Safety and systems engineering in bachelor of technology

Safety engineering by mines

2. Miningisahazardousprofessionassociatedwithhigh
levelofaccidentsandinjuries
AccordingtotheDirectorateGeneralofMineSafetyreportof
accidentstatistics,therewere117&101fatalitiesand509&52
seriousinjuriesintheyearof2010incoal&metalliferousmines
Onanaverage,thereare83&49fataland729&94serious
accidentsincoal&Metalliferousmines,respectivelyoverlastTen
Years(2002-2011).
Theaveragedeathrateper1000personsemployedperyearis
around0.26&0.42andthatofseriousinjuryrateisaround1.95&
0.74incoal&Metalliferousmines,respectively.
Severalcauses startingfrompersonalto
sociotechnicalfactorsareresponsibleforsuchhigh
injuryexperienceratesinmines

3. Year-Wise Fatality and Serious Injury Rates per 1000 Persons Employed in Indian
Coal Mines

4. yearcoaloilcoppe
r
GoldIron
Ore
Lime
Ston
e
Mang
.
ore
Galen
a
& Sphl
Total
Metal
All
Minera
ls
20020.230.090.300.000.300.520.290.220.450.28
20030.270.050.000.000.390.330.080.000.450.31
20040.240.100.000.000.340.520.210.790.430.28
20050.290.050.000.000.430.270.000.310.360.30
20060.360.290.000.320.510.590.150.310.470.38
20070.210.160.000.330.340.470.070.300.400.26
20080.250.250.380.000.250.320.301.220.430.30
20090.260.170.380.330.180.110.000.000.310.27
20100.320.170.000.000.270.250.150.310.650.40
20110.190.420.380.000.070.210.221.220.260.22
Trend in Death rate per thousand persons employed in Indian Mines for the Period 2002-2011

6. Safety terms and definitions

9. Unsafe Condition
This is any condition, under the right set of condition, may
create accident.
Unsafe Behavior
Unsafe This is the manner in which an individual conducts
himself/herself that is unsafe to himself/herself or others.

10. Hazards
This is the source of energy and physiological and
behavioral factors which, when uncontrolled effectively,
results in harmful occurrences.
Safe
This is protected against any possible hazards.

12. Conveyors
Hazards in Underground Coal Mine
Geological
disturbance
Inadequate
ventilation
Explosives
and fires
Occupational
hazards
Inrushes
of water
Transport
systems
Deficiency of
management
commitment
Personal and
social hazards
Strata and
roof control
Dyke Fold Fault
Temperatur
e
Irrespirable
atmosphere
Respirable
dust
Humid
atmosphere
Explosive
atmosphe
re
Flammable
dust
Explosives Spontaneous
combustion
Haulage or
locomotive
Shafts Free-steered
vehicles
Lifting Machines Noise Contact
with
electricity
Slip and
fall
A
Inadequate
training
Inadequate
supply and
maintenance
of equipment
Inadequate
supervision of
work place
before and
during work
Absenteeism of
supervisor(s) at
night shift work

13. A
Personal
attitude
Demographic Societal
characteristics
Age Experience Occupation Sex Management
worker
interaction
Supervisor
worker
interaction
Co-workers
relationships
Risk
taking
Negative
affectivity
Depression Impulsiveness Unsafe work
behavior
Job
dissatisfaction
Job
stress

16. Fatal: Which results in death of one or more person
Serious: Which results in serious bodily injury to one or more
person. Serious bodily injury is defined as an injury
which involve the permanent loss of any part of the
body or permanent loss of or injury to the sight or
hearing or any permanent in capacity or fractures of
any bone or joints.
Reportable: Which results in reportable injury to one or
more person. Reportable injury is defined as any injury
other than a serious bodily injury which involves the
enforced absence of the injured person from work
for a period of 72 hours or more.

17. Minor: Which results in minor injury to one or more
person. Minor injury is defined as any injury
other than a serious bodily injury which involves
the enforced absence of the injured person from work
for a period exceeding 24 hours but, less than 72
hours.

18. Disasters
Major
Accidents

20. Sl.
No
Dates of
Accident
Name of Mines FatalitiesCause
1 12/07/1952 Dhemomain 12 Roof fall
2 05/08/1953 Majri 11 Inundation
3 14/03/1954 Damra 10 Explosion of fire damp.
4 10/12/1954 Newton Chikli 63 Inundation
5 05/02/1955 Amlabad 52 Explosion of fire damp.
6 26/09/1956 Burra Dhemo 28 Inundation
7 19/02/1958 Chinakuri 175 Explosion of fire damp.
8 20/02/1958 Central Bhowra 23 Inundation
9 05/01/1960 Damua 16 Inundation
10 28/05/1965 Dhori 268 Coal dust explosion
11 11/04/1968 West Chirmiri 14 Premature collapse of
workings
12 18/03/1973 Jitpur 48 Explosion of fire damp.
13 08/08/1975 Kessurgarh 11 Roof fall
14 18/11/1975 Silewara 10 Inundation
15 27/12/1975 Chasnala 375 Inundation
Major Accidents in the Indian Coal Mines (Post Independence period)

21. 16 16/09/1976 Central Saunda 10 Inundation
17 04/10/1976 Sudamdih 43 Explosion of fire damp.
18 22/01/1979 Baragolai 16 Ignition of fire damp
19 24/08/1981 Jagannath 10 Water gas explosion
20 16/07/1982 Topa 16 Roof fall
21 14/09/1983 Hurriladih 19 Inundation
22 13/11/1989 Mahabir 6 Inundation
23 25/01/1994 New Kenda 55 Fire/suffocation by gases
24 26/09/1995 Gaslitand 64 Inundation
25 06/07/1999 Prascole 6 Fall of roof/collapse of
workings
26 24/06/2000 Kawadi 10 Failure of OC bench
27 02/02/2001 Bagdigi 29 Inundation
28 05/03/2001 Durgapur Rayatwari 6 Collapse of
partings/workings
29 16/06/2003 Godavari Khani-7LEP 17 Inundation
30 16/10/2003 GDK-8A 10 Roof fall
31 15/6/2005 Central Saunda 14 Inundation
Major Accidents in the Indian Coal Mines (Post Independence period)

22. Trends of Fatal and Serious Accidents in Coal Mines in India
Year
Fatal accidents Serious accidents
AccidentsFatalitiesAccidentsInjuries
1995 137 219 757 813
1996 131 146 677 723
1997 143 165 677 725
1998 128 146 523 560
1999 127 138 595 650
2000 117 144 661 707
2001 106 141 667 720
2002 81 97 629 650
2003 83 113 563 578
2004 90 99 599 608
Average per
year 114 141 635 673
Note:(i)Ligniteisincludedincoal.

32. Theusualpracticeistocalculatethe
deathratesandinjuryratesonthebasis
of:
i.1000personsemployed
ii.3-lakhmanshiftworked
iii.Milliontonofcoalproduced

33. To calculate the frequency rates per 1000 persons
employed, it is necessary to know the actual figures of
average daily employment in mines.
Frequencyrate(FR)forfatal,seriousandreportableinjuries
canbecalculatedasfollows:
Nooffatalinjuries
FR/Fatal=------------------------------------1000
Averagedailyemployment
Noofseriousinjuries
FR/Serious= -------------------------------------1000
Averagedailyemployment
NoofReportableinjuries
FR/Reportable=-------------------------------------1000
Averagedailyemployment

34. FrequencyRate(FR)per3lakhmanshiftworked
canbe
calculatedasbelow:
Noofinjuries
FR/3lakhManshiftworked=-------------------------------
3,00,000
TotalManshiftworked
Noofinjuries
FR/Milliontonperofcoalproduced=--------------------------
10
6
Totalcoalproduced

35. Onebasisofmeasurementofsafetyperformanceisthefrequency
ofaccidents,anotheristheirseverity.Severityratecanbe
calculatedasfollows:
Mandayslost1000
Severity=------------------------------------
Averagedailyemployment
Mandayslost300000
Or=-------------------------------------
TotalManshiftworked
Mandayslost10
6
Or=-------------------------------------
Million ton of coal produced

36. SeverityIndex:-----
SeverityIndex(SI)canbecalculatedbasedonfollowing
formula:
(300F+10S+R)100,000
SI=---------------------------------------
Man-shiftworked
F=Numberofdeaths
S=Numberofseriousinjuries
R=NumberofReportableinjuries
Theweightageof300:10:1forfatal,serious,andreportableinjurieswas
perhapsarrivedatbyestimatingrelativemanshiftlostbyeachtypeof
accidents.AmodifiedapproachhasbeenestablishedbytheDGMSand
isasfollows:
(50F+S)10
5
SI=----------------------------
Man-shiftworked

37. AccidentProneness:-----
ThoughFRandSIvaluescanbetakentoidentify
accidentpronenessofmines;however,itispreferableto
computeArithmeticmean(AM)andGeometricmean(GM)ofSI
usuallyforfiveyearsperiodstoidentifyaccidentpronemines.
TheDGMSusesthearithmeticmeanforidentifyingtheaccident
proneness.Accidentpronenessindicesaredefinedasfollows:
n
AM=SI/n
i=1
n
GM=(SI)
1/n
i=1

38. Bothfrequencyrateandseverityrateindicesareuseful
measuresofsafetyperformancesofmines.
Theseindicesgenerallyareusedtoidentifytheaccident
pronenessofminesandbasedontheseindicesaccident
pronenessofthesameminemayvary.
Toincorporatebothfrequencyandseverityrate,acombined
index(CI)hasbeenproposed,whereCIisdefinedas:
FRSI
CI=--------------------
1000
where, CI=CombinedIndex
FR=FrequencyRateIndex
SI=SeverityIndex

39. Average Yearly Fatal/Serious Injuries in Indian Mines
Place of
employment
Average daily
employment
Average number
persons killed per year
Average number
persons seriously
injured per year
Below
ground
2,58,000 110 493
Opencast
workings
75,000 18 71
Above
ground
1,35,000 13 109
Total 4,68,000 141 673
Calculate the Frequency Rates, Severity Index as per DGMS,
and Combine index of Coal Mine Accidents in India.

41. Basis Causes of Accident Occurrence

46. Statistical accident/Injury analysis
Methods of Statistical accident/Injury
Analysis
Bivariate analysis
Multivariate analysis

47. Statistical accident/Injury analysis
Statistical
accident/Injury
analysis
Place-wise
Cause-wise
Occupation-wise
Body parts-wise
Shift-wise

48. Statistical accident/Injury analysis
Place-wise analysis based on
Belowground
Opencast
aboveground
Shift-wise analysis based on
Morning Shift
Evening Shift
Night Shift

49. Statistical accident/Injury analysis
Cause-wise analysis based on
Fall-of-Object
Fall-of-Roof
Fall-of-Side
Haulage
Loading-of-Coal
Slip-and-Fall
Tools-and-Machines
Transportation of Machine
Others

50. Statistical accident/Injury analysis
Body parts-wise analysis based on
leg
Finger
Back
Hand
Knee
Thumb
Foot
Head
Others

51. Statistical accident/Injury analysis
Occupation-wise analysis based on
Fall-of-Object
Fall-of-Roof
Fall-of-Side
Haulage
Loading-of-Coal
Slip-and-Fall
Tools-and-Machines
Transportation of Machine
Others

52. Statistical Accident Analysis –A
Case Study
By
Dr. P. S. Paul
(Published in IM&E Journal, 2001)

53. Frequency of mandays lost due to accidents/injuries
for the case study mine during 1993-’96.
Mandays lost
(day/days)
Frequency Percent
1
2
3-5
5-15
>15
19
93
30
61
32
8.09
39.57
12.77
25.96
13.62
Mandays lost/injury
Mininmum: 1
Maximum: 172
Average: 10.51
Total mandays lost: 2533

54. Occupation/
job title
Frequency Percent
Mandays lost
Mandays lost
per injury
Minimum
mandays lost
Maximum
mandays lost
Total
mandays lost
Miner/ Loader 100 41.49 1 172 1230 12.30
Haulage-
Worker
28 11.61 1 79 243 8.67
Piece-rated-
worker
27 11.20 2 114 298 11.04
Mech./elec.-
fitter/helper
18 7.47 1 75 183 10.17
Support-
personnel
17 7.05 2 150 180 10.59
Other-face-
worker
10 4.15 1 33 99 9.90
Driller/exp.
-carrier
5 2.07 1 2 12 2.40
Supervisory-
staff
4 1.66 2 3 13 3.25
Other-worker 32 13.28 1 56 275 8.89
Frequency of injuries and mandays lost based on occupation/job title for the case
study mine during 1993-‘96

55. Cause of injury/
accident type
Frequency Percent
Mandays lost
Mandays lost
per injury
Minimum
mandays lost
Maximum
mandays lost
Total
mandays lost
Fall-of-object 24 9.96 1 150 386 16.08
Fall-of-roof 20 8.30 2 144 379 18.95
Fall-of-side 10 4.15 2 96 199 19.90
Haulage 26 10.79 1 23 166 6.38
Loading-of-coal 53 21.99 1 114 557 9.94
Slip-and-fall 41 17.01 1 172 406 9.90
Tool-and-
machine
33 13.69 1 44 230 6.97
Transport-of-
material
12 4.98 1 19 82 6.83
Other 22 9.13 1 25 127 5.77
Frequency of injuries and mandays lost based on cause of injury/accident type
for the case study mine during 1993-‘96

56. Frequency of injury based on occupation and cause of injury and their cross-tabulation for
the case study mine during 1993-’96
Cause of
Injury
Occupation
Group
Fall of Fall of Fall of Haulage Loading Slip Tool Transport Other
object roof side of coal and and of materials
fall machine
Miner/loader
Haulage-
worker
Piece-rated-worker
Mech./Eeec.-
fitter/helper
Support –personnel
Other-face-worker
Driller/exp.-carrier
Supervisory-staff
Other-worker
8 12 7 4 48 12 3 1 5
(8.00) (12.00) (7.0) (4.00) (48.00) (12.00) (3.00) (1.00) (5.00)
3 1 0 7 0 7 7 3 0
(10.71) (3.58) (0.00) (25.00) (0.00) (25.00) (25.00) (10.71) (0.00)
0 0 0 4 0 3 11 5 4
(0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (14.82) (0.00) (11.11) (40.73) (18.52) (14.82)
2 0 0 5 0 4 6 01
(11.11) (0.00) (0.00) (27.78) (0.00) (22.22) (33.33) (0.00) (5.56)
6 1 0 3 3 3 0 1 0
(35.29) (5.88) (0.00) (17.65) (17.65) (17.65) (0.00) (5.88) (0.00)
2 3 0 0 0 2 2 01
(20.00) (30.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (20.00) (20.00) (0.00) (10.00)
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
(20.00) (0.00) (0.00) (20.00) (0.00) (20.00) (20.00) (0.00) (20.00)
0 1 0 0 0 3 0 00
(0.00) (25.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (75.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00)
2 2 3 2 2 6 3 2 10
(6.25) (6.25) (9.38) (6.25) (6.25) (18.76) (9.38) (6.25) (31.25)
Figures in the brackets indicate the percentage of injuries

57. Body part Frequency Percent
Mandays lost
Mandays lost
per injury
Minimum
mandays lost
Maximum
mandays lost
Total
mandays lost
Leg 83 34.44 1 172 1264 15.23
Finger 56 23.24 1 33 265 4.73
Hand 20 8.30 1 73 242 12.10
Back 17 7.05 1 114 282 16.59
Knee 14 5.81 1 13 61 4.36
Thumb 10 4.15 2 18 51 5.1
Foot 8 3.32 1 96 208 26
Head 7 2.91 2 3 15 2.14
All other 26 10.79 1 44 145 5.58
Frequency of injuries and mandays lost based on body parts injured
for the case study mine during 1993-‘96

58. Frequency of injury based on body parts injured and cause of injury and their cross-tabulation for
the case study mine during 1993-’96
Cause of
Injury
Body part
Fall of Fall of Fall of Haulage Loading Slip Tool Transport Other
object roof side of coal and and of material
fall machine
Leg
Finger
Hand
Back
Knee
Thumb
Foot
Head
All other
8 8 5 7 27 14 5 3 6
(9.63) (9.63) (6.02) (8.54) (32.93) (17.07) (6.09) (3.66) (7.32)
3 2 1 8 13 1 16 7 5
(5.36) (3.57) (1.79) (14.29) (23.21) (1.79) (28.56) (12.50) (8.93)
0 2 0 6 1 6 3 0 2
(0.00) (10.00) (0.00) (30.00) (5.00) (30.00) (15.00) (0.00) (10.00)
4 2 1 1 3 2 1 0 3
(23.53) (11.77) (5.88) (5.88) (17.64) (11.76) (5.88) (0.00) (17.65)
2 0 1 3 0 4 1 0 3
(14.289) (0.00) (7.14) (21.43) (0.00) (28.57) (7.14) (0.00) (21.43)
3 0 0 1 3 2 1 0 0
(30.00) (0.00) (0.00) (10.00) (30.00) (20.00) (10.00) (0.00) (0.00)
1 3 2 0 0 1 1 0 0
(12.50) (37.50) (25.00) (0.00) (0.00) (12.50) (12.50) (0.00) (0.00)
0 2 0 0 1 2 0 1 1
(0.00) (33.33) (0.00) (0.00) (16.67) (33.33) (0.00) (16.67) (14.29)
3 1 0 0 5 9 5 1 2
(11.54) (3.85) (0.00) (0.00) (19.23) (34.62) (19.23) (3.84) (7.69)
Figures in the brackets indicate the percentage of injuries

61. Chapter -5
Investigations into
Accident and Accident
Report

62. Investigations into Accident
(Part-I)
Theprimarypurposeofaccidentinvestigationis
toidentifythecausesandcircumstancesleading
totheaccidentsothatsuitablemeasuresmaybe
takentofurtheraccidentofsimilartype.

63. asuccessfulaccidentinvestigationmustanswer
threequestions:
1.Whathappened?
2.Howithappened?
3.Whyithappened?
andtoserveasabasisofprevention,afourth
question:
4.Howitcanbeprevented?

64. Procedure:
Collectionofbasicinformation
Inspectionofthesiteofaccident
Preparationofaccidentsiteplanbythesurveyor
Examinationofrecords,reports,planetc.
Examinationofmaterials,equipmentsetc.andtheir
testing,ifrequired.
ExaminationofWitness
Analysisofevidence:Identificationoftheunsafeacts
andcondition

65. Dateandtimeofaccident
Name,age,sexandnatureofjobofthevictim
DetailsofVocationaltrainingundergonebythe
victim
Placeofaccident
Apparentcauseofaccident
Detailsofthemineworkingandoperations
relatedtotheaccident
Systemofsupervisionandnameofthe
supervisors

66. Observationoftheminutestdetailsattheaccident
site
Allmaterialsandobjectsfoundatthesiteshould
benoted
Thepositionofthevictim(s)andtheeye-witness
shouldberecorded
Theenquiryofficershouldhimselfdrawasketch
planoftheaccidentsiteshowingallthedetails

67. Theyshouldprepareanaccidentplan(R.F.of
100:1)showingallthedetailsoftheaccidentsite

68. Acloseexaminationrelatingtotheaccidentis
essentialtoascertain:
–The general system of work
–Awareness of lurking dangers
–Promptness in dealing with defects and dangers
–Status of safety prevailing prior to the accident
–Availability and effectiveness of supervision

69. Theseshouldbeexaminedbyexperts,andif
necessary,betestedatareliablelaboratory

70. Thewitnessshouldbeexaminedinadefinite
sequence
Thewitnessshouldbeexaminedindividually
andseparately
Alleye-witnessshouldbeexaminedatthe
siteoftheaccident
Theinquiryofficershouldnotdisturbthe
emotionalandverbosewitnessbutallow
themtospeak
Ifconflictingstatementsaremadeby
differentwitness,theshouldbere-examined

71. Theinquiryofficershouldanalyze
systematicallyalltherecordedevidenceinthe
lightofhisownobservationsattheaccident
site.
Heshouldpointoutthecontraventionsofthe
statutoryprovisionsandshouldidentifythe
unsafeactsandunsafeconditionsthat
resultedintheaccident

72. Accident Report
(Part-II)

73. The report should be detailed under the following
heads:
Introduction
Background information
Events prior to accident
Occurrence of the accident
Rescue and recovery
Inspection and enquiry
Analysis of evidence
Causes of the accident
Responsibility
Recommendations

74. As a safety officer, put up a report of enquiry and investigation into a fatal accident
due to fall of roof in a depillaring area killing two loaders on spot.
From : ----------------, Safety Officer,
----------------Colliery. Dated, 1
st
November,
2010
To
The Manager,
-----------------Colliery,
Sir,
Ref. Your letter No. A/E –235 dated 17.08.2008
Iamsubmittingherewithareportonrooffallaccidentthatoccurredon13
th
September,2010atabout8p.m.inthedepillaringdistrictin----------
seam at ------------colliery and resulted in death of two loaders namely, --------------and
--------------.
Encl. Inquiry Report. Yours faithfully,
(Signed)
ACCIDENT REPORT

75. ACCIDENT REPORT

76. Chapter -6
In-depth Study of Accidents due
to Multivariate Cause
(with case study)

77. Work
Injuries
Demographics
•Age
•Experience
Negative Personality
•Impulsivity
•Risk Taking
•Negative
Affectivity
•Depression
Social Support
•Co-Worker
Support
•Supervisory
Support
•Management
Worker
Interaction
Safety Environment
•Safety Training
•Safety practice
•Safety Equipment
Availability and
Maintenance
Work Hazards
•Physical Hazards
•Production Pressure
Job Dissatisfaction
Job Stress
Safe Work Behavior
Determinants of work injuries in mines

78. Identified factors No. of questions
asked to the mine workers
No. of questions
retained after reliability and validity
test
Reliability
Risk taking
Negative affectivity
Job Dissatisfaction
Impulsivity
Depression
Job stress
Safety training
Safety practice
Safety equipment
availability and maintenance
Co-worker’s support
Supervisory Support
Management worker
interaction
Production pressure
Physical hazards
Safe work behavior
11
15
13
12
5
12
8
27
9
7
7
14
4
15
8
9
11
12
8
5
8
6
19
8
5
7
10
4
11
8
0.82
0.83
0.83
0.71
0.65
0.67
0.66
0.80
0.72
0.64
0.71
0.84
0.79
0.65
0.67
Reliability and Validity Test of the Collected Data

79. Age
58
55
53
51
49
47
45
43
41
39
37
35
33
31
29
27
25
23
Number of Respondents
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Group
NAG
AG Miners’Age(inYear)
Number of AG Respondents in
excess of NAG
Number of NAG Respondents
in excess of AG
High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers

80. Negative Affectivity
31.00
29.00
27.00
25.00
23.00
21.00
19.00
17.00
15.00
13.00
11.00
Number of Respondents
30
20
10
0
Group
NAG
AG Respondents’scoresonNegativeAffectivity
High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers (Contd.)

81. Job Dis s atiafaction
36.00
34.00
32.00
30.00
28.00
26.00
24.00
22.00
20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
Number of Respondents
20
10
0
Group
NAG
AG Respondents’scoresonJobDissatisfaction
High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers (Contd.)

82. Phys ical Hazards
37 .00
32 .00
30 .00
28 .00
26 .00
24 .00
22 .00
20 .00
18 .00
16 .00
13 .00
11 .00
Number of Respondents
30
20
10
0
Group
N AG
AG Respondents’scoresonPhysicalHazards
High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers (Contd.)

83. Management Worker Interaction
30 .00
28 .00
26 .00
24 .00
22 .00
20 .00
18 .00
16 .00
14 .00
12 .00
10 .00
Number of Respondents
30
20
10
0
Group
N AG
AG Respondents’ scores on Management Worker Interaction
High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers (Contd.)

85. Characteristic Variables Categories
Coefficient β
(estimate)
P-Value
(Significance)
Crude OR
e
β
(95% CI)
Demographic
Age
AGE0
RC
--
0.557
--
0.019
1
1.74 (1.10-2.78)AGE1
Experience
EXP0
RC --
0.51
--
0.033
1
1.67 (1.04-2.67)
EXP1
Negative
Personality
Impulsivity
IMP0
RC --
0.956
--
<0.001
1
2.60 (1.63-4.15)IMP1
Negative
Affectivity
N_A0
RC
--
1.24
--
<0.001
1
3.45 (2.15-5.55)
N_A1
Risk Taking
RISK_TK0
RC
--
0.99
--
<0.001
1
2.70 (1.69-4.31)RISK_TK1
Depression
DEPR0
RC --
0.48
--
0.038
1
1.62 (1.03-2.56)DEPR1
Safe Work
Behavior
Safe Work
Behavior
SA_W_BEH0
RC --
-0.65
--
0.006
1
0.52 (0.33-0.83)SA_W_BEH1
Job Stress Job Stress
JOB_STR0
RC --
0.76
--
0.001
1
2.14 (1.35-3.41)JOB_STR1
Bivariate Odds of Injury to Workers for the Variables with Categories

86. Characteristics Variables Categories
Coefficient β
(estimate)
P-Value
(Significance)
Crude OR (e
β
)
(95% CI)
Job
Dissatisfaction
Job
Dissatisfaction
JOB_DIS0
RC --
0.95
--
<0.001
1
2.59 (1.63-4.12)
JOB_DIS1
Work Hazards
Production
Pressure
PROD_PR0
RC
--
0.13
--
0.56
1
1.14 (0.73-1.80)PROD_PR1
Physical
Hazards
PHY_HRZ0
RC --
0.87
--
<0.001
1
2.39 (1.50-3.79)PHYHRZ1
Safety
Environment
Safety
Training
SAF_TR0
RC
--
-0.52
--
0.028
1
0.60 (0.38-0.95)SAF_TR1
Safety
Practice
SAF_PRC0
RC
--
-1.34
--
<0.001
1
0.32 (0.20-0.52)SAF_PRC1
Safety
Equipment
Availability
and Maintenance
SA_EQUP0
RC
--
-0.72
--
0.002
1
0.49 (0.31-0.78)SA_EQUP1
Social Support
Co-Worker
Support
CO_SPRT0
RC
--
-0.31
--
0.195
1
0.74 (0.46-1.17)CO_SPRT1
Supervisory
Support
SUP_SPRT0
RC
--
-0.87
--
<0.001
1
0.42 (0.26-0.67)SUP_SPRT1
Management
Worker
Interaction
M_W_INT0
RC --
-0.95
--
<0.001
1
0.39 (0.24-0.62)M_W_INT1
Bivariate Odds of Injury to Workers for the Variables with Categories (Contd.)

87. Predictor categorical
a
variables r Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6
Demographics
Age
Experience
Negative personality
Impulsivity
Negative affectivity
Depression
Risk taking
Safe work behavior
Safe work behavior
Job stress
Job stress
Job dissatisfaction
Job dissatisfaction
Work hazards
Production pressure
Physical hazards
Safety environment
Safety training
Safety practice
Safety equipment availability
and maintenance
Social support
Co-worker support
Supervisory support
Management worker interaction
Predictive accuracy (%)
Total R
2
R
2
0.27***
0.25***
0.21***
0.37***
0.08
0.35***
-0.22***
0.17***
0.31***
0.17***
0.24***
-0.25***
-0.36***
-0.30***
-0.08
-0.27***
-0.29***
0.41
0.19
56.7
0.026***
0.026***
0.75*
0.15
0.41
1.03***
-0.14
0.59**
67.3
0.189***
0.163***
0.77*
0.13
0.35
1.11***
-0.29
0.39
-0.34
-0.22
0.48*
69.3
0.206***
0.017**
0.70*
0.22
0.40
0.92***
-0.09
0.41
-0.42
-0.25
0.48*
0.41
0.57**
69.3
0.228***
0.022**
0.75*
0.15
0.50
0.90***
-0.16
0.38
-0.30
-0.12
0.55*
0.40
0.53*
0.46
-0.52
-0.24
68.3
0.241***
0.013
0.76*
0.15
0.55
0.93***
-0.18
0.36
-0.26
-0.12
0.53*
0.39
0.52*
0.47
-0.48
0.27
0.19
0.14
-0.34
68.7
0.244***
0.003
Note. For Models 1 –6, standardized regression coefficients (β) are reported. * P < 0.10, ** P 0.05, *** P 0.01.
a category (0) represents the reference group. For example, AGE (0) is the reference group of age variable. The parameter (β)for AGE (1) is estimated with reference to AGE (0).
Multivariate Logistic Regression Results Predicting Work Injury

88. CharacteristicVariables Categories
Coefficient
β (estimate)
P-Value
(Significance
Adjusted OR(e
β)
(95% CI)
Demographic
Age
AGE0
RC
--
0.76
--
0.078
1
2.14 (0.91-4.10)
AGE1
Experience
EXP0
RC
--
0.14
--
0.732
1
1.16 (0.50-2.69)
EXP1
Negative
Personality
Impulsivity
IMP0
RC
--
0.55
--
0.168
1
1.73 (0.79-3.76)
IMP1
Negative
Affectivity
N_A0
RC
--
0.933
--
0.014
1
2.54 (1.21-5.35)
N_A1
Risk Taking
RISK_TK0
RC --
0.36
--
0.279
1
1.44 (0.75-2.76)
RISK_TK1
Depression
DEPR0
RC --
-0.18
--
0.566
1
0.83 (0.44-1.56)
DEPR1
Safe Work
Behavior
Safe Work
Behavior
SA_W_BEH0
RC
--
-0.26
--
0.428
1
0.78 (0.41-1.46)
SA_W_BEH1
Job Stress
Job
Stress
JOB_STR0
RC
--
-0.12
--
0.772
1
0.89 (0.40-1.97)
JOB_STR1
Multivariate Odds of Injury to Workers for the Variables with Categories

89. CharacteristicsVariables Categories
Coefficient β
(estimate)
P-Value
(Significance)
Adjusted OR (e
β
)
(95% CI)
Job
Dissatisfaction
Job
Dissatisfaction
JOB_DIS0
RC
--
0.53
--
0.092
1
1.71 (0.92-3.17)JOB_DIS1
Work Hazards
Production
Pressure
PROD_PR0
RC
--
0.39
--
0.192
1
1.49 (0.83-2.68)PROD_PR1
Physical
Hazards
PHY_HRZ0
RC --
0.52
--
0.073
1
1.69 (0.95-3.00)PHY_HRZ1
Safety
Environment
Safety
Training
SAF_TR0
RC --
0.47
--
0.188
1
1.60 (0.80-3.22)SAF_TR1
Safety
Practice
SAF_PRC0
RC
--
-0.48
--
0.239
1
0.62 (0.28-1.38)SAF_PRC1
Safety
Equipment
Availability
& Maintenance
SA_EQUP0
RC
--
0.27
--
0.483
1
1.30 (0.62-2.73)SA_EQUP1
Social Support
Co-Worker
Support
CO_SPRT0
RC
--
0.19
--
0.545
1
1.21 (0.66-2.22)CO_SPRT1
Supervisory
Support
SUP_SPRT0
RC
--
0.14
--
0.729
1
1.15 (0.53-2.49)SUP_SPRT1
Management
Worker
Interaction
M_W_INT0
RC
--
-0.34
--
0.433
1
0.72 (0.31-1.65)M_W_INT1
Multivariate Odds of Injury to Workers for the Variables with Categories (Contd.)

90. Age 1.000
Exp 0.816 1.000
Work injury 0.271 0.249 1.000
Impulsivity -0.143 -0.085 0.214 1.000
Negative affectivity-0.114 -0.078 0.373 0.600 1.000
Depression -0.046 -0.059 0.084 0.183 0.409 1.000
Risk taking -0.001 0.033 0.349 0.467 0.586 0.224 1.000
Safety training 0.074 0.060 -0.251 -0.577 -0.444 -0.112 -0.464 1.000
Safety practice 0.052 0.040 -0.358 -0.607 -0.521 -0.251 -0.668 0.523 1.000
SEAM* -0.024 -0.056 -0.296 -0.350 -0.404 -0.277 -0.557 0.344 0.653 1.000
Job stress -0.103 -0.054 0.169 0.630 0.672 0.375 0.568 -0.543 -0.600 -0.460 1.000
Co-worker support 0.118 0.087 -0.078 -0.456 -0.315 -0.084 -0.349 0.300 0.501 0.368 -0.375 1.000
Supervisory support 0.042 -0.001 -0.269 -0.600 -0.547 -0.285 -0.660 0.631 0.716 0.560 -0.660 0.357 1.000
M_W_INT** 0.053 0.012 -0.292 -0.588 -0.515 -0.295 -0.627 0.543 0.799 0.673 -0.659 0.451 0.817 1.000
Job dissatisfaction 0.001 0.026 0.306 0.386 0.475 0.347 0.524 -0.436 -0.573 -0.625 0.617 -0.215 -0.653 -0.665 1.000
Physical hazards 0.094 0.107 0.238 0.301 0.329 0.211 0.424 -0.200 -0.497 -0.514 0.455 -0.251 -0.465 -0.511 0.482 1.000
Production pressure 0.113 0.124 0.169 0.119 0.240 0.413 0.424 -0.293 -0.362 -0.385 0.398 -0.099 -0.542 -0.466 0.5070.459 1.000
Safe work behaviour 0.055 0.010 -0.217 -0.368 -0.303 -0.362 -0.370 0.166 0.539 0.307 -0.258 0.361 0.396 0.387 -0.288 -0.172 -0.181 1.000
Mean 37.34 14.58 0.50 16.02 20.88 8.707 18.58 13.22 39.67 15.73 16.82 12.86 14.91 20.36 23.54 24.10 8.7820.27
Standard deviation 9.01 9.25 0.50 4.12 5.95 2.55 5.41 3.27 7.53 3.93 3.99 2.18 3.68 5.44 6.16 4.36 2.82 2.99
* Safety Equipment availability and maintenance ** Management workers interaction
Correlation coefficient 0.113 indicates 0.05 probability level of significance
Correlations amongst the Major Variables for Accident Path Model

91. Age X
1
Experience X
2
Demographic

1
Work Injury X
3
WorkInjury

2
Impulsivity X
4
Negative affectivity X
5
Depression X
6
Risk Taking X
7
Negative Personality

3
Job Stress X
11
Co-Worker Support X
12
Supervisory Support X
13
Management Worker Interaction X
14
Safety Training X
8
Safety Practice X
9
Safety equipment Availability
and Maintenance X
10
Safety Environment

4
Job Stress

5
Job Dissatisfaction X
15
Physical Hazards X
16
Production Pressure X
17
Safe Work Behavior X
18
Social Support

6
Job Dissatisfaction

7
Work Hazards

8
Safe Work Behavior 
9
0.99*
0.82*
1.00
0.70*
0.72*
0.40*
0.78*
0.61*
0.85*
0.70*
1.00
0.48*
0.88*
0.90*
1.00
0.71*
0.65*
1.00
[* indicates 0.01 probability level of significance]
Path Diagram of Measurement Model

92. Demographic 1.00
Work injury 0.29* 1.00
Negative personality-0.10* 0.41* 1.00
Safety environment0.04 -0.42* -0.94* 1.00
Job stress -0.09 0.17* 0.86* -0.73* 1.00
Social support0.06 -0.30* -0.91* 0.83* -0.75* 1.00
Job dissatisfaction0.01 0.31* 0.65* -0.75* 0.62* -0.70* 1.00
Work hazards 0.17* 0.30* 0.67* -0.77 * 0.63* -0.78* 0.73* 1.00
Safe work behavior0.04 -0.22* -0.51* 0.49* -0.26* 0.48* -0.29* -0.26* 1.00
* indicates 0.01 probability level of significance
StructuralCorrelationsamongLatentVariablesPresentedinthe
MeasurementModelforInjury/AccidentCausation

93. Job Dissatisfaction 
4
Work Injury

6
Safety Environment
1
Safe Work Behavior

5
Negative Personality

3
Job Stress 
2
Work Hazards 
1
Social Support

2
Demographic 
3
-0.24*
0.69*
-0.39*
-0.65*
-0.06
0.05
-0.02
-0.03
0.38*
-0.25*
-0.37*
0.37*
-0.40*
0.08
-0.01
0.26*
0.29*
-0.14*
0.08*
0.76*
0.87*
0.40*
0.22*
0.37*
[* indicates 0.05 probability level of significance]
Accident Model Path Diagram

94. Chapter -7
Measures for Improving
Safety

95. Chapter -8
Cost of Accidents

98. Risk
This is a measure of the likelihood and severity of a negative
effect to environment, equipment/property, or the health.
The phase of evaluation is realized by estimating the
probability of an unwanted event occurring (P) and the
consequences of that event (D). Mathematically,
Risk (R) = P x D
The sign x expresses the function according to the kind of
evaluation. It can be a matrix or product. The risk index,
particularly when estimating human risk to safety and health
may vary according to human exposure to specific sites or
sources.

99. Risk
Component
Threats
Consequences
Resources
Component of Risk
Modifying
Factors