SAFETY METHODS IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

SAFETY METHODS IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
(a)
(b)

Mechanical, chemical and fire hazards problems.
Inflammable gases and dusts.

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1. Introduction

Industrial safety refers to reduce the risk of injury or loss and danger to persons, property from the Industrial
Hazards.
What does an Industrial Hazard meant?
Hazard is a term associated with a substance. That is likely to cause injury to a personnel. One which may lead
to loss of property, products etc. A substance that might prove fatal to the personnel.
Toxic corrosive chemicals, fire explosions and personnel falling into accident are major health and safety
hazards encountered in the operations of chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
Identification of hazards and employing protective measures to control the hazards are important to protect the
people from their consequences.
Industrial Hazarad V/S Risk
 Hazard is the potential of a substance to cause damage
 Toxicity is the hazard of a substance which can cause poisoning
 Risk is a measure of the probability that harm will occur under defined conditions of exposure to a
chemical




R=Risk f=function H=Hazard E= Exposure D=Dose t=time

Thus, chemicals which pose only a small hazard but to which there is frequent or excessive exposure may pose
as much risk as chemicals which have a high degree of hazard but to which only limited exposure occurs.
→Reducing risk is based on reducing exposure.
Hazards may arise when impure or contaminated chemicals are used. By products may accumulate relatively
high concentrations in parts of the plant and cause un expected effects. In pharmaceutical industry most of the
dermatitis can be attributed to synthetic drugs, especially acridines and phenothiazines.
Why Do we need Safety?
• Don’t wait for a major accident to identify need to improve major hazard management
• Need to learn lessons from accidents (Hindsight) but don’t rely on this approach
SAFETY METHODS IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Industrial Pharmacy
R=f (H x E)=
f (H x D x t)

2. Routes of Industrial hazards Entry into the Body
There are three main routes by which hazardous chemicals enter the body:
1. Absorption through the respiratory tract through inhalation
2. Absorption or injection through the skin or eyes
3. Absorption through the digestive tract. This can occur through eating or smoking with contaminated
hands or in contaminated work areas
Types of Hazards Toxicity
Acute poisoning is characterized by rapid absorption of the substance and the exposure is sudden & severe.
Normally, a single large exposure is involved. Examples: carbon monoxide or cyanide poisoning.
Chronic poisoning is characterized by prolonged or repeated exposures of a duration measured in days, months
or years. Symptoms may not be immediately apparent, but tend to build up in the body as a result of chronic
exposure. The effects are not seen until a critical body burden is reached. Examples: lead or mercury poisoning
or pesticide exposure.
A) Mechanical, chemical and fire hazards problems

Mechanical Hazard

These are associated with powers-driven machine, whether automated or manually operated by steam,
hydraulic and/or power introduced new hazards into work place.
Mechanical hazards are exacerbated by the large number and different designs of equipment, crowded work
place conditions and different interaction between workers and equipment. Hazardous electrical and pneumatic
thermal energy must be released or controlled before working on active equipment.
High sound levels may be generated by manufacturing equipment (e.g., ball mill) there by increasing their
exposure to noise.
Injuries like cutting, tearing, shearing, puncturing and crushing
Accidents usually take place by the combination of unsafe condition & carelessness.
Most of industrial accidents are due to
 Faulty inspection
 Inability of employee
 Poor discipline
 Lack of concentration
 Unsafe practice
 Mental & physical unfitness for job
 Faulty equipment or improper working condition
 Improper training regarding the safety aspects

3. COMMON ME CHANICAL HAZARDS AND ASSOCIATED RISKS FOR MACHINERY AND
EQUIPMENT

Risk Control Of Mechanical Hazards
 Separation is a simple and effective machinery and equipment risk control.
 Separation may be achieved by distance, barrier or time.
 Distance separation means a person cannot reach the hazard due to distance.
 Barrier separation means an effective barrier or guard denies access and
 Controls ejection of parts, products or waste.
 Time separation means at the time of access, the machinery or equipment is disabled.
PREVENTON OF MECHANICAL HAZARDS

Mechanical hazards can be reduced by the application of appropriate safeguards.
Requirements of Safeguards
• Prevent contact
• Securable and durable
• Protect against falling objects
• Do not create new hazard
• Do not create interference
• Allow safe mantainance
Types of Safeguards
Point of operation guards-Fixed guards, interlocked guards and adjustable guards
Building planning
 Floors must be of unskid/non-slippery type
 Enough space for employees to work
 Passages between working places

4.  Proper arrangements of temperature control; like fans,
 A.C., heaters
Safe Material handling
 Careless handling of heavy materials and components should be avoided
 Full use of mechanical material handling equipment
 All material handling equipments should be repaired and maintained properly
 Containers employed to transport liquids should not be defective or leaking
Personal protective devices
 Protection of head by using hard hats/helmets
 Protection of ears by using earmufffs and plugs
 Protection of face by using face marks, face
 shields
Safety Aspects in Mechanical Hazards
All the operators should be trained in safe operation, maintenance and emergency procedures to take care
when accidents occur.
Inspection should be, adjustment repair and calibration of safe guards carried out regularly.
Ear protection devices must be used to noise. Prevent the excessive
Effort should be made to reduce the noise to a safe level.
Chemical Hazards

Chemical hazards can be defined as those where potentially hazardous energy is released through the
breakdown of the molecular bond as a result of a chemical reaction (usually a reactive chemical hazard).

Many chemicals can cause severe burns, if these coming to contact with living tissue or other routes like
inhalation.
Living tissue may be destroyed by chemical reactions such as dehydration, digestion, oxidation etc.
Eye and mucus membrane of the throat are particularly susceptible to the effect of corrosive dust, mist and
gases.
Chloroform, benzene, chlorinated hydro carbons, low boiling fractions of petroleum are some of the common
organic solvents used in pharmaceutical industry.
Sources Of Chemical Hazards
The production and use of chemicals are fundamental factors in the economic development of all countries,
whether they are industrialized or developing. In one way or another, chemicals affect directly or indirectly to
all humans and are essentials to our feeding (fertilizers, pesticides, food additives, packing), our health care
(pharmaceuticals, cleaning materials), or our well-being (appliances, fuels). Some of the chemicals could be
hazardous.
Routes Of Exposure To Chemicals

5. To cause health problems, chemicals must get entry in the body. There are five main “forms of exposure” or
ways in which a chemical can enter the body:
Inhalation
Hazardous chemicals in the air may be inhaled and may cause damage to the body.
Skin contact
Some hazardous chemicals may damage the skin directly or may be absorbed into the body through the skin.
Eye contact
Contact with some hazardous chemicals may cause serious eye injuries.
Ingestion
Hazardous chemical products may enter the body while eating or drinking food contaminated by chemicals.
Injection
Sharp objects can puncture the skin and inject chemicals or viruses into the body
The Hazards Of Organic Synthesis
Organic chemical synthesis presents industrial hazards of three main types:
First, the active agents used to attack and modify the structure of organic compounds are, by their very nature,
exceptionally able to attack and modify the organic compounds of the human body, thus producing highly
poisonous effects.
Second, the intermediate compounds in most organic synthesis are often characterized by the readiness with
which they enter into chemical combination with other organic matter; they are active. This often confers toxic
properties of great variety on them.
Third, the final products, though they are medicines designed to be introduced into the human body, may
nevertheless produce severe poisoning under conditions of industrial exposure
Characteristics of organic solvents that determine the type of danger:
 Spills and solvent leakage cause significant air, soil, and water pollution.
 Inhalational exposure of volatile organic solvents and an easy absorption through the skin are the two
most important ways of exposure to the workplace. For example, solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide and
glycol ethers, which have water and lipid solubility, are well absorbed through the skin.
 Many organic solvents have low flammability points and burn when they light up. The flammability and
explosiveness of a solvent are decisive determinants of the risk associated with its use, for example,
nitrocellulose.

6. Clinical symptoms in affected body part and their causative chemicals
Affected body organs/parts Symptoms Chemicals
Head Dizziness, headache Solvents, paint, ozone, smoke
Eyes Red, watery, irritated, grainy
feeling
Corneal and conjunctival
disturbances
Lens, iris, and anterior chamber
disturbances
Posterior segment and optic
nerve disturbances
Intra-ocular pressure elevation
Smoke, gases, various dusts,
vapors from paint, and cleaners
Sulfur dioxide, dimethyl sulfate,
hydrogen sulfide
Anticholinesterase agents,
copper, phenylmercuric salts
Carbon disulfide, ethylene
glycol, warfarin
Formaldehyde, ammonia
Nose Sneezing, coughing, rhinitis,
perforated septum
Smoke, ozone, solvents, various
dusts, vapors, and fumes from
paint and cleaners, acetic acid,
acetic anhydride
Mouth/throat Green tongue, salivation, sore
throat
Vanadium, mercury, arsenic
Chest and lungs Wheezing, coughing, shortness
of breath, lung cancer
Metal fumes, various dusts,
smoke, solvents, vapors from
paint and cleaners
Breast Gynecomastia Estrogens
Stomach Nausea, vomiting, stomach
ache, diarrhea
Some metal fumes, solvents,
paint vapors, long-term lead
exposure
Skin Redness, dryness, rash, itching,
skin cancer
Solvents, chromium, nickel,
detergents and cleaners, paint on
skin
Nervous system Nervousness, irritability,
tremors, loss of coordination
Drowsiness, disorientation
Behavioral changes
Long-term solvent exposure,
long-term lead exposure
CNS depressants
CNS depressants, convulsants
Reproductive system Men: Low sperm count, damage
to sperm. Women: Menstrual
irregularities, miscarriage,
damage to egg/fetus
Lead, toluene, some other
solvents, ethylene oxide gas
Pulmonary system Pneumonia
Asthma
Fibrosis
Ammonia, chlorine, oxides of
N2
Phthalic anhydride, platinum
salts
Asbestos, kaolin, silica, talc
Cardiovascular system Hypotension
Hypertension
Arrhythmia
CNS depressants, nitrites
Diphenyl
Trichloroethane,
carbontetrachloride
Digestive system Nausea, vomiting
Jaundice
CNS depressants,
anticholinesterases
Hydrazine, chloroform
Genitourinary system Toxic nephrosis Nephrotoxin (dioxane), oxalic
acid, picric acid
Skin Yellow stains
Acute eczematous dermatitis
Picric acid
Acetaldehyde, barium

7. Chemical Hazard Control: Technical Measures

Technical measures that can be used to prevent chemical dangers at the source and/or reduce staff exposure:
Substitution
It is an effective control method. A hazardous chemical substance is replaced by a less hazardous thing. It is
particularly preferable if highly hazardous substances, such as carcinogens, can severely affect human
physiological systems. However, it must be ensured that the substitution substance eliminates the danger of the
above substance.
Engineering control (closed system)
In the absence of effective replacement, personnel must be safeguarded against any exposure. Steam and gas
exposures should also be monitored and minimized if risks are involved in their use. A generally effective
measure is to encircle the hazardous process or chemical. For example, sealed pipes should be used to transfer
toxic or highly flammable solvents and other liquids (especially volatile) rather than pouring them outdoors.
Local ventilation systems
If it is not possible to isolate experimental activities involving hazardous materials, then a properly designed
local ventilation solution should be found, which generally helps remove contaminants at the source. A
ventilation system consists of a hood, duct or pipe drain, a collecting system and contaminants are separated
from clean and efficient air to create the fan suction force required. However, hazardous gases, fumes, and dusts
from the ventilated air collection must be handled or treated before disposal. Inspection, proper maintenance,
regular cleaning, and changing filters are essential for the protection against hazardous pollutants.
General ventilation
When it is difficult or impossible to avoid hazardous chemicals, fumes, dusts, fogs, or particles entering the
laboratory air at the source, general dilution ventilation can be installed so that the maximum concentration of
pollutants in the air does not exceed the TLV of the substance. At the best, it should consist of a clean air supply
and a forced exhaust outlet in the right place. It can also be used in conjunction with other preventative
measures.
Housekeeping
When working with hazardous chemicals, proper maintenance is required. The storage/stack/cabinet areas
should be well organized and kept in order and along with the maintenance of premises and equipment should
be planned. These tasks should be dedicated to individuals/laboratory workgroups. In addition, periodically
check and repair the defective equipment. Cleaning efficiency should be monitored with adequate periodicity;
this should involve the professors in charge/students/staff associated with a laboratory
Maintenance of Overexposure to Chemicals
Although thousands of chemicals are commonly used in industry, the medical management of acute
overexposure is not specific and includes four basic steps (with some exceptions).
1. Removal from exposure
 Immediate removal of the person from the display site is the first step
 If a disabled victim is to be rescued; the rescue workers must protect themselves from contaminated
atmosphere first
 Respirators and rescue lines are compulsory first aid

8.  Sometimes chemically impervious suits are also worn.
2. Resuscitation
 Resuscitation means restoring the life of someone apparently dead (collapsed or shocked)
 If the victim is apneic, resuscitation should start as soon as it is removed from the area
 Sustainable care must be provided as with any other medical emergency
3. Decontamination

A victim whose skin or clothing has been contaminated requires immediate removal of clothing and shoes.
Then, a vigorous shower with soap and water is recommended, including attention to nails and scalp.
4. Symptomatic treatment

Acute overexposure can cause a series of signs and symptoms that require general medical support, regardless
of the specific agent. Examples include convulsive seizure control, bronchospasm treatment, dehydration, and
arrhythmias.
There are some situations where specific antidotes or management strategies are available. The industry should
prepare a list of medical management strategies for hazardous chemicals that it manages so that it can take
corrective action and can attempt immediate rescue



Fire:
The self-sustaining process of rapid oxidation of a fuel which produces heat and light. Fire is an exothermic
chemical reaction between oxygen and fuel at certain temperature. Three things essential for the combustion of
fire are:
1. Fuel (any combustible material)
2. Oxygen (At concentrations above 23 % in air, the situation becomes dangerous due to the increased fire
hazard)
3. Temperature.
Sources of Fire Hazards
Fuels include solids, liquids, vapours and gases.
 Solid Fuels
Wood, fabrics, synthetic materials, packing materials, papers etc.,.
 Liquid Fuels
Flammable liquids (e.g., nitrophenol, ammonium nitrate and pottassium chlorate, paint and oil soaked rags,
cotton or cellulose soaked with sulphuric acid etc.,.). Other sources include flame, sparks, spontaneous ignition
and self combustible chemicals.
Causes
Fire Hazards

9.  Smoking in the factory
 Defective heating equipment, electrical equipment &
 wiring.
 Explosive gas leakage.
 Inadequate protection of electric motors
 Sparking of electric wires & equipment
 Protection & prevention
 Types of fire
Classification of Fires
Most fires that occur will fall into one or more of the following categories:
Class A
Fires involving ordinary combustible materials, such as Paper, wood, and textile fibers, where a cooling,
blanketing, or wetting extinguishing agent is needed.


Class B
Fires involving flammable liquids such as gasoline, thinners, oil-based paints and greases. Extinguishers for this
type of fire include carbon dioxide, dry chemical and halogenated agent types.

Class C
Fires involving energized electrical equipment, where a non conducting gaseous clean agent or smothering
agent is needed. The most common type of extinguisher for this class is a carbon dioxide exinguisher.

Class D
Fires involving combustible metals such as magnesium, sodium, potassium, titanium, and aluminum. Special
dry powder extinguishing agents are required for this class of fire, and must be tailored to the specific hazardous
metal.

Class K

10. Fires involving commercial cooking appliances with vegetable oils, animal oils or fats at high temperatures. A
wet potassium acetate, low pH-based agent is used for this class of fire.

Detection of Fire Hazards
Many automatic fire detection systems are used today in industry.
Some include
 Thermal expansion detectors,
 Heat sensitive insulation,
 Photoelectric fires,
 Ionization or radiation sensors and
 Ultraviolet or I .R detectors.
These sound an alarm through which fire flames are detected

FIRE ALARMS

FIRE SENSORS

11. PREVENTION OF FIRE HAZARDS

 Well planned design and layout
 Proper ventilated systems
 Chemical data sheets
 Proper training of personnel
 Proper maintenance of surroundings
 use of fire extinguishers, alarms ,sensors, detectors
 Fire fighting equipment
 Sprinkler systems
Preventive Measures
 Prohibition of smoking in manufacturing areas.
 Oxygen present in the inflammable atmosphere may be ↓by dilution with gases such as nitrogen, co2,
steam or combination of these.
 Hazardous operation should be isolated
 Eliminating the ignition sources
 Using fire resistant material in construction
 Suitable emergency exits
 Adequate venting
 Automatic sprinklers
 Equipment should design to meet the specifications & code of recognized authorities, such as ISA, API
&ASME
Fire Suspension
It is done by using hydrant systems/water sprinkler systems and fire extinguishers.
Hydrant systems include
 Water sprinklers
 Semi automatic hydrant system
 Automatic sprinkler and
 Manually hydrant system
Fire extinguishers include
Water and water based extinguishers
• portable extinguishers
• soda acid extinguishers
• antifreeze extinguishers
Foam extinguishers
Dry chemical extinguishers

12. Carbon dioxide extinguishers
Halon extinguishers
• Halon1301( bromo tri fluoromethane)
• Vaporizing liquid
B) Inflammable gases and dusts

GAS HAZARDS

Various volatile and flammable liquids used in the chemical industry, vaporize when exposed to room
temperature or above, causing atmospheric pollution. The steam turns on causing fire accidents and explosions
which tend to spread rapidly in the surrounding environment, causing loss of lives and property. Therefore, the
storage and handling of these hazardous gases require special attention to avoid risks

Three Major Types of Gas Hazards
1. Flammable

Risk of fire and / or explosion e.g. Methane, Butane, Propane
2. Toxic

Risk of Poisoning e.g. Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Chlorine
4. Asphyxiant

Risk of suffocation e.g. Oxygen deficiency. Oxygen can be consumed or displaced by another gas
Inflammable gases

Includes gases such as methane (CH4), pentane (C5H12), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10), and hydrogen (H2)
when released in an installation naturally as a by-product or leaked, gets ignited when comes in contact with
oxygen. This represents the danger of combustion within a facility if the concentration reaches a certain

13. optimum level. Fuel gas detectors are needed when there is a risk of life or property due to the accumulation of
combustible gases.
Each type of fuel gas has three important ranges, and each of these ranges differs for specific gases but uses
the same definitions.
Fuel gas concentration is too low for combustion below the lower explosion limit (LEL) or lower
flammable limit. This is the range in which more fuel gas detectors work.The upper explosive limit (UEL) or
upper flammability limit is the:
 Highly flammable: Flashpoint 23°C.
 Flammable: Flammability point 23–61°C.
 Combustible: Flammability point 61–150°C

Gas Safety at Work
The Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations 1998 require the following:
• All gas appliances, pipe work and safety devices must be maintained in a safe condition and be
inspected by a competent person.
• When a gas appliance is installed, it must be located in a position that is easily accessible for use,
inspection and maintenance.
• Employers, the self-employed, or anyone responsible for business premises, must not allow a gas
appliance to be used it may be dangerous.
Hazardous gas management
Compressed gases are filled in cylinders and transported to the place of use. Important precautions to be taken
include the following:

 The cylinders must not be released or allowed to hit the other.
 The safety devices installed on the cylinders must not be tampered with.
 Use special valves and standard tools. Normally, these are supplied by the manufacturers.
 The cylinders must be protected against extremes of weather, especially against excessive rise in the
temperature.
 The cylinders (receipts) must bear a standard label indicating the type of gas. The color of the label
indicates whether the gas is flammable, corrosive, or inert.
 Full cylinders must be separated from the empty ones
Components of a gas hazard management system

A gas monitoring system should provide information to ensure that effective and complete decisions are made
promptly. To be more effective in the management of gas exposure risks, sufficient information is needed to
obtain a thorough assessment of the situation to make good decisions. Data management is a key element of a
gas hazard management system.

14. Risk assessment

It is the first step in system design. Field studies can help determine when and where are the hazardous situation
and possible exposure. The hazard characteristics can be determined in terms of ignition, reactivity, corrosivity,
and toxicity. The risk to human health is reflected in the standards set by the resource conservation and recovery
act, OSHA and environmental protection agency (EPA). The information obtained in a risk assessment provides
a basis for better addressing the risk of identified gas.
System specifications and designs

It is the key outcome of the risk management planning process. The design begins with the selection and
position of the sensor type. Sensor performance should be determined in terms of response speeds,
concentration range, and resolution drift, ease of calibration and interference gas and must meet the
performance criteria set out in the plan.
Daily operation

The daily operation of a gas monitoring system focuses on data revision procedures and system reliability.
Automatic self-diagnosis of unit functions improves reliability by providing a continuous indication of the
operation. Regular maintenance should confirm the internal diagnosis.
Alarm response

The alarm response starts with the previous schedule: In the system and outside the perimeter of the system.
Training is essential to ensure that all staff in the headquarters understand their role and have internalized their
responsibilities. Training includes the identification of false alarms. Relay action usually involves a low alarm
(warning light and siren and ventilation for gas concentration dilution) and a high alarm (emergency and siren
light and process action). The action of the process involves stopping or isolating the gas source and stopping
the process equipment.
Recording
It is an important element of the alarm response. The sensor status reports provide a valuable reference to assess
the severity and magnitude of the gas hazard. It can generate real-time and post-event analysis. It is the transfer
of information provided by the system to the staff of the plant, which enables effective gas risk management
Dust Hazards

How does dust hurt you?

Health effect

Dust particle content
Systemic toxic effects caused by absorption into the
blood
Lead, manganese, cadmium, zinc
Allergic and hypersensitivity reactions Certain woods, organic and inorganic chemicals
Bacterial and fungal infections Viable organisms or spores
Lung scarring and fibrosis Asbestos, quartz (crystalline silica)
Cancer Chromates, asbestos, quartz (crystalline silica)
Irritation of the mucous membranes of the nose and Acid, alkali, other irritating particles

15. throat
Pulmonary disease (e.g. coal workers' pneumoconiosis
(CWP) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) such as bronchitis and emphysema)
Coal dust

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD)
‘Obstructive’ lung conditions which reduces airflow out of the lungs.
Asthma
Another obstructive lung disease, which can be caused by exposure to irritants at work place and causes
shortness of breath.
Cancers
Tumours, particularly of the lung and nose, are related to substances commonly encountered at work including
asbestos, silica, nickel, cadmium and wood dust.
Heart disease
Dust-affected lungs put extra strain on the heart, which can lead to right-sided heart failure.
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA)
An allergic condition, which affects workers exposed to biological dusts, causing conditions including farmers’
lung.
How can the risks be controlled?

Source capture
Begin by capturing and controlling the contaminant at the source. Look at where the equipment is positioned
and ensure there are no leakage points around handling systems that produce dust. Source capture is the most
effective means of capture and requires the least amount of energy and initial investment to accomplish. Utilize
fume extraction arms or local fixed hoods incorporated as part of the machine (e.g., conveyor or mixer).
Filtration and extraction
Installation of an industrial filtration system will ensure that compliance with regulatory standards of both
related hazards and cross-contamination issues. Filtration solutions for pharmaceutical processes may also
require special options or accessories to improve the safety and reliability of the system. Bag-in/bag-out filter
and collection drum options can be used to eliminate exposure and cross-contamination when performing filter
and dust-removal maintenance.
Protection and monitoring
Ensure that the workforce has the correct equipment to protect them from exposure routes identified by the
workplace exposure limits (WELs), which include breathing in dust. (2) To identify whether exposures are

16. below the WEL, monitoring is key; a consultant who can perform air sampling can help ensure that a
pharmaceutical workforce is safe.
Achieving full regulatory compliance is a mixture of equipment and ways of working to reduce exposure. No
measures, however practical, can work unless they are used properly. Failing to comply with regulatory
standards increases the risk of fatal explosions, which can seriously injure the workforce and severely decrease
productivity and profitability of a company
PREVENTIONS

Safe machinery and equipment
 Dusty work processes should be isolated if possible
 An exhaust ventilation system is often needed to suck dust away
Safe procedures
 Standardised working procedures are needed in areas where dust can be a problem
 Information and training is important
 Warning signs may be needed
Respirators
 If steps 1 and 2 are not completely effective then an approved respirator is needed. Make sure that
A. It fits properly and is the right kind of respirator
B. Training in how to use it is provided and
C. Maintenance checks are carried out

References
https://www.pharmtech.com/view/how-achieve-pharmaceutical-dust-control
https://www.pharmtech.com/view/risk-management-explosive-dusts-pharmaceutical-industry-practical-approach
https://www.slideshare.net/SalmanAhmed239/mechanical-machinery-hazards-their-control-91826612
http://safetyrisks.blogspot.com/2016/09/mechanical-hazards.html
https://www.healthyworkinglives.scot/workplace-guidance/safety/gas/Pages/gas-related-hazards.aspx
https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/mining-energy-water/resources/safety-
health/mining/hazards/dust/health-safety
https://www.expresspharma.in/pharma-technology-review/health-hazards-in-pharma-industry/
https://www.slideshare.net/sarangidipu/industrial-hazard-ppt
https://healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/F_I/Health-effects-of-dust
http://www.hrdpidrm.in/live/hrdpmp/hrdpmaster/idrm/content/e6547/e6546/e10804/eventReport1200
http://www.dpss.umich.edu/docs/HazardGuidelines-HazardousMaterialSpill.pdf