Safe Construction Practices - Eco project

This is a presentation that I had made on Safe Construction Practices
Hope people find it useful...

1. Eco presentation Safe construction practices AIM : To Understand that Safe Construction Practices is Necessary TIME DURATION: 12 MAY 2015 – 3 JUNE 2015 ( 32 Days )

2. Earthquakes

3. What are Earthquakes? An   earthquake  is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. The surface where they slip is called the  fault  or  fault plane . The location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter , and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the  epicenter . Sometimes an earthquake has  foreshocks . These are smaller earthquakes that happen in the same place as the larger earthquake that follows. Scientists can’t tell that an earthquake is a foreshock until the larger earthquake happens. The largest, main earthquake is called the  main shock . Main shocks always have aftershocks  that follow. These are smaller earthquakes that occur afterwards in the same place as the main shock . Depending on the size of the main shock , aftershocks can continue for weeks, months, and even years after the main shock !

4. Effects of Earthquakes on Buildings Although probably the most important, direct shaking effects are not the only hazard associated with earthquakes, Shaking and ground rupture Landslides and avalanches Fires Soil liquefaction Tsunami Floods have also played important part in destruction produced by earthquakes. Most earthquake-related deaths are caused by the collapse of structures and the construction practices play a tremendous role in the death toll of an earthquake. Taller buildings also tend to shake longer than short buildings, which can make them relatively more susceptible to damage. Fortunately many tall buildings are constructed to withstand strong winds and some precautions have been taken to reduce their tendency to shake. And they can be made resistant to earthquake vibrations.

5. Safe Construction Practices In Earthquakes Prone Areas Designing and building large structures is always a challenge, and that challenge is compounded when they are built in earthquake-prone areas. As earth scientists learn more about ground motion during earthquakes and structural engineers use this information to design stronger buildings, such loss of life and property can be reduced. To design structures that can withstand earthquakes, engineers must understand the stresses caused by shaking. To this end, scientists and engineers place instruments in structures and nearby on the ground to measure how the structures respond during an earthquake to the motion of the ground beneath. Every time a strong earthquake occurs, the new information gathered enables engineers to refine and improve structural designs and building codes.

6. Safe Construction Practices In Earthquakes Prone Areas The majority of deaths and injuries from earthquakes are caused by the damage or collapse of buildings and other structures. These losses can be reduced through documenting and understanding how structures respond to earthquakes. Gaining such knowledge requires a long-term commitment because large devastating earthquakes occur at irregular and often long intervals . Recording instruments must be in place and waiting, ready to capture the response to the next temblor whenever it occurs. The new information acquired by these instruments can then be used to better design earthquake-resistant structures. In this way, earth scientists and engineers help reduce loss of life and property in future earthquakes.

7. The 9.1 magnitude earthquake off the coast of Sumatra was estimated to occur at a depth of 30 km. The fault zone that caused the tsunami was roughly 1300 km long, vertically displacing the sea floor by several meters along that length. The ensuing tsunami was as tall as 50 m, reaching 5 km inland near Meubolah, Sumatra. This tsunami is also the most widely recorded, with nearly one thousand combined tide gauge and eyewitness measurements from around the world reporting a rise in wave height, including places in the US, the UK and Antarctica. An estimated US$10b of damages is attributed to the disaster, with around 230,000 people reported dead. Sumatra, Indonesia 26 December 2004

8. Damage on Buildings Most well designed and well constructed buildings and industrial facilities that had withstood the earthquake shaking also withstood the tsunami waves and suffered only minor damage. For example, the La Farge Cement Plant well designed and well constructed steel-frame series of industrial structures about 20 kilometers southwest of Banda Aceh, did not experience structural damage from the strong shaking and was not damaged by the tsunami waves. Several one- and two-story administrative buildings and machine shops were smashed by waves carrying nearly empty large oil-storage tanks. The impact of the waves caused non-structural damage to some of the buildings. For example, metal siding was stripped from the steel-frame buildings up to the height of the waves . Residential neighborhoods and fishing villages in coastal areas were entirely devastated, and houses were swept inland or out to sea. The traditional construction that had resisted shaking damage could not resist the tsunami forces and most were obliterated. Mostly the concrete floor slabs was left of most houses. The tsunami waves left extensive piles of timber and the remains of buildings.

9. TSUNAMIS

10. What are Tsunamis? Tsunamis also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes , volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides,  glacier calving, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Unlike normal ocean waves which are generated by wind or tides which are generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water. Tsunami waves do not resemble normal sea waves, because their wavelength is far longer. Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide, and for this reason they are often referred to as  tidal waves , although this usage is not favored by the scientific community because tsunamis are not tidal in nature.

11. Why do buildings fall in Tsunamis? When a building stands in the path of the wave, the wall facing it tends to block the water, and the pressure here increases. It can overload walls, window, doors, columns or bracing systems, or push buildings completely over. Later on the water will swirl out again, loading the other side of the building. There is a twist in the wave attack. As the water tries to escape from the dam, it rushes around the edges of the building, creating a series of small vortexes. Which have intense suction at the tip. They tear away at the walls around every discontinuity. The debris from damaged buildings becomes weapons which attack other buildings, and are dangerous hazards to any one in the water. Hits from floating bits of building are a major cause of death and injury. As the water races around buildings it can erode the soil, particularly if it is loose sand, and the buildings can fall into the holes. It is a feature of many beaches that there is sandy soil.

12. Safe Construction Practices In Tsunami Prone Areas All the fragile shacks built at ground level were simply washed away. Multi-storey buildings that were weakly built with no side-sway resistance were badly damaged. Some multi-storey buildings had their lower wall pushed in on one side, and out on the other as the wave went through, but otherwise, survived. Some buildings were pushed along where they were not fixed firmly to firm ground. But well-built buildings survived in the middle of areas that were otherwise completely devastated. To avoid wave surges, the building should be built out of the projected water path; and this may mean building it on legs with a suspended lower floor level. Even if the elevation of such a floor is modest, the forces from rushing water will be much less if the water can go under the building as well as round it.

13. Safe Construction Practices In Tsunami Prone Areas The buildings should be on a narrow front, with gaps between them, and preferably not at right angles to the Beach. Foundations may need to be deeper than usual and braced right down to the footings without counting on the soil around them for strength or stability . REID steel buildings , with columns, main beams, closely space steel joists, all bolted continuously together; and with the concrete poured on steel decking in such a way that it is trapped by the steel and cannot be dislodged: provide the best building method. Tsunami prone buildings are usually in Seismic areas anyway; and Beach-side developments are often in Cyclone or Hurricane areas too. The same REID steel construction methods are the best solution to all three problems. There is no guarantee that any building could survive a Tsunami; but REID steel Tsunami resisting buildings will give the best chance possible, and would save many lives.

14. 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake and Tsunami On March 11, 2011 at 2:46 p.m., a 9.0 magnitude earthquake takes place 231 miles northeast of Tokyo at a depth of 15.2 miles. The earthquake caused a tsunami with 30-foot waves that damage several nuclear reactors in the area. It is the fourth-largest earthquake on record (since 1900) and the largest to hit Japan. The confirmed death toll is 15,893 as of October 9, 2015. Material damage from the earthquake and tsunami is estimated at about 25 trillion yen ($300 billion) . The tsunami caused a cooling system failure at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, which resulted in a level-7 nuclear meltdown and release of radioactive materials The earthquake shifted Earth on its axis of rotation by redistributing mass, like putting a dent in a spinning top. The temblor also shortened the length of a day by about a microsecond.

15. Almost all of the damaged buildings were designed in accordance with the old building code and damaged due to lack of seismic strength, short column shear failure due to the source wall and the breast wall, or the eccentricity of structural elements. Buildings with appropriate seismic reinforcement /retrofit were mostly free of damage, indicating that the seismic reinforcement/retrofit of buildings was effective. Even so, clear structural damage occurred due to the ground motion amplification. The 8- and 9-story buildings at Aobayama campus of Tohoku University were damaged due to ground motion amplification in the site. Many pile foundation buildings were damaged during the earthquake. With regard to the damage of non-structural elements, a tremendous number of ceiling board collapsed during the main shock and the major aftershock. In some cases, this resulted in the loss of human life. Damage on Buildings

16. Floods

17. What are Floods? A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land which is usually dry. Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water bodies, such as a river or lake, in which the water overtops or breaks levees, resulting in some of that water escaping its usual boundaries ,  or it may occur due to an accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an areal flood . While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt, these changes in size are unlikely to be considered significant unless they flood property  or drown domestic animals. Floods can also occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the river channel, particularly at bends or meanders in the waterway. Floods often cause damage to homes and businesses if they are in the natural flood plains of rivers . Floods can happen on flat or low-lying areas when water is supplied by rainfall or snowmelt more rapidly than it can either infiltrate or run off. The excess accumulates in place, sometimes to hazardous depths.

18. Effects of Floods on Buildings Houses are washed away due to the impact of the water under high stream velocity. The houses are commonly destroyed or dislocated so severely that their reconstruction is not feasible. Houses constructed out of light weight materials like wood float when they are not anchored properly. Damage caused by inundation of house. The house may remain intact on its foundation, but damage to materials may be severe. Repair is often feasible but may require special procedures to dry out properly. Undercutting of houses. The velocity of the water may scour and erode the foundation of the house or the earth under the foundation. This may result in the collapse of the house or require substantial repair. Damage caused by debris. Massive floating objects like trees, electric poles, etc. May damage the standing houses

19. Flood safety planning At the most basic level, the best defense against floods is to seek higher ground for high-value uses while balancing the foreseeable risks with the benefits of occupying flood hazard zones. Critical community-safety facilities, such as hospitals, emergency-operations centers, and police, fire, and rescue services, should be built in areas least at risk of flooding. Structures , such as bridges, that must unavoidably be in flood hazard areas should be designed to withstand flooding. Areas most at risk for flooding could be put to valuable uses that could be abandoned temporarily as people retreat to safer areas when a flood is imminent . Make each member of your family aware of your emergency plan and emergency kit, and where they are located. Arrange where you would meet or how to contact each other if you were separated in an emergency . Prepare an Emergency Flood Kit.

20.   BUILDING IN FLOOD PRONE AREAS Increasing structural resilience is imperative when building in flood prone areas. You should… Elevate homes, schools and public buildings above flood level. Use water-resistant building materials in areas where frequent flooding is a risk, such as concrete or ceramic. Ensure important appliances, such as heating and electrical systems are raised above flood level. Install watertight flood shields or barriers for basement windows, doors and other openings. Flooding can cause sewage to back up into houses through drain pipes, creating a health hazard.  Install sewer backflow valves to prevent this risk! Obtain flood insurance for further protection.

21. Safe Construction Practices In Flood Prone Areas The type of flooding condition needs to be considered in order to choose an elevation technique that will withstand the expected water depths, velocities, debris impacts, and scour (as well as other hazards). Flood damage from coastal flooding is generally more severe than that from riverine flooding owing to the energy contained in coastal waves striking buildings.  Values of flood actions for use in design must be established that are appropriate for the type of structure or structural element, its intended use and exposure to flood action. The flood actions must include, but not limited to, the following as appropriate: hydrostatic actions, hydrodynamic actions, debris actions, wave actions, erosion and scour.

22. Safe Construction Practices In Flood Prone Areas The most appropriate elevation method for frame houses is to elevate on extended foundation walls or open foundations, depending on the location. For masonry houses, abandonment of lowest floor would be the most appropriate, where feasible, or else extending foundation walls. Houses with basements usually have furnaces and other utilities in the basement that need to be elevated or relocated. Where substantial damage has occurred to a building during flooding, or substantial improvements are to be made to a building in a flood-prone area, the NFIP limits the choice of technique that may be used. In other cases, the NFIP is less prescriptive, but local laws, codes and ordinances may limit the owner’s choice of option. In all cases where flood mitigation measures are being considered, the assistance of the local planning and building department officials, as well as relevant professionals such as architects, surveyors and engineers should be sought well beforehand.

23. Chennai Floods of 2015 The  2015 South Indian floods  resulted from heavy rainfall of annual northeast monsoon in November–December 2015. They affected the Coromandel Coast region of the South Indian states of Tamil Nadu and  Andhra Pradesh, and the union territory of Puducherry, with Tamil Nadu and the city of  Chennai particularly hard-hit .  More than 400 people were killed  and over 18 lakh people were displaced .   With estimates of damages and losses ranging from ₹50000  crore ( US$7  billion) to ₹100000  crore ( US$15 billion ),the floods are the costliest to have occurred in 2015, and are among the costliest natural disasters of the year .  The flooding has been attributed to the El Niño phenomenon . While officials at the India Meteorological Department have said the exceptionally strong El Niño, along with a rare “coincidence of various factors”, has resulted in the heavy rain, there’s no denying that Chennai has failed in maintaining an effective storm water drainage system. With Chennai seeing its worst rainfall in 100 years Chennai floods: Decoding the city’s worst rains in 100 years

24. Damage On Buildings The floods have caused severe damage to more than 50,000 homes of people belonging to low income groups. Structural damage to at least 57,000 homes have been reported across the city. In times when the city, and its suburbs, is being pounded with rainfall exceeding normal limits by over three times, a drainage system that isn’t functional, creeks and culverts that are blocked due to excessive dumping of garbage as well as the administration’s failure to ensure timely desilting. During the previous monsoon, several buildings collapsed , killing pedestrians and motorists on the streets. Measures taken to avoid damage caused by The Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board will be conducting a safety audit of its multi-storey apartment complexes, home to several thousand urban poor families in the city. The Tamil Nadu Housing Board too will carry out a similar inspection of its buildings constructed on rental schemes for both government staff and the general public.

25. Hurricanes & Cyclones

26. What are hurricanes? Hurricanes are large tropical storms with heavy winds. By definition, they contain winds in excess of 74 miles per hour (119 km per hour) and large areas of rainfall. In addition, they have the potential to spawn dangerous tornadoes. The strong winds and excessive rainfall also produce abnormal rises in sea levels and flooding. A hurricane has a peaceful center called the eye, that is often distinctive in satellite images. The eye stretches from 10 to 30 miles wide and often contains calm winds, warm temperatures and clear skies. Around this tropical bliss is a frenzy of winds gusting at speeds up to 186 miles per hour.

27. When the force of a hurricane bears down on residential structures, homes can be ripped apart by the storm's powerful winds. Storm surge and inland flooding can also cause catastrophic damage. Overland surge and flooding may cause a building or other structure to collapse due to the hydrodynamic forces caused by the moving water, particularly when waves are present. When waves propagate and strike a building or other structure, the oscillatory currents produced can generate very strong wave loads, which are often sufficient to destroy the wall and/or foundation of a building/ structure . Extended pounding by frequent waves can demolish any structure not specifically designed to withstand such forces. Effects of hurricanes on houses

28. What can be done to prevent this damage? With proper design and construction, hurricane wind and flood damage to residential structures can be greatly reduced or eliminated. The scientific study of hurricane on impacts on buildings and the environment has seen major advances over the years . Hurricane proof houses like pedestal, stilt and piling homes for beachfront and coastal areas should be both elevated and multi-sided in design, storm and hurricane winds flow around, over and under them with far less damage-causing wind resistance than with conventional designed houses Hurricane proof houses should have reinforcing gabled roofs, secondary water barriers in roofs, hurricane straps and clips to ensure a roof stays in place despite high winds . SAFE CONSTRUCTION PRACTISES IN HURRICANE PRONE AREAS

29. Hurricane Katrina When Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans in USA early in the morning on Monday, August 29, it had already been raining heavily for hours. When the storm surge (as high as 9 meters in some places) arrived, it overwhelmed many of the city’s unstable levees and drainage canals. Water seeped through the soil underneath some levees and swept others away altogether. By 9 a.m., low-lying places like St. Bernard Parish and the Ninth Ward were under so much water that people had to scramble to attics and rooftops for safety. Eventually, nearly 80 percent of the city was under some quantity of water. This made it the costliest natural disaster in the world Katrina damaged more than a million housing units in the Gulf Coast region. About half of these damaged units were located in Louisiana. In New Orleans alone, 134,000 housing units — 70% of all occupied units — suffered damage from Hurricane Katrina and the subsequent flooding .

30. Measures taken to avoid damage caused by hurricanes-(after KATRINA) Rebuilding natural protection A plan was made to divert Mississippi River freshwater, nutrients and sediment to rebuild and sustain wetlands. The region will benefit from these improvements, should a major hurricane strike in the future. Engineering a new levee system Engineers have increased levee height and replaced many of the old levee system's concrete I-shaped walls with T- and L-shaped walls, which consist of steel support beams Preventing complacency With the passing of the 2006 Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act, Congress hoped to improve communication and reduce loss of life in the event of another Katrina-like storm.

31. Building measures Major government programs have been launched in recent years to promote widespread retrofits to protect existing homes against hurricanes. Through the My Safe Florida Home program, tens of thousands of Floridians received free home wind inspections to determine what steps could be taken to strengthen homes against hurricanes and earn insurance premium discounts. A similar program was launched in South Carolina and other hurricane prone states are now considering similar initiatives. Key retrofits supported by the My Safe Florida Home program include: Improving the strength of a roof deck attachment. Creating a secondary water barrier to prevent water intrusion. Improving the survivability of a roof covering. Bracing gable-end walls. Reinforcing roof-to-wall connections. Enhancing window and door protection

32. Landslides

33. A landslide occurs when part of a natural slope is unstable and unable to support its own weight. If a slippery material is present below soil then soil can become heavy with rainwater and prone to landslide. It is a downward or outward movement of soil, rock or vegetation due to gravitational force. This movement can be fall, flow, slide, spread or topple. Landslides occur usually at steep slopes but these may occur in areas with low slope gradient Landslides

34. Landslides cause property damage, injury and death and adversely affect a variety of resources. For example, water supplies, fisheries, sewage disposal systems, forests, dams and roadways can be affected for years after a slide event. The negative economic effects of landslides include the cost to repair structures, loss of property value, disruption of transportation routes, medical costs in the event of injury, and indirect costs such as lost timber and lost fish stocks. Water availability, quantity and quality can be affected by landslides. Geotechnical studies and engineering projects to assess and stabilize potentially dangerous sites can be costly. How does landslides effect us ?

35. Listen to weather forecast on the radio, TV etc. about heavy rains. During nights residents should remain awake of heavy continuous rain and be ready to move immediately to a safer location. Abnormal sounds of soil and rock movement or breaking of trees may be followed by landslides hence, these should be listen attentively and consider seriously. To observe cracks on the slope one should not move closure to slope. If residents have to evacuate place it should be done immediately without wasting time to Collect belongings. While evacuating, efforts should be made to avoid possible landslide paths because landslide can occur suddenly. If rocks are falling one should immediately seek cover behind trees and other solid objects. Efforts should be made to stay together and support each other as far as it is possible and useful. Special attention should be paid for very small children, very old people and sick or disabled people. Precautionary measures to be followed in landslide prone areas:

36. Gansu landslide The 2010 Gansu mudslide was a deadly mudslide in Zhouqu County, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture China that occurred at 12 midnight on 8 August 2010. It was caused by heavy rainfall and flooding in Gansu Province. It was the most deadly individual disaster among the 2010 China floods as of 19 August 2010 . The mudslides killed more than 1,471 people as of 21 August 2010, while 1,243 others have been rescued and 294 remain missing The missing were presumed dead as officials ordered locals to stop searching for survivors or bodies to prevent the spread of disease. Over 1,700 people evacuated have been living in schools.

37. BUILDING IN LANDSLIDE PRONE AREAS Buildings should be located away from high-risk areas such as steep slopes, rivers and streams, and fans at the mouth of mountain channels. Consult a certified or licensed engineering geologist (CEG or LEG, registered/licensed geologist (RG) or a professional geotechnical engineer (PE) if you plan on building on a location that is a high-risk area. Signs to watch for leading up to major landslides (slides, rockfalls , slumps, earth flows, debris/mud flows) Springs, seeps, or saturated ground in areas that have not typically been wet before New cracks or unusual bulges in the ground, street pavements or sidewalks Broken water lines and other underground utilities Leaning telephone poles, trees, retaining walls or fences Offset fence lines Sunken or down-dropped road beds Sudden decrease in creek water levels though rain is still falling or just recently stopped. Sticking doors and windows, and visible open spaces indicating frames out of plumb

38. Vegetation cover protects land from landslides and soil erosion. Therefore, efforts should be made to maintain greenery particularly on slopes. Provisions should be made at community level to prevent people from excavating, removing materials from the soil or cutting trees. Trees should be planted on slopes and slope base to prevent erosion. Records of erosion, landslide masses and falling rocks should be maintained. Before building house information should be gathered about site and history of landslides in the area. During constructing a building on a slope designs that suits the natural slope should be adopted. Vegetation and large trees should not be removed while constructing. Natural streams or drainage paths should not be obstructed during construction. Surface water should be diverted towards the natural galley enabling water to quickly drain away from the slope. Measures to reduce the chance of landslides:

39. FOREST FIRE

40. A wildfire or wildland fire is an uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation that occurs in the countryside area.[1] Other names such as brush fire, bush fire, forest fire, desert fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, vegetation fire, and veldfire may be used to describe the same phenomenon depending on the type of vegetation being burned. A wildfire differs from other fires by its extensive size, the speed at which it can spread out from its original source, its potential to change direction unexpectedly, and its ability to jump gaps such as roads, rivers and fire breaks.[2] Wildfires are characterized in terms of the cause of ignition, their physical properties such as speed of propagation, the combustible material present, and the effect of weather on the fire. WHAT IS FOREST FIRE ?

41. As many as 90 percent of wildland fires are caused by humans. Some human-caused fires result from campfires left unattended, the burning of debris, negligently discarded cigarettes and intentional acts of arson. The remaining 10 percent are started by lightning or lava . CAUSES OF FOREST FIRE FIGHTING FOREST FIRE Perhaps the most overlooked aspect of fighting forest fires is communication. It is vital that the proper authorities be notified as soon as possible when a fire occurs. Once a fire has been detected, the fire fighters must be transported to the fire and then apply suppression methods.

42. One difficulty in fighting forest fires is transporting the firefighters to the fire. Obviously, wildland fires often occur in rather rugged terrain, so fire fighters often have to be transported in by air and then walk with their equipment overland. Once crews are to the fire, the suppression method they use depends on the type of fire . Ground fires are often best controlled by digging trenches in the soil layer. Portable water backpacks and firebreaks are often the most effective methods at controlling surface fires. Lastly , if a fire escalates to a crown fire, aerial support is used to suppress the fire with fire retardant chemicals and/or water. However, these fires are often very dangerous and human life always comes first in fire fighting; sometimes these fires are just allowed to burn until they run out of dry fuel. TRANSPORT & SUPPRESSION

43. STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND Constructing Because of the behavior of wildland fires, how a building is designed and constructed is the most important factor in providing fire safety for a home or other structure . ROOFING The roof is the most vulnerable part of a building during a fire- especially one in chaparral or oak areas. Because of its horizontal component, a roof can catch and hold the flying firebrands. So houses in forest should be built using firesafe roofing materials. VENTS Another Achilles' heel to the attack of homes by windborne firebrands is an unprotected attic or under floor vent. To remove this hazard, vents can be screened to prevent the entrance of flammable materials and firebrands but still allow the passage of air . Other main factors like glass, siding and external sprinklers should be takes care.

44. Georgia and Florida, 2007. On April 16, 2007, high winds blew through Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge — “one of the oldest and most well preserved freshwater areas in America” — causing a tree to fall on a power line, showering sparks on the drought-ridden land. By mid-May, this fast-moving wildfire quickly became not only Georgia’s largest fire in recorded history, but Florida’s as well. Georgia & Florida forest fire

45. Conclusion ( Tsunamis) Since damage caused due to the destruction of buildings is a major cause of death and injury, safe construction practices can help to minimize loss of life to a huge extent. Hence architects must make use of certain basic measures to ensure that these buildings provide better resistance in case of such a disaster. ( Earthquake) Proper infrastructure Revised evacuation plans Educating the people Creating awareness Taking quick, correct and necessary actions (Floods ) If proper and safe construction Practices would have been opted then there wouldn’t have been a massive damage and collapsing of buildings If certain steps for prevention and damage could have been taken before hand then the damage caused could have been less and even the no. of deaths could have declined. We can no longer afford to ignore the forces of nature and it should serve as a wakeup call to us to rebalance our relationship with our environment. CONCLUSION

46. CONCLUSION ( Hurricanes & Cyclones ) The rebuilding effort after the advent of a hurricane will have to address the three principle disaster function simultaneously: wind, rain and flood. It should be a straightforward matter to integrate the individual disaster functions . Design and build using the following approaches : keep them from blowing away; keep the rain out; elevate the structures; build with materials that can get wet; design assemblies to easily dry when they get wet . These approaches apply to all structures wherever they are built. Proper preventive steps have to be taken by both the government and the people to reduce damage caused towards structures by Hurricanes.

47. ( Landslides) It is obvious that landslides have become a very serious problem, and although landslides can occur as a result of natural processes, many of these landslides can be avoided with proper planning and the implementation of different timber harvest techniques. Many communities that have come to depend upon timber harvesting as their primary economic function have begun to lobby for alternative methods in which the harvesting is carried out to not only insure future yields, but also to prevent more occurrences of environmental hazards in their areas. One main method that logging companies have begun to adopt is old growth selective felling, which allows most of old growth trees to remain. This method has proven to be very successful in preventing landslides yet has  also allowed timber companies to maintain production. ( Forest Fires) Forest fires have become very common and serious problem. Many of these fires can be prevented with proper planning , it also depends on how careful we handle ourselves with fire related objects. People in forest areas should be more careful and aware about fires and should act accordingly. CONCLUSION

48. ( Earthquake ) https :// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Earthquake http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/publications/saferstructures / http:// eschooltoday.com/natural-disasters/earthquakes/what-is-an earthquake.html http:// science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/earthquake- resi stant-buildings1.htm http:// earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/kids/eqscience.php ( Tsunamis ) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami http://www.reidsteel.com/information/tsunami_resistant_building.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami ( Forest Fires ) www.scienceandinnovation.com www.naturalresource.com www.wikepedia.com Bibliography

49. ( Hurricanes & Cyclones) http ://www.hurricanescience.org/society/impacts/homeownerperspective/ http://www.hurricanescience.org/society/risk/currentandemergingtech/ http://www.livescience.com/11177-hurricane-katrina-hit-orleans-today.html ( Floods ) http ://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/chennai-floods-rains-jayalalithaa-imd-reasons-rescue-news-updates/#sthash.uUQAxs4u.dpuf http://floodlist.com/protection/elevation-buildings-flood-prone-locations http://www.ses.sa.gov.au/site/community_safety/floodsafe/emergency_floodsafe_plan.jsp http://www.hpw.qld.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/ABCBFloodStandard.pdf http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/over-50000-houses-of-low-income-group-damaged/article7959676.ece https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_South_Indian_floods http://eschooltoday.com/natural-disasters/floods/effects-of-flooding.html Bibliography

50. Thank You this was presented to you by Nishanthini N. K.