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SCLERENCHYMA
Sclerenchyma
ƒCells with secondary walls, often lignified
ƒMechanical support
enables plant organs to withstand various‐‐enables plant organs to withstand various
Strains: stretching, bending, weight, and
pressure without undue damage to the thin‐
walled softer cells.
ƒskleros, meaning “hard” and enchyma, an
infusion;
Sclrenchyma
ƒMay occur singly or in groups
ƒParenchyma and collenchyma may be
sclerified
ƒcategories : sclereids and fibers
Fibers
ƒlong, spindle‐shaped cells,
ƒand they usually occur in strands
ƒWithin a strand, the fibers overlap.
ƒwalls are not highly hydrated
‐‐harder than collenchyma walls; are elastic
rather than plastic.
ƒsupporting elements in plant parts that are no
longer elongating.
Fibers Are Widely Distributed
in the Plant Body
ƒseparate strands or cylinders in the cortex
and the phloem
ƒas sheaths or bundle caps associated with the
l bdl vascular bundles,
ƒin groups or scattered in the xylem and the
phloem.
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Fibers
ƒXylary fibers‐fibers of the xylem
ƒExtraxylary fibers
–outside the xylem
* hl fib i d d * phloem fibers‐primary and secondary
phloem fibers
* cortical fibers
* perivascular fibers –periphery of the
vascular cylinder
*fibers of the monocot
Fibers
ƒXylary fibers or wood fibers
a. libriform
b. fiber‐tracheid
ƒboth lignifiedSeptate fibers
Gelatinous fibers
‐‐g layer (without
lignin; high
cellullose )
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Soft fibers vs hard fibers
ƒSoft fibersÆflexible; bast fibers or phloem
fibers
eg. hemp, jute, flax
ƒHard fibers Æstiff; from monocot lealf;
lignified
eg. Abaca, Sanseviera, Agave,pineapple,
Sclereids
Sclereids
ƒTypically short cells
ƒStrongly lignified, and provided with numerous
simple pits (ramiform)
ƒMay occlude the lumen
ƒCategories:
a] brachysclereids/ stone cells
b] macrosclereids
c] osteosclereids
d] astrosclereids
e] trichosclereids and filiform
Distribution
ƒmay occur in extensive layers or clusters,
ƒbut frequently they appear isolated
ƒoccur in the epidermis, the ground tissue, and
the vascular tissues.
Origin and Development of
fibers and sclereids
Fibers
ƒprocambium and vascular cambium;
ƒground meristem
ƒProtoderm ( some Poaceae and Cyperaceae)
Sclereids
ƒprocambial and cambial cells
ƒstone cells embedded in cork tissue from the cork
cambium, or phellogen
ƒthe macrosclereids of seed coats from the
protoderm;
ƒmany other sclereids from the ground meristem.
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Long primary fibers
ƒCoordinated growth ‐‐elongating in unison
with the other tissues in the growing organ
ƒIntrusive growth‐‐elongating cells grow at
their apices (apical intrusive growth), usually
at both ends between the walls of other cells
Secondary fibers
ƒIntrusive growth only
Sclereids
ƒarise either directly from cells that are early
individualized as sclereids or through a
belated sclerosis of apparently ordinary
parenchyma cells.