Salinity and Types of Salinity

In this presentation a brief description is given about salinity, types of salinity. What is water salinity and soil salinity. And also a small brief note on source of salts.

1. Salinity Mobeen Arshad Roll no 20 M.Sc 4 th Semester GC Women University, Sialkot

2. Salinity Concentration of dissolved salt in a given volume of water expressed in grams of salt per kilogram of water, or in parts per thousand Both soil and natural waters can become saline

3. Soil salinity The salt concentration in the water extracted from a saturated soil (called saturation extract) defines the salinity of this soil naturally occurring mineral within soil and water that affects the growth and vitality of plants Some areas have naturally occurring saline soils, like places in Africa and the Middle East Ever agriculture soil have certain salts like NaCl , Na ₂ CO ₃ , when these salts are in excess they mix with soil and with upward movement of water not accumulated in first 3-4 feet of soil layer and make crust 1-2 feet in upper surface.

4. Sources of salt Retreating seas Rain Rocks

5. Classification of salinity On the base of causes salinity divide into three forms Primary salinity (natural salinity) Sec. salinity (dry land salinity) Ter. salinity (irrigation salinity)

6. Primary salinity (natural salinity) From rainfall over many thousands of years From the weathering of rocks E.g. salt lakes, salt pans, salt marshes and salt flats

7. Sec. salinity (dry land salinity) Caused where groundwater levels rise By clearing of perennial (long-lived) vegetation in drier areas

8. Tertiary or irrigated salinity Tertiary salinity occurs when water is reapplied to crops or horticulture over many cycles, either directly or by allowing it to filter into the groundwater before pumping it out for re-application.

9. Water salinity Water salinity is the amount of salt contained in the water expressed in grams of salt per litter of water both water and soil is easily measured by means of an electrical device

10. parameters for saline water Fresh water - Less than 1,000 ppm Slightly saline water - From 1,000 ppm to 3,000 ppm Moderately saline water - From 3,000 ppm to 10,000 ppm Highly saline water - From 10,000 ppm to 35,000 ppm By the way, ocean water contains about 35,000 ppm of salt.

11. Classification of water bodies based upon salinity Hyper- haline   waters are waters with a very high salinity. Meta- haline  conditions ranges from 45 to 65 ppt. Eu-haline   waters are waters with a salinity between 30 and 35. These are the most marine and oceanic waters. Poly- haline  conditions ranges from a salinity of 18 to 30 ppt. Meso-haline  waters are waters with a salinity between 5 and 18 ppt. Oligo-haline  waters are waters with a salinity from 0.5 to 5 ppt.

12. effects of salinity Reduction in the productive capacity of affected land (e.g. crop yields) Degradation of the environment and wildlife habitats Loss of water quality for stock and domestic water supplies Production losses causing economic hardship Damage to roads Damage to water-using household equipment

13. Salinity control measurements: Control irrigation Providing adequate surface drainage Allowing lower intensity of irrigation Reducing surface evaporation Not using alkaline water for irrigation purpose

14. Reference: http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/agriculture/farm-management/soil-and-water/salinity/about-salinity http://www.mymobilebay.com/stationdata/whatissalinity.htm http://www.canadianriversproject.org/tutorials/1-introduction-what-is-salinity/ https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/998/salinity http://www.water.wa.gov.au/water-topics/water-quality/managing-water-quality/understanding-salinity