtra.
[53]India-Introduction\Drought-proofing India.mht.
[54] Famine.mht.
[55] Types of Drought in India.mht.
[56] Welcome to NRSC - Drought1.mht.
[57]Welcome to NRSC - Drought2.mht.
[58] Welcome to NRSC - Drought3.mht.
[59] Welcome to NRSC - Drought4.mht.
[55] Types of Drought in India.mht.
[56] Welcome to NRSC - Drought1.mht.
[57]Welcome to NRSC - Drought2.mht.
[58] Welcome to NRSC - Drought3.mht.
[59] Welcome to NRSC - Drought4.mht.
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