Second year Pathology Gross Spotters.pdf

Say notes

1. PATHOLOGY GROSS
SPOTTERS
By - Arush Ul Islam
2021 MBBS Batch

2. 

SEROUS CYSTADENOMA OF OVARY
1.Features
a)Thin walled cyst with glistening walls is present.
b)Smooth Internal surface with papillae
2.Cells of fimbriated end of the fallopian tube

3. 

LIPOMA
1.Its a benign condition
2.Cell of origin - adipocytes
3.special stain - Oil red O or Sudan Black or Osmium
Tetroxide

4. 

Squamous Cell Carcinoma
1.points of identification:
a)nodular ulcerated growth
b)wide, elevated and indurated borders
2.Sun exposed areas of skin - like face
3.Based on histology, it can be:
-well differentiated - keratin pearls
-moderately differentiated - anapaestic cells with Individual
cell keratinisation
-poorly differentiated - Highly anaplastic cells

5. 

Leiomyoma
1.points of identification:
a)sharply circumscribed and grey white tumor
b)cut section shows watered silk appearance and whorled
pattern of muscle bundles
2.Gross types -
-Intramural
-Submucosal
-Subserosal
3.Complications -
-Infertility
-Menorrhagia
-Chronic Pelvis Pain

6. 

TB Lymphadenitis
1.points of identification:
a)Matting of lymph nodes
b)Areas of cheesy white appearance indicating caseous
necrosis
2.Etiology - Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
3.Special stain - Ziehl-Neelsen Stain / Acid Fast stain
staining Acid Fast TB bacilli

7. 

Carcinoma Stomach
1.points of identification:
a)Stomach looks like leather bottle - Linnitis Plastica
b)Flattening of the rugosal folds
2.types - Intestinal type and diffused/infiltrative type

8. 

Carcinoma Endometrium
1.points of identification:
a)Exophytic growth
b)Areas of necrosis and haemorrhage
2.Risk factors - Hormonal replacement therapy for
oestrogen; Infertility; Obesity; Diabetes

9. 

SEMINOMA TESTES
1.points of identification:
a)bulky, solid, rubbery firm and boss elated tutor
b)cut surface is lobulated and gray white
2.Age - 30-40 years

10. 

MECKEL’S DIVERTICULUM
1.points of identification:
a)single and present on anti mesenteric surface of bowel
b)surface looks like that of normal intestine only with
ectopic pancreatic and gastric tissue present
2.complications -
-severe haemorrhage
-Meckel’s diverticulitis
-Intestinal obstruction
3.2 feet of the ileocecal valve with more in males than
female incidence.

11. 

RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
1.points of identification:
a)well demarcated on cut section with cystic changes and
variegations
b)outer surface boss elated
2.Histological types -
-Clear cell Carcinoma
-Papillary tumors
-Chromophobe Renal Carcinoma
-Collecting duct carcinoma

12. 

HYADITIFORM MOLE
1.points of identification:
a)bunch of grape like appearing oedematous chorionic villi
b)Placenta is seen with swollen villi
2.Choriocarcinoma / Invasive Mole

13. 

CHOLECYSTITIS
1.points of identification:
a)Gall bladder is enlarged, tense and oedematous
b)serosa has fibrinous exudate
c)Mucosa is red-blue in appearance
2.Types of stone - Cholesterol stones and Pigment stones

14. 

DERMOID CYST OVARY
1.points of identification:
a)Unilocular thick walled cystic tumour
b)Rokitansky Nodule, covered with hairs protruding into
lumen
2.Dermoid cyst can occur in ovary (germ cells), spine,
midline of neck, nasal root, upper eyelid, scrotum

15. 

CA COLON
1.DIAGNOSIS - Ca Colon
2.On right side - Exophytic type and on left side - annular
lesion
3.Lynch Syndrome or HNPCC

16. 

OSTEOCLASTOMA
1.Identification features:
a)Involve epiphyses extending into metaphases
b)cut section is red or brown with multiple hemorrhagic foci
2. histology - Mononuclear oval and plump tumor cells with
multinucleate giant cells forming background

17. 

OSTEOSARCOMA
1.Identification features:
a)BIg bulky tumour
b)gray white and gritty on cut section
c)lower end of femur and upper end of tibia and upper end
of humorous maybe involved
2.Age - 10 - 20years - primary and secondary in >40years
3.Codman’s Triangle and Sunburst appearance

18. 

TB Lung
1.Identification features:
a)Gray white areas of necrosis is seen
b)Fibrocavity in the lung is seen in upper lobe apex
2.MTB
3.complications -
-Aspergilloma in the cavity
-Broncho-pleural fistula
-Hemoptysis
It doesn’t lead to cancer

19. 

CERVICAL CARCINOMA
1.Identification features:
a)Barrel shaped cervix
b)Nodular exophytic growth extending into vagina
2.PAP Smear

20. 

FIBROADENOMA BREAST
1.Identification features:
a)Well circumscribed round nodules
b)Cut surface showing slits and glistening grey white
surface
2.Histological types - Pericanalicular and Intracanalicular
3.Diagnostic modality - FNAC and Mammography

21. 

MULTINODULAR GOITRE
1.Identification features:
a)Multiple various size of nodules are present filled with
colloid
b)Soft, glistening and brown nodules

22. 

ISCHEMIC BOWEL DISEASE
1.Identification features:
a)Mucosa with cobble stone appearance
b)Narrowing of intestine lumen
2.Risk Factors:
-Smoking increases the risk
-Oral contraceptive pills also increase the risk

23. 

CVC LIVER
1.Identification features:
a)Centrilobular hemorrhaginc areas are see
b)Periportal fatty changes are seen
c)Nutmeg liver is seen
2.Conditions associated with - Right sided heart failure and
constrictive pericarditis

24. 

CVC SPLEEN
1.Identification features:
a)Enlarged spleen with tense capsule
b)Cut section oozes dark blood
2.Gamna-Gandy Bodies - old fibrotic calcified foci of
necrosis

25. 

Osteochondroma
1.Identification features:
a)Involving epiphysis but may extend into diaphysis
b)Cut surface look like sponge full of blood
2.Soap bubble appearance
3.Hereditary multiple osteochondromas

26. 

HYDRONEPHROSIS
1.Identification features:
a)Dilatation of pelvic ureter
b)Kidney parenchyma is damaged with thinning of the
cortex
2.Etiology:-
-Benign prostatic hyperplasia
-Urinary calculi

27. 

TB INTESTINE
1.Identification features:
a)Tubercles are seen on the serial surface
b)Napkin ring constriction of lumen of intestine is seen
c)Healed lesion shows transverse fibrous stricture
2.Etiology:-
-Inflammatory bowel disease
-Amoebic dysentry

28. 

LOBAR PNEUMONIA
1.Identification features:
a)Consolidation is seen in single lobe
b)Cut section shows grey dry granular appearance
2.Etiology - Streptococcus pneumonia
3.Stages:-
-Stage of congestion
-Stage of red hepatization
-Stage of grey hepatization
-Stage of resolution

29. 

MALIGNANT MELANOMA
1.Identification features:
a)Variation of colour
b)tumor is greater than 10mm
c)Irregular and notched boundaries
2.Masson Fontana Stain
3.Stages:-
-Skin of trunk, nail bed, face, sole
-Oral mucosa
-Anogenital Mucosa

30. 

ACUTE APPENDICITIS
1.Identification features:
a)Swollen and oedematous appendix
b)Exudate covers the serosal surface
2.Inflammatory Lesion
3.Stages:-
-Tenderness in right iliac fossa at McBurney point
-Pain radiating to periumbilical region
-Nausea, vomiting and pain that aggravates at night

31. DISCLAIMER
This document has been created as aid to learn and revise Pathology spotters just before the practical exams. The
Spotters have been taken from the Pathology department which the department of Pathology had showed us in the
practical hour. This document in no manner replaces the original literature or can be compared with the original
literature. For more information on any of the individual topics can be acquired from any verified books and literature.
This document doesn’t guarantee any specific topic to come in exam. This Document can’t be circulated out of the batch
without my permission. The spotters won’t probably come apart from this in final university practical also, if any
changes as such, students will be informed or updated.
I hope this remains helpful for you all, please utilise this to the max potential and before reading through this please go
through the actual literature itself.
All the best!!!
~AUI 01.01.2023