Sanitation barriers

Sanitation barriers

1. SANITATION BARRIERS

2. ETYMOLOGY Greek- sānus ( feminine  - sāna , neuter  - sānum )  - sound in body, healthy - sound in mind ,  sane - ( of ,  style )  correct sensible, sober , chaste. From French-  sanitaire , From Latin - sanitas  (“health”)

3. Contd… First recorded in 1840-50; sanit( ary ) + -ation The words "sanitary" and "sanity" sound similar, But the connection between the two seems tenuous; "sanitary" is generally used in reference to cleanliness , whereas "sanity" has to do with one's mind. According to Etymology, both words share a root in the Latin word " sanus ," meaning "healthy or sane ."

4. SANITATION  ? Means- measures of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazardous wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of waste-water. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease.

5. The  World Health Organization  defines the term "sanitation" as follows: “ Sanitation is the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces and maintenance of hygienic conditions , through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal .

6. Contd … Wastes that can cause health problems include --- Human and animal excreta, Solid wastes, Domestic waste water (sewage or greywater) industrial wastes and agricultural wastes.

7. SANITATION Safe collection, storage, treatment and disposal/re-use/recycling of human excreta (faeces and urine) Management/re-use/recycling of solid waste (rubbish) Collection and management of industrial waste products Management of hazardous wastes (including hospital wastes, chemical/ radio-active and other dangerous substances)

8. HYGIENE ??

9. HYGIENE ?? According to WHO , " Hygiene refers to set of practices that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases”

10. Contd … In short, both words are meant for prevention of diseases and health promotion . Hygiene is often associated with the human body. We use the word “hygiene” for our body by brushing our teeth, taking a bath, and so on and so forth. Hand-washing is also part of hygiene . Sanitation ,” on the other hand deals with safe disposal of all forms of waste , human as well as environmental and other forms of waste

11. OBJECTIVES The main objective of a sanitation system is to – 1. protect and promote human health by providing a clean environment 2. And breaking the cycle of disease .

12. PROBLEM STATEMENT Globally 2.6 billion people (1/3 ) remain without access to any kind of improved sanitation. Sanitation-related diseases and poor hygienic conditions cause approximately 2.2 million annual deaths, mostly of children under the age of five years

13. Indian Scenario…. Four years ago, 60 per cent of the global population defecating in open was in India, it has been reduced to 20 per cent today. In these four years, not just toilets were built or villages and cities have become ODF but regular use of toilets is also more than 90 per cent ."

14. CONTD… Now as many as 25 states of the country have declared themselves open defecation free (ODF). "The result of this " Janbhavna " is that the radius of rural sanitation before 2014 was approximately 38 per cent but today it is 94 per cent. The number of ODF villages has surpassed five lakhs ( oo 5.97 villages /722 districts /29 states 7 UTs).

15. PURPOSE The overall purposes of sanitation are to provide a healthy living environment for everyone, to protect the natural resources (such as surface water, groundwater, soil), and to provide safety, security and dignity  for people when they defecate or urinate.

16. CONTD… We also have a human right to sanitation: In September, 2010, the UN Human Rights Council adopted a resolution recognizing that the human right to water and sanitation are a part of the  right  to an adequate standard of living

17. Effective sanitation systems provide barriers between excreta and humans in such a way as to break the disease transmission cycle (for example in the case of fecal-borne diseases). This aspect is visualized with the F-diagram where all major routes of fecal-oral disease transmission begin with the letter F: FECES, FINGERS, FLIES, FIELDS, FLUIDS, FOOD .

18. Water, sanitation and hygiene have the potential to prevent at least 9.1% of the global disease burden and 6.3% of all deaths. Water and sanitation interventions are cost effective across all world regions.

19. Improved water sources reduce diarrhea morbidity by 21%; improved sanitation reduces diarrhea morbidity by 37.5%. Simple act of washing hands can reduce diarrhea by 35%. Improvement of drinking-water quality, such as point-of-use disinfection , would lead to a 45% reduction of diarrhea episodes

20. Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation Govt. of India launched “ Swachh Bharat Mission” with effect from 2nd October 2014. It aims to achieve Swachh Bharat by 2019, as a fitting tribute to the 150th Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.

21. TYPES OF SANITATION

22. Basic sanitation . In 2017, JMP defined a new term: "basic sanitation service". This is defined as the use of improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households . 1.1 A lower level of service is now called "limited sanitation service" which refers to use of improved sanitation facilities that are shared between two or more households. Joint Monitoring Programme  ( JMP )  for Water Supply and Sanitation  

23. An improved sanitation facility is defined as one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. Flush Toilet Connection to a piped sewer system Connection to a septic system Flush / pour-flush to a pit latrine Pit latrine with slab Ventilated improved pit latrine (abbreviated as VIP latrine) Composting toilet

24. Unimproved sanitation Sanitation facilities that are not considered as "improved" (also called "unimproved") are: Public or shared latrine (meaning a toilet that is used by more than one household) Flush/pour flush to elsewhere (not into a pit, septic tank, or sewer) Pit latrine without slab Bucket latrines Hanging toilet / latrine No facilities / bush / field (open defecation)

25. CONTAINER-BASED SANITATION(CBS) CBS refers to a sanitation system where human excreta is collected in sealable, removable containers (or cartridges) that are transported to treatment facilities .  With suitable development, support and functioning partnerships, CBS can be used to provide low-income urban populations with safe collection, transport and treatment of excrement at a lower cost than installing and maintaining sewers.

26. COMMUNITY-LED TOTAL SANITATION  ( CLTS )   Is an approach used mainly in developing countries to improve sanitation and hygiene practices in a community. It focuses on spontaneous and long-lasting  behavior change of an entire community. The goal of CLTS is to end open defecation. The term "triggering" is central to the CLTS process . It refers to ways of igniting community interest in ending open defecation, usually by building simple toilets , such as pit latrines.

27. DRY SANITATION The term "dry sanitation" is not in widespread use and is not very well defined . It usually refers to a system that uses a type of dry toilet and no sewers to transport excreta . Often when people speak of "dry sanitation" they mean a sanitation system that uses urine-diverting dry toilet (UDDTs)

28. ECOLOGICAL SANITATION is commonly abbreviated to eco-san , is an approach, rather than a technology or a device which is characterized by a desire to "close the loop" (mainly for the nutrients and organic matter) between sanitation and agriculture in a safe manner. Put in other words: " Ecosan systems safely recycle excreta resources (plant nutrients and organic matter) to crop production in such a way that the use of non-renewable resources is minimised" .

29. Contd… When properly designed and operated, ecosan systems provide a hygienically safe, economical, and closed-loop system to convert human excreta into nutrients to be returned to the soil, and water to be returned to the land . Ecosan is also called resource-oriented sanitation.

30. EMERGENCY SANITATION Emergency sanitation is required in situations including natural disasters and relief for refugees and Internally Displaced Persons  There are three phases: Immediate, short term and long term.  In the immediate phase, the focus is on managing open defecation , and toilet technologies might include very basic latrines, pit latrines, bucket toilets, container-based toilets, chemical toilets .

31. ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION Environmental sanitation encompasses the control of environmental factors that are connected to disease transmission. Subsets of this category are solid waste management, water and  waste water treatment, industrial waste treatment and noise and pollution control.

32. LACK OF SANITATION Lack of sanitation refers to the absence of sanitation. In practical terms it usually means lack of toilets or lack of hygienic toilets that anybody would n’t want to use voluntarily . The result of lack of sanitation is usually open defecation  (and open urination but this is of less concern) with associated serious public health issues.

33. ON SITE SANITATION Onsite sanitation (or on-site sanitation) is defined as " a sanitation system in which excreta and wastewater are collected and stored or treated on the plot where they are generated“ The degree of treatment may be variable, from none to advanced. Examples are pit latrines (no treatment) and septic tanks (primary treatment of wastewater).

34. SAFELY MANAGED SANITATION A relatively high level of sanitation service is now called "safely managed sanitation" by the JMP definition. This is basic sanitation service where in addition excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite

35. SUSTAINABLE SANITATION Sustainable sanitation considers the entire "sanitation value chain", from the experience of the user, excreta and wastewater collection methods, transportation or conveyance of waste, treatment, and reuse or disposal. In order to be sustainable, a sanitation system has to be economically viable, socially acceptable, technically and institutionally appropriate, and it should also protect health the environment and the natural resources.

36. SANITATION METHODS The sanitation process involves disposing of waste properly, so it does not threaten the environment or public health. There are four types of sanitation methods: filtration, landfills, recycling and ecological . Practicing proper hand washing and surface cleaning techniques are all part of best sanitation practices.

37. FILTRATION Filtration involves sterilizing water and filtering away waste products, so it is safe for use and consumption. This process involves passing water through a filter, which separates solid and liquid waste products. After adding pure oxygen and ozone, the water passes through a smaller filter. Once this process is complete, a water handler adds chlorine to the water, killing any remaining bacteria.

38. LANDFILLS Carrying waste products to a landfill is another type of sanitation service. Accordingly city garbage workers transport waste to a temporary holding place, or landfill. The purpose is to isolate the solid waste from residential areas to avoid spreading diseases .

39. RECYCLING Sanitation also includes recycling. Trained workers at recycling plants sort paper, plastic and other recyclables from a general conveyor belt. Separated recyclables are crushed and reprocessed, thereby preparing it for reuse. Separated trash goes to the landfill.

40. ECOLOGICAL MEASURES This concept involves the installation of toilets, especially in developing countries where open defecation take place . The building and maintenance of safe, clean toilets is paramount, according to the World Health Organization. In addition, ecological sanitation involves teaching proper hand washing techniques before handling food and after handling excrement . According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, you should wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.

41. BARRIER??

42. Lack of information Problems may be caused in many developing countries by lack of recent, reliable information on the condition of existing sanitation and hygiene infrastructure, including whether or not it is actually functioning. Official statistics on sanitation coverage are often inconsistent or even hopelessly inflated . Needs and demands, particularly in more remote rural areas, are frequently unknown, making the task of setting a coherent and balanced agenda more difficult.

43. Tensions between mindsets Mutual incomprehension between different mindsets is frequently a barrier to improving sanitation and hygiene provision. Some policy-makers argue, for example, that sanitation as a household amenity is a household responsibility, so that public agencies should concentrate their energies on public aspects of sanitation, e.g. on public networks for storm water drainage, sewerage etc, i.e. large public works projects

44. Lack of coordination Other commentators point to the lack of clarity in some developing countries over who – or which institution(s) – is responsible for which of the functions . The most commonly adopted arrangement is that the institutional ‘ home’ of sanitation is located within ministries of water . A second option can be to place sanitation within the remit of the ministry of health . Another possibility might conceivably be a separate ministry for sanitation

45. Lack of political and budgetary priority, lack of demand A limiting factor commonly evoked is lack of funds for investment. Both water and sanitation have been losing out to other sectoral interests in the competition for scarce public funds. It prompts the question as to whether the political will exists to increase budget priority of sanitation

46. Donors’ agendas In aid-dependent developing countries, donor priorities will tend to be influential in setting sectoral agendas, and if pursued individually they will undermine efforts to promote collaborative planning.

47. POLICY IMPLEMENTATION The third stage of the typical policy process is policy implementation. International commentators point to the following barriers which commonly need to be overcome in developing countries.

48. LACK OF HUMAN AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY In many developing countries a lack of capacity in terms of human resources inhibits development, particularly at a decentralised level. The multi-faceted nature means that a wide range of different disciplines and skills is required to improve sanitation and hygiene provision.

49. LOW CAPACITY TO ABSORB FUNDS In a sector where spending has historically been low, a question arises about the rate at which flows of finance may be increased, at least funds channelled through state (public) bodies. It cannot simply be assumed that more resources will rapidly translate into improved outcomes.

50. Lack of service providers The reality in many locations in India is that there is limited choice of sanitation and hygiene providers, whether agencies of local government, community associations, NGOs or private suppliers.

51. ILL-SUITED METHODS/TECHNOLOGY Suitable sanitation services/facilities will vary according to context: there will be differences between urban and rural contexts, large and small towns, planned and unplanned settlements – as well as between different ethnic and social settings (e.g. communities with more or less collective organisation and identity)

52. Lack of access to credit Loans available are often only for income generating activities, rather than for improving community and household infrastructure (both sanitation and water facilities). And credit such as is available may not be at affordable interest rates or offer repayment periods long enough for poor borrowers

53. Lack of strong messages Promoting sanitation and hygiene presents a substantial communication challenge. As one Indian specialist explains: ‘Statistics make no impact on people, so that it is not enough to state to villagers that diarrhoea kills x thousands of children in their country every year …The real challenge is to make clear the links between common illness and the practice of open defecation’

54. Lack of arrangements for cleaning and maintenance A key aspect of the financial viability of shared and communal sanitation facilities is payment for maintenance – cleaning and pit-emptying. Sustained demand for use of latrines will depend on their being clean and without smell. If the rota or other system for cleaning breaks down, the facility will become unpleasant to use

55. COMPLEXITIES OF BEHAVIOUR CHANGE However compelling the ‘societal’ reasons may be for investing in sanitation – reduced disease burden, reduced public health costs, increased school attendance for girls, greater economic productivity etc – the ‘private’ motivations of individuals for better sanitation at home may be different. As commentators have pointed out, an individual is likely to be prompted to improve his/her sanitation facilities by a mix of motives, including some which are not linked to a concern for health

56. CULTURAL’ FACTORS Indeed, beyond individual motivations, further potential barriers are cultural factors which make the intended beneficiaries of sanitation and hygiene promotion projects reticent or resistant to new facilities. Cultural difference arises from gender: variations in the perspectives of women and men on sanitation facilities are noted by many commentators.

57. Contd… The views of adults and children vary too. Household circumstances are also diverse. Different ethnic groups may have varying beliefs and customs, while attitudes to sanitation and hygiene may vary substantially between urban and rural contexts .

58. MESSAGE

59. Water, sanitation and hygiene have the potential to prevent at least 9.1% of the global disease burden and 6.3% of all deaths. Water and sanitation interventions are cost effective across all world regions.

60. Improved water sources reduce diarrhea morbidity by 21%; improved sanitation reduces diarrhea morbidity by 37.5%. Simple act of washing hands can reduce diarrhea by 35%. Improvement of drinking-water quality, such as point-of-use disinfection , would lead to a 45% reduction of diarrhea episodes

61. Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation Govt. of India launched “ Swachh Bharat Mission” with effect from 2nd October 2014. It aims to achieve Swachh Bharat by 2019, as a fitting tribute to the 150th Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.

62. Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation Toilet Reported -- 371.15 Toilet Built (in Lakh ) since 2nd Oct 2014 20.50 % increase in HHs with Toilet since 2nd Oct 2014. 19443696 Toilet Built in 2016-17. In 2016-17 121 No. of ODF Districts - Self Declared 84809 No. of ODF Gram Panchayats --Self Declared 181904 No. of ODF Villages- Self Declared

63. ` Thank you