SAFETY, RESPONSIBILITY AND RIGHTS.pptx

SAFETY, RESPONSIBILITY AND RIGHTS

1. SAFETY, RESPONSIBILITY AND RIGHTS PEE - CHAPTER 4 SANTHOSH-KHAVIYAN-AKSHITHAA-NAVALADI

2. TOPICS 1.SAFETY and its concepts 2.RISK and its TYPES 3.ASSESEMENT OF SAFETY AND RISK 4.Methods to determine risk 2

3. Safety and its concepts What is safety? Safety: The state of being safe Safe: Protected from danger Safety differs for every person, where what may be safe for one person may not be for another. Absolute safety that satisfies all individuals or group under all conditions is neither attainable nor affordable. 3

4. William w.Lowrence’s definition What is safety? INITIAL VERSION: A thing is safe if its risks are judged to be acceptable MODIEFIED DEFINITION: A thing is safe(to a certain degree) with respect to a given person or group at a given time, if its risks were fully known, if those risks would be judged acceptable(to that certain degree), in light settled value principle. 4

5. risk What is risk? 5 It is the potential that something unwanted and harmful may occur. LOWRENCE: “Risk is the compound measure of the probability and magnitude of adverse effect”. RISK= Probability of the harm x Magnitude of the harm Effects of risk: it includes dangers of bodily harm, economic loss, environment degradation. Causes of risk: Risks or harms are caused by delayed job completion, faulty products or systems and economically or environmentally injurious solutions to technological problems.

6. Factors influencing risk Probability of risk (possibility of occurrence of risk ) Consequences of risk (Physical damage or death, economic loss, damage to property, loss of money, degradation of environment) Voluntary risk (some people may take risk voluntarily for thrill and fun) Magnitude of risk (number of people / area involved in risk) P roximity of risk (closeness of effects caused by risk) M ethod of information widely spreaded on risk Job related risk (whether the risk is compulsorily / forcibly taken by persons)

7. SAFETY SND risk The knowledge about acceptance level of risk is useful to engineers. Designers can redesign the product/project to include safety measures so as to: To allow the product to fail safely Abandon it safely. Provide for safe escape/evacuation from the product or site, and thus eliminate or minimize the human loss. Risk is the result of unsafe situation, sometime unanticipated during its uses. Probability of Safety = 1-Probability of risk = Probability of occurrence x consequences in magnitude

8. TYPES OF RISKS Acceptable risk Voluntary and involuntary risk Job related risks Personal risks Public risks 8

9. Acceptable risk: It refers to the level of human and property injury or loss from an industrial process that is considered to be tolerable by individual, household, group, organization, community, region, state, or nation in view of social, political & economic-benefit analysis. Ex: the risk of flooding can be accepted once every 500yrs but its unacceptable in every 10yrs. Its management’s responsibility to set their company’s level of risk. Each company has its own acceptable risk level, which is derived from its legal regulatory compliance responsibilities. 9

10. Voluntary risk: To risk either by own actions or action taken by others . Risk happening with lifestyle choices. They are the risk that people take knowing that they may have consequences. Ex: smoking tobacco, driving car and climbing ladder. Involuntary risk: Risk that people take either not knowing they are at risk or they are unable to control. Ex: tsunamis, lightning, tornadoes. 10

11. Job related to risk: Exposure to such risk is voluntary in nature cuz one can always refuse to work or may control over job. But generally workers don’t have choice; stick only to the jobs available to them. Personal risk: Assessing is difficult. Ex: people living near chemical plant voluntarily or involuntarily; a person working in nuclear plant. Public risk: Assessing is relatively easy. Ex: accidents in transportation, treatment. 11

12. Assessment of safety and risk: 12 It is very difficult to attain 100% absolute safety. In an engineering product, if there is any improvement in safety, it often goes with an increase in the cost of the product. On the other side, the products which are not safe always increase the secondary costs to the producer such as warranty expenses, loss of customer’s good will and down time production process. It is always a great challenge to engineers to balance quality and safety against cost. In general, engineer’s tendency is to design and produce high quality products, but business managers tend to keep the cost down. Therefore it is necessary to understand relationship between safety, costs and price

13. Goal of risk assessment 13 The aim of risk assessment process is to evaluate hazards, then remove that hazard or minimize the level of its risk by adding control measures, as necessary. By doing so, you have created a safer and healthier workplace. Relationship between risk and cost to manufacture

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15. Determination of risk KNOWLEDGE OF RISK: To assess a risk, an engineer must first identify it. To identify a risk, an engineer must first know the information about the safety of standard products. UNCERTAINITIES IN DESGN: while designing a product, the design engineer must deal with many uncertainties. Many of risks can be expressed as probabilities and as educated guesses. TESTING FOR SAFETY: Once the product is designed, bot prototypes and finished devices must be thoroughly tested. The testing is not just to determine whether the product meets the specification, it should also involve in testing to see if the product is safe. It is essential that in any engineering design, all safety systems be tested to ensure that they work as planned. IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE RISK, ONE SHOULD HAVE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT:

16. DIFFERENT METHODS TO DETERMINE THE RISK TESTING ON THE FUNCTIONS OF SAFETY SYSTEM COMPONENTS DESTRUCTIVE TESTING: In this approach, testing is done till the component fails. It is too expensive, but very realistic and useful. PROTOTYPE TESTING: In this approach, the testing is done on a proportional scale model with all vital components fixed in the system. Dimensional analysis could be used to project the result at the actual conditions. SIMULATION TESTING: With the help of computer. The simulations are done. The safe boundary may be obtained. The effects of some controlled input variables on the outcomes can be predicted in a better way.

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