Sea weed in Animal Feed: Use and limitations

Use of Sea weed in Animal Feed

1. Credit Seminar on “ Use of Seaweeds as Feed Additives i n Animal Feed ” By- D r. Priyanka K umari M.V.Sc . Scholar (Animal Nutrition) Adm . No.- VM/35/ANN/BVC/2021 Bihar Veterinary College Patna Under Guidance of: Dr . Pankaj Kumar Singh Professor & Head (Animal Nutrition) Bihar Animal Sciences University, Patna (Bihar) E-mail: [email protected]; Phone: [phone]

2. Introduction: There is a deficit of 23.4% in the availability of dry fodder, 11.24% in that of green fodder and 28.9% for concentrates in India, which limits livestock productivity. Need to explore unconventional feed resources. Seaweeds are macroscopic, multicellular, marine algae which generally reside in the littoral zone Seaweeds often form dense growth on rocky sources or accumulation in shallow water. Many seaweeds species are used in medicine , human diet and fertilizer ( Jamal et al., 2017 ). Seaweeds has a tradition of being part of the animal feed in the coastal areas ( Makkar et. al., 2016). Due to its nutritional quality, sea weed can be used as an animal feed resources.

3. Seaweeds distribution in India :

4. India has the potential to produce around 97 Million tons seaweed per year as against the partly 34000 ton is produced by last year according to Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Kochi, Kerla.

5. Classification of seaweed: ( The seaweed site, 2019): Chlorophyceae (Green algae) Ex.- Caulepra , Mostroma , Ulva etc. Rhodophyceae (Red algae) Ex.- Gracillaria , Chondrus crispus , Porphyria etc. Pheophyceae (Brown algae) Ex.- Fucus , Laminaria , Macrocystis

6. Biodiversity of seaweed:

7. Gracilaria

8. Nutritional value: Seaweeds are rich in minerals, complex carbohydrates, protein, lipids, vitamins, volatile compounds and pigments ( Makkar et al., 2016). Protein concentration 11 to 46% depending upon the species (Probst et al., 2015) . Algae have relatively high protein quality compared to the cereal and soy flour. ( Malde , 2014, Li et al., 2018). Algae are richer than soy flour in the proportion of methionine but poorer when compared to wheat flour. (Li et al., 2018). Algae contain high level of non protein nitrogen, such as free nitrates ( Misurcova et al., 2011). Seaweeds contains polysaccharides upto 76% of the dry weight ( Holdt and Kraan 2011). Seaweeds contain dietary fibre content 10- 75% for brown seaweed, 10-59% of red seaweed and 29-67% for green seaweed. (de Jesus Raposo et al., 2016). Seaweeds are rich in soluble dietary fibre which accounts for 26-38%, 9-37% and 17-24% in brown, red and green seaweed respectively. (de Jesus Raposo et al., 2016). They contain small amount of lipids, mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids ( Norziah 2000, Misurcova et al., 2011).

9. Nutritional value: Seaweeds are rich in Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorus, Iron, Manganese, Copper, Zinc, Cobalt, Selenium and Iodine ( Okab et al., 2013, Corino et al., 2019). The high mineral content of seaweeds is due to ability to absorb inorganic substances from the environment ( Makkar et al., 2016) as they absorb minerals from sea water and contain 10 to 20 times more mineral than the land plants. (Gaillard 2018). They have been used as feed additives to livestock feeds because they are richest source of minerals (Ito and Hori 1989). Therefore, algae can provide energy, minerals and proteins to animal feed and have potential as alternative protein source in ruminants. (Angell et al., 2016). They are also excellent source of vitamins such as A,B, B12, C, D and Vit . E, folic acid etc. ( Azenha 2017). Among the marine organism seaweed represents one of the richest source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials.

10. Nutrients profile (S.L; Kraan, 2011, Holdt et al., 2011)

11. Brown Seaweed

12. Red Seaweed

13. Bioactive Compounds present in seaweeds extracts ( Holdt and Kraan , 2011 ) Compound Action Galactans Prebiotics, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti- tumor Flucoidans Anti inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral and anti- oxidative Laminarin Prebiotics, antibacterial, antiviral and anti- oxidative Alginate Thickening, stabilizing, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial Lectin Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiviral Omega-3fatty acid Prevent heart blockage Carotenoids Beta carotene is a strong anti- oxidant Phycobiliprotein Anti- oxidative, antiviral,anti - inflammatory and neuroprotective Phenolic acid flavonoids Anti- oxidative Florotannins Enhance host disease resistance and anti- oxidative

14. Importance of Sea weed Other uses Seaweed are used as biofuel, nutraceuticals, medicinal and personal care and food additive industries(Hafting et al.,2015, Kim et al., 2017) The brown seaweed are traditionally used for treating thyroid goiter as they are rich source of iodine. ( Makkar et al., 2016). As Animal feed

15. To improve animal immune status (Wang et al.,2013) To decrease microbial load in the digestive tract For beneficial effect on the meat and eggs( Zahid et al .,2001, Makkar et al., 2016 ) In broiler poultry: Asar (1972) found that supplementation of chicken’s basal diet with 4%seaweed, (green algae) increased body weight gain. Gu et al., (2011) concluded that a 2% seaweed inclusion on the broiler feed improved performance and dressing percentage. Generally seaweeds positively influence meat quality, which is usually improved as a consequence of reduction in fat. Zahid et al, (2001) showed that chicken fed on the normal feed containing seaweed had higher body weight and lower amount of fat while higher of protein. Use of sea weed in poultry feed:

16. In layer feed: Supplementation of layer poultry feed with seaweeds , which can be used to enhance the level of vitamins , minerals and fatty acids , mainly omega – 3 fatty acids. Green algae from the genus ulva , with the inclusion of 1-3% of this seaweeds resulting in egg production and quality, increasing the weight , shell thickness and reduced yolk cholesterol,( Makkar et al., 2016, Wang et al.,3013) The seaweed extract also reduced E coli load in feces, which suggests better health of the layer ( Makkar et al .,2016 , Wang et al ., 2013) Recently red seaweed , such as Chondrus crispus has been used at 2-4% feed to reduce the level of salmonella enteriditis Using brown seaweed has the potential like Sargassum species, at a 3-6% dietary level to give benefits to the egg quality , decreasing yolk cholesterol , triglycerides and omega – fatty acids and increased carotene and lutein plus zeaxanthine contents ( Al- Harthi et al ., 2012) Poultry being fed with boiled seaweed which resulted in improvement of high density lipoprotein, which is beneficial to human health (Al – Harthi et al ., 2012)

17. In ruminant feed: In ruminant , seaweed shows prebiotic activity on addition in small amount. Ulva lactua could be fed to lambs up to 20% of diet without negatively affecting palatability ( Arieli et al .,1993) Red seaweed help in buffering in rumen pH , but they did not improve fibre digestion and not modify rumen fermentation ( Misurcova et al ., 2011 , Montanez – Valdez et al ., 2012). Supplementation of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum to fedlot cattle was found to be reduced fecal shedding of E. Coli. Sheep consume seaweed in such quantity to sustain maintenance requirements but suffer from mineral overload due to high mineral content ( Hansen et al ., 2003). U se of Macrrocystis pyrifera up to 30% level as a supplement in goat feed without affecting the digestibility, degradability and parameter of ruminal fermentation (Hansen et al ., 2003).

18. Now a days , Sargassum could be introduced at up to 30% in the diet of growing sheep and goats without depressing feed intake , growth performance and diet digestibility (Marin et al ., 2003). Sargassum species meal could be used to limit the decrease in rumen PH . It also decrease the concentration of volatile fatty acids (Marine et al ., 2009). The red seaweed Asparagopsis armata at 2% diet can be reduce the methane production in ruminant (Dubois et al ., 2013 , Machado et al ., 2016). Other mineral contraction in milk may also be increased due to consumption of seaweed (Roque et al ., 2019). Kinley et al (2020) demonstrated that Asparagopsis species in diet 0.05, 0.10 and .20% and resulted in decrease in methane production (g/kg DM) 9, 38 and 98 % respectively .

19. In fish farming: Algae are a natural alternative to soybean for fish diets Seaweed meals as supplement to fish diets enhanced the growth, lipid metabolism, physiological activity, stress response, disease resistance and carcass quality of various fish species ( Khan et al ., 2008 , Solervila et al ., 2009). Kamunde et al.(2011) showed that a salmon meal based on brown seaweed Laminaria species named Aqua Arom was beneficial and economical. Kelp supplementation also increased a protective activity against oxidative stress in this fish ( K amunde et al ., 2019).

20. In other animal feed : Brown algae species like Fucus , Pelvetia with cereal meal to fatten pigs in Sweden and Scotland ( Sauvageau , 1920) Use of low amount of seaweed 1-2% for potential befinits in pig health and meat quality ( Misurcova et al ., 2011) It is use as a prebiotic in pig . It enhance the immunity in pigs Laminarin as an extract improved piglet performance improvements ( Gahan et al ., 2019 , MC Donell et al ., 2010 ) Dierick et al (2010) , showed that a 1% A. nodosum feed has a depressive effect on the gut microflora , especially E.coli while increasing the lactobacilli and leading to resistance to intestinal disorder. The usage of brown seaweed , such as Laminaria and Ascophyllum , to enrich pig’s meat with organic iodine , which is readily metabolised and stored in pig muscle ( Dierick et al ., 2010). Feed pigs with 2% of dried A. nodosum meal increased the concentration of iodine in the tissue by 2.7 to 6.8% depending on the tissue ( Dierick et al ., 2010).

21. Limitations: The inclusion of substantial percentage of seaweed in animal diet is hampered due to high content of ash and poorly digestible carbohydrates . Algae have lower lysine than soy and wheat flour. ( Maehre et al., 2014). They also contains heavy metals and some minerals are in toxic concentration that may interfere with availability of other minerals. High cost of production. Limited self life .

22. There is a shortage of Animal feed and fodder , therefore, there is a need to use alternative feed resources. Seaweeds or macro algae are macroscopic, multicellular marine algae which generally reside in the littoral zone Sea weeds are fast growing , high biomass yielding and free of charge productivity compared to other conventional feed ingredients like maize or soybean Seaweeds are rich in protein (11-46%), dietary fiber (10 – 69 %),mineral and phytochemicals. Seaweed has anti-viral , anticoagulant, anti- hyperlipidemic , immunostimulating , anti-cancerous and anti oxidative effects. Seaweed can be used below 10% of the total concentration in the animal feed. At higher level, animals refused to eat the sea weed. Seaweeds also helps in mitigating global warming as it removes carbon through the process of photosynthesis, taking in excess of CO 2 and producing O 2 About 0.7 Million tons of Carbon are removed from the sea each year by commercial harvest seaweed. Seaweed has great potential as feed resource for livestock and poultry. Conclusion

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