SAC 201 LECTURE 2.ppt standard soil survey

.

1. Standard soil survey,
Its scope and objectives-
Fundamental and Applied
Dr.K.M.Sellamuthu
Professor (SS&AC)
Lecture No. 2

2. Soil Survey
Need for soil survey and soil mapping
Scientific Foundation of Soil Survey
History of Soil Survey –Global, India & Tamil
Nadu
Importance of soil survey
Scope of soil survey-Case studies
Objective of soil survey -fundamental and
applied
Application of soil survey
CONTENT

3. Soil survey
Study and mapping of soils in their natural
environment.
It is the systematic examination, description,
classification and mapping of soils of an area

4. Soilsurveyisdefinedasthesystematicexamination,
description,classification,andmapping ofsoilsinan
area.
(Soil Science Society of America)
Definition

5. Introduction
Soilsurveyincludescharacterizationofsoilproperties,
classificationofsoilsoftheareainwell-definedunits,
plottingtheirextentandboundariesonamapand
predicationoftheadaptabilityofthesesoilstovarious
uses.
Soilsurveyisessentiallyastudyofsoilmorphology in
thefield.
Soilsurveyinformationcanbeusedtopredictor
estimatethepotentialsandlimitationsofsoilsfor
manyspecificuses.
Asoilsurveyincludesanimportantpartofthe
informationthatisusedtomakeworkableplansfor
landmanagement .

6. Why soil survey?
Spatial variability of soil properties

7. Needforsoilsurveyandsoilmapping
•Soilsarenaturalthree-dimensional bodiesonthe
landscape.
•Soilsurveymapsaredifferentfromothermaps
•Thegeographicdistributionofmanyindividualsoil
propertiescanbeextractedfromsoilmaps
•Numerousinterpretativemapscanbederivedfromasoil
map,andeachofthesemapswoulddifferfromtheothers
accordingtoitspurpose.
•Amapmadeforonespecificinterpretationrarelycan
serveadifferentpurpose.
•Predictionsofsoilbehaviorcanalsobemapped

8. Needsoilsurveyandsoilmapping(Cont……)
•Ifthebasicsoilmapismadeaccurately,interpretativemaps
canberevisedasneededwithoutadditionalfieldwork.
•Thebasicobjectiveofsoilsurveysisthesameforall
kindsofland,butthenumberofmapunits,theircomposition,
andthedetailofmappingvarywiththecomplexityofthesoil
patternsandthespecificneeds
•Thus,asoilsurveyisdesignedforthesoilsandthesoil-
relatedproblemsofthearea.
•Soilsurveysincreaseknowledgeaboutsoils
•Providesoilinformationforregionalorlocallanduseplans.
•Eg.Resourceconservationforfarms,development of
reclamationprojects,forestmanagement,engineeringprojects,
aswellasotherpurposes.

10. ScientificFoundationofSoilSurvey
Soilsurveyisgroundedinscientificprinciplesthatcanbe
describedbythefactorsofsoilformationandbythe
relationshipsbetweenlandscapes,landforms,andsoils
Thesoil-formingfactorsareresponsibleforthegenetic
developmentofsoilprofiles.
Therelationshipsbetweenlandscapes,landforms,and
soilsareusedtounderstandthepredictablepatternsof
naturalsoilbodiesinthelandscape.

11. Calcification
DeCalcification
Podzolization
Laterization
Salinization
Desalinization
Alkalization
DeAlkalization
Pedoturbation
Soil forming
Processes
Soil

12. FactorsthatControltheDistributionofSoils
Thepropertiesofsoilvaryfromplacetoplace,butthis
variationisnotrandom.
Naturalsoilbodiesaretheresultofclimateandliving
organisms,parentmaterial,topography,time
Undersimilarenvironments indifferentplaces,soilsare
similar.
Inhumidregions,topographyorreliefisimportant.
Inalocalenvironment,contrastingparentmaterials,forms
contrastingsoilsindicatingimportanceofparentmaterial.
Soilsonafloodplainsoilformationindicatingthetimeasa
majorfactor.

13. HistoryofSoilSurvey:
SoilSurveyinU.S.
1754:VakhushtiBagrationi-Georgianroyalprincedivided
Goergiacountryintofivebotanicalagriculturalzones
1896:USDAapprovessoilsurvey
1898–1899-V.Dokuchaev,afamousresearcher,firsttouse
theroutemethodtostudythesoilsindifferentregions
1910:S.A.Zakharov,studiedsoilsinGeorgiaand
Transcaucasus
1952:M.Sabashviliwasthefirsttoclassifysoilsonscientific
basisofGeorgiaandpublishedtextbook“SoilScience”
1966:SurveyforResourcePlanningandDevelopmentAct
1896to1920-Theearlysoilsurveysinvestigatedtheuseof
soilsforfarming,ranching,andforestry.
-appliedtootheruses,suchashighways,airfields,and
residentialandindustrialdevelopments.

14. 1920to1950-Advancementslikeuseofaerialphotographs
asbasemapsindetailedsoilmapping
1950to1970-Useofsoilsurveyinformationforlanduse
planning,conservation,anddevelopmentactivities.
1970to2000-TheadoptionofSoilTaxonomy in1975as
theofficialsystemforclassifyingsoilsintheU.S.hadseveral
importanteffectsonsoilsurvey.
2000andOnwards
Digitizationofallsoilsurveysandmakethemwidely
availablethroughInternetaccessviatheWebSoilSurvey
(SoilSurveyStaff,2016)
Greateruseofanddemandforsoilsurveyinformation
Electronicaccesstosoilsurveymapsandinformation
Multi-spectraldatasourcesfromremotelysensedinformation
canbeusedfordigitalsoilmappingefforts.
Noninvasive fieldtools,suchasground-penetrating
radar, electromagnetic induction, portable X-ray
fluorescence,andotherproximalsensingtechnologies,
alsoarebeingusedtorapidlyassesssoilproperties.

15. HISTORY OF SOIL SURVEY IN INDIA
1846–GeologicalSurveystarted
1880–Dept.OfAgricultureformed
1889-Dr.J.A.Voelckeranagriculturalchemistwho
headedacommitteetoinvestigateimprovements to
agricultureinIndiafollowingfaminesinIndia
1893–CentralandprovincialAgrl.Dept.startedsoil
studiesforgrowingofcrops
1904–Dr.J.W.LeatherthefirstImperialAgricultural
ChemistattheImperialAgriculturalResearchInstitutein
Pusa,Bihar.
HegroupedthesoilsasAlluvial,Blackcotton,Redand
Laterite.

16. 1928-RoyalcommissiononAgriculturestarted
Dokuchaiev’sconceptofclassificationintroduced
PreIrrigationSurveyatlowerBhavaniandCauvery
SoilfertilitySurveyatCauvery,GodavariandKrishna
1947–Dr.A.B.StewartvisitedIndia
SoilSurveyinitiatedinMadras,Bihar,BengalandU.P.
1953–USAID(UnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopment)
andICARjointlystartedSoilSurveyin6Regionsand
40centers
1955–AllIndiaSoilSurveyandLandUseOrganization
(AISS&LUO)wasestablishedandStartedStandard
SoilSurvey
1958–AISS&LUOexpanded
SubcentersatDelhi(AS),Nagpur(BS),
Calcutta(R&LS)andBangalore(R&LS)
1975-76-DirectorateofSoilSurveystartedbyICAR
NBSS&LUP atNagpur
RegionalcentersatBangalore,Baroda,
Calcutta,JorhatandNewDelhi

17. AISS&LUO -Renamed asAIS&LUS (AllIndiaSoilsand
LandUseSurvey)
Regional Centres Delhi, Bangalore,
Hyderabad,NagpurandCalcutta
SurveyofsoilsofCatchmentsareas
TamilNadu
1965–Soilsurveyunitwasstartedat
Coimbatore,Tanjore(1971),Vellore
(1978),Palayamkottai(1978)

18. Systematic Study of Soils of Tamil Nadu
Soils of Cauvery Delta -Fertility status (1912)
Soils of the irrigation projects -Lower Bhavani,
Toludur, Cauvery –Metturprojects (1934-36)
Soil mapping of individual taluksof Tamil Nadu (1965-
1986)
Studies on Coastal soils of Tamil Nadu (1980-84)
Soil resource mapping of Tamil Nadu -by NBSS&LUP
and State Soil Survey Organization (1994-97)

19. Soilsurveycomprisesagroupofinterlinkedoperations
involving
•Fieldworktostudytheimportantcharacteristicsofsoils
andtheassociatedexternallandfeaturessuchas
landform,naturalvegetation,slopeetc.
•Laboratoryanalysistosupportandsupplementthefield
observations
•Correlation&classificationofsoilsintodefined
taxonomicunits.
•Mappingofsoils
•Soilsurveyinterpretations,thatispredictionsaboutthe
potentialofsoilsforalternateusesandmanagement
•Transferoftechnology fromresearchstationsto
farmersfieldsthroughsoiltaxa

20. Soilsurveyinformationisthekeytounderstanding
thesoilresource.
Soilsurveyisaninventoryofthepropertiesofthe
soilsuchas
Importance of soil survey
texture,
internaldrainage,
parentmaterial,
depthtogroundwater,
topography,
degreeoferosion,
stoniness,
pH,and
salinity
The spatial distribution soil properties over a landscape

21. Importance of soil survey
For proper use of soils
Improper use -degradation , Questioning food
security
Rational planning in land use
Effective exploitation of soils -potentialities and
limitations.
Optimumlanduseandconservationplanscanbe
developedforpreparingNationalpoliciesandit's
execution.
Italsousefulatotherlevelsviz.,state,town,farm,
watersheddevelopment,etc.

22. Scope of soil survey-Case studies
•ThoughblackandredsoilsofCentralandSouth
Indiaarerichinclayof40-60%,theformerhas
montmorillonite claywithrichfertilityandthelatter
haskaoliniteclaywithpoorfertilityandtheirlanduse
variesnecessitatingsoilsurveytodeterminetheir
natureandbehaviour
•CitrusplantationsinPunjabfailedwhereahard
calcichorizonwasobservedinthesubsoil.
•EngineeringstructurescollapsedinIraqwheresoils
containedhighamountofgypsum.
Underground pipelinesbrokedowninareashaving
highamountsofswell–shrinkclayminerals

23. Objectivesofsoilsurvey
Todescribeandclassifysoilsgivinguniform
system ofclassificationwith uniform
nomenclatureinordertocorrelatethesoilsof
differentarea.
Toshowdistributionofdifferentsoilsinthefield
(soilmapping).

24. Inabroadsense,
objectiveofsoilsurveyinclude
Fundamental soilsurvey
Appliedsoilsurvey

25. Soilsurveyhelpsinexpandingourknowledge
andunderstandingofdifferentsoils,withregardto
theirproperties,genesisandclassificationfor
sustainabledevelopment.
Toclassifysoilsintodefinedtypesandother
classificationunits(SOILCLASSIFICATION) and
thefundamentalpurposeistomakepredictions
i.e.todeterminetheimportantcharacteristicsof
soils.
Fundamental soil survey

26. Appliedsoilsurvey:Includespreparationofsoilmapsin
additiontofundamentalobjectiveofsoilsurvey.
•Soilsurveyandsoilmapshelpinmakingpredictionsabout
thebehaviorofdifferentsoilsforagriculture,forestry,
engineering,urbandevelopment etc.
•Transferringtechnologybycorrelatingthecharacteristics
ofsoilsofknownbehaviorandpredictingtheiradaptability
tovarioususesandproductivityunderdefinedsetof
managementpractices.
•Providing information needed fordeveloping
optimum landuseplansandforbringingnewareas
underirrigationanddrainagenetworks
•Delineatingthedegradedsoils,suchassaline-alkali,
waterloggedorfloodprone,erodedetc.andsuggestingsoil
andwaterconservationmeasures.
•Delineatingdiseaseinfestedareasandmayprovide
indirecthelpincontrollingthediseases
•Soilsurveyisanintegralpartofaneffectiveagricultural
researchandadvisoryprogrammes.

27. Developing land classification
Correlating soil conditions of the regions
Planning agricultural research and extending its result
Provide information for developing optimum land use
plans
Determining the potential distribution and adaptability of
individual crops and soil management practices
Prompt application of new discoveries in soil and crop
management
Helps in detecting nutrient deficit areas.
Describing problematic soils such as waterlogged, eroded,
saline, and waste lands.
Transfer of technology -soil conditions and management
Planningengineering works, highways and airport and
those for flood control, drainage, irrigation and
conservation
Applications of soil survey

28. Advancements in
soil survey
Conventional survey
Aerial survey
(Aerial photography)
Remote sensing
(Satellites)

29. Geomatics:Disciplineofgathering,storing,processing,and
deliveringspatiallyreferencedinformation.
Itencompasses thefieldsofsurveying,mapping,remote
sensing(LiDARorHDS Scanning),photogrammetry,
hydrography,globalpositioningsystems(GPS),andgeographic
informationsystems(GIS).
FUTURE OF SURVEYING TECHNOLOGIES
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)
Mobile3Dmapping:quantifiesboththehorizontalandthe
verticalvariabilityofsoilproperties
LiDAR, a form of 3D laser scanning
LiDAR-(LightDetectionandRanging)usesapulsedlaserin
ultraviolet,visibleornear-infraredlighttomeasurevariable
distancestothegroundornearbyobjects
-helpidentifyinsectbehaviorandfeaturesinthelandscapeto
improvefarmingtactics.

30. Land Capability Classes

31. Identification of soil constraints and mapping

32. Mapping -a path to success in precision agriculture

35. Further Readings
Sehgal, J.2005. Pedologyconcepts and
applications, KalyaniPublishers, New Delhi
www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C19/E1-05-
02-01.pdf
Soil Survey Manual -United States
Department of Agriculture, Handbook No.18