SBS 2207 L5hshshshsjjsjsjdjdjkakkcknck.pptx

Engineering

1. Quiz 1 A sample of an ore was analyzed for Cu 2+ as follows. A 1.25 gram sample of the ore was dissolved in acid and diluted to volume in a 250-mL volumetric flask . A 20 mL portion of the resulting solution was transferred by pipet to a 50-mL volumetric flask and diluted to volume. An analysis of this solution gave the concentration of Cu 2+ as 4.62 μg /L. What is the weight percent of Cu in the original ore?

2. A sample of an ore was analyzed for Cu 2+ as follows. A 1.25 gram sample of the ore was dissolved in acid and diluted to volume in a 250-mL volumetric flask . A 20 mL portion of the resulting solution was transferred by pipet to a 50-mL volumetric flask and diluted to volume. An analysis of this solution gave the concentration of Cu 2+ as 4.62 μg /L. What is the weight percent of Cu in the original ore?

3. SBS 2207 Analytical Chemistry Week 5 Basic Approach to Chemical Equilibrium Dr. Lakshitha Pahalagedara , PhD (UCONN, USA) Associate Dean, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies and Research Head, Centers and Short Courses SLTC Research University

4. The Concept of Equilibrium Chemical equilibrium occurs when a reaction and its reverse reaction proceed at the same rate

5. As a system approaches equilibrium, both the forward and reverse reactions are occurring At equilibrium, the forward and reverse reactions are proceeding at the same rate

6. A System at Equilibrium Once equilibrium is achieved, the amount of each reactant and product remains constant.

7. Rates become equal Concentrations become constant

8. Depicting Equilibrium In a system at equilibrium, both the forward and reverse reactions are running simultaneously. We write the chemical equation with a double arrow:

9. The Equilibrium Constant Forward reaction: Reverse reaction: Rate Law Rate law

10. At equilibrium Rearranging gives:

11. The Equilibrium Constant The ratio of the rate constants is a constant ( as long as T is constant) The expression becomes

12. The Equilibrium Constant To generalize, the reaction: Has the equilibrium expression: This expression is true even if you don’t know the elementary reaction mechanism.

13. EXERCISE Write the equilibrium expression for K c for the following reactions:

14. Equilibrium Can Be Reached from Either Direction K c , the final ratio of [NO 2 ] 2 to [N 2 O 4 ], reaches a constant no matter what the initial concentrations of NO 2 and N 2 O 4 are (with const T).

15. Equilibrium Can Be Reached from Either Direction This graph shows data from the last two trials from the table.

16. Equilibrium Can Be Reached from Either Direction It does not matter whether we start with N 2 and H 2 or whether we start with NH 3 We will have the same proportions of all three substances at equilibrium. What is the equilibrium expression?

17. What Does the Value of K Mean? If K >> 1, the reaction is product-favored ; product predominates at equilibrium.

18. What Does the Value of K Mean? If K >> 1, the reaction is product-favored ; product predominates at equilibrium. If K << 1, the reaction is reactant-favored ; reactant predominates at equilibrium.

19. Manipulating Equilibrium Constants The equilibrium constant of a reaction in the reverse reaction is the reciprocal of the equilibrium constant of the forward reaction.

20. Manipulating Equilibrium Constants The equilibrium constant of a reaction that has been multiplied by a number is the equilibrium constant raised to a power that is equal to that number.

21. Manipulating Equilibrium Constants The equilibrium constant for a net reaction made up of two or more steps can be found from the equilibrium constants for the individual steps.` At 1565 K we have these equilibrium constants:

22. The Equilibrium Constant Because pressure is proportional to concentration for gases, the equilibrium expression can also be written in terms of partial pressures (instead of concentration): Mixed versions are also used sometimes:

23. Relationship between K c and K p From the ideal gas law we know that = Pressure in terms of concentration

24. Relationship between K c and K p Substituting P=[A]RT into the expression for K p for each substance, the relationship between K c and K p becomes K p = K c (RT)  n Where:  n = (moles of gaseous product) – (moles of gaseous reactant) Hint: ‗products–reactants‘ and ‗products over reactants‘ is a common theme in chemistry.