Seed production in drumstick

anaymalpani

1. Seed Production Techniques in Drumstick ( M. oleifera L) Division of Vegetable Crops ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Bengaluru - 560089 KARNATAKA Dr. Raja Shankar Senior Scientist ( Vegetable Science) Mail id: [email protected]

2. Perennial vegetable grown L eaves and pods enriched with protein, minerals and Vitamin A & C. Positive effects on growth rate in sheep and Milk yield in dual purpose cows as fodder crop. Seed oil (42%) used as a lubricant for fine machinery Oil has 70% oleic acid as compared to other vegetable oil (40%). S eed extracts at 75-250 mg/l is used to clear water to turbidity. DRUMSTICK NUTRITIONAL VALUE

3. INTRODUCTION India is the top producer (40000ha) and supplier (80 % of global demand Andhra Pradesh as the largest producer (19700 ha). Global market value -€ 363million in 2016 Market value expected t to reach € 626 million by 2020. India’s drumstick exports   to grow by 26-30% annually. India exported over 16,000 tonnes of drumstick products (2014-16 ). M ajor import countries are China, the US, Germany, Canada, South Korea and European countries

4. DIVERSITY IN DRUMSTICK M.Hilderbrandii M.ovalifolia M.concanensis

5. Predominantly a crop of dry and arid tracts. Prefers soil with pH of 6.0-7.5 Succulent roots, high clay soil cause more seedling mortality. P erennial types are grown on homestead and boundaries of fields. Annuals are grown for i ntensive cultivation The optimum temperature for good growth is 25-30 o C, However, higher temperature results in heavy flower shedding. SEASON

6. Variety Main features KM-1 Pods are short (32-37cm) ,weighing 65 to 82.5g. Each tree bears 226-328 pods. PKM-1 Pods are 40-50cm, each tree produces at least 200-350 pods. It bears twice in a year GKVK-1 Small stemmed varieties with height of 2-2.5m. Each tree yields 120-200 pods per year Bhagya Pods are 60-70cm length and 350-400 pods produced in each tree in a year. Konkan Ruchira Each tree yields 275 pods weighing 30-35kg per year. The pods are dark green, medium long and best quality Thar Harsha Pods are longer size (100.2cm), weighing about 155g each pod. Each tree bears 314 pods in 2 nd year (48.6kg/tree) VARIETAL SELECTION

7. 650g seed /1.0 ha area. W ell filled and borer free seeds are ideal. S eed germinates at 5 to 10 DAS. S eed treatment of Azospirillum cultures @100 g per 625 g of seeds enhances seedling vigor , growth and yield. Ensure adequate sunlight for seedlings vigour Seedlings of 20-30cm height are optimum for transplanting. S pacing of 2.5 x 2.5 M (annual types) and 5.0x5.0M (Perennial) is ideal. The seedlings after transplanting is provided with support using sticks of 1.0 m height. SEED RATE, SPACING & PLANTING

8. NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT Basal application of 20Kg FYM per pit Fertilizer application in the circular trench method is preferable. Application of 100g Urea, 100g SSP and 50g MOP at 3 rd and again at 6 th month of planting, and100g urea top dressing increase pod yield. Application of 500g poultry manure with neem cake 250g and panchakavya 2% spray combination along with 150:150:100g NPK/tree enhance the yield up to 35.67 kg per tree and shelf life of the pod 3 stage of fertigation is recommended 1 st stage (90-145 days after sowing )- 11 times 2 nd stage (146-190 days after sowing) -9 times 3 rd stage (191-235 days after sowing )- 9 times I stage : 2.9kg (19-19-19), 0.7kg (13-0-45) and 7.2 kg (urea ), II state: 3.6 kg(13-0-45) and 13.0kg (urea) III stage: 5.9 kg(13-0-45) and 8.8 kg (urea ).

9. IRRIGATION MANEGEMENT Shallow rooted and highly succulent. Mounting around trunk keeps away from water contact. Irrigation at 7-10 days interval (annual types) and 10-15 days interval ) for perennial types Moisture stress for 20 - 30 days, induce flowering. Moisture stress during flowering results in flower drop, pollen dryness, immature fruit drop. At peak fruit development and maturation stage, moderate irrigation is advisable WEED MANEGEMENT Weed infestation during 30-90 days is highly competitive with drumstick . 3-4 hoeing are required each after every irrigation during vegetative growth phase. The non-selective herbicide, Glyphosate (Roundup or Kleenup) application before field preparation to control emerged perennial weeds

10. FLORAL BIOLOGY AND POLLINATION Anthesis : 4.30 am and continues till 6.30 am. Anther dehiscence occurs from 5.00 am to 9.00 am. Stigma becomes receptive on the day prior to anthesis and remain receptive on the next day of anthesis . Highly cross pollinated crop and chief pollinators are honey bees Isolation of 1000M (Breeder seed ) and 500M for certified seeds are required. Poor fruit set during rainy season: Pollen grains fails to disperse freely and washed off (August –September ) High setting during summer: Pollen become non sticky, more powdery and spread fast as temperature rises Heavy fruit set observed in later crop (Mar-May) than earlier crop (Aug-Sep).

11. GENETIC PURITY OF SEEDS M. oleifera is adapted to mixed mating system ,. O ut crossing rates of 74% and selfing of 26%. Single inflorescence have > 100 flowers, and produce only 1-4 fruits (1-4%) Naturally, drumstick yields 200 - 250 fruits/tree (60 are selfed and genetically pure &170 fruits are cross. N on uniform bearing trees like mother plant retained for >10 years in fields Assisted crossing

12. ROUGING Seedling stage: Plant stem characters are monitored and uprooted off types Flowering stage: Pink flower types are rouged. Pod development stage: Curling pods are removed. Pods with more than 70 cm and cylindrical shape alone should be harvested in case of PKM 1. Pods with tri-faced shape should be rejected. The Off types per cent maximum permitted level at Foundation Seed (0.1) and at Certified Seeds (0.2%). Plant affected by seed borne diseases per cent maximum permitted level at Foundation Seed (0.1%) and at Certified Seed (0.5%). FIELD STANDARDS

13. HARVESTING & SEED EXTRACTION Total duration from seed to seed : 210-240 days. Two season pods are harvested : March-June , and September -October . For seed: Pods are harvested at brown maturity before the pods split open and seed falls B rown colored pods are an ideal stage to recover good quality seeds with high germination potential. S eeds collected from the proximal and middle portion of the fruit are well filled as compared to the distal portion . 1-2 days harvested pods must be shade dried. Seeds are extracted manually On opening, the seeds are separated freely. Small , shriveled and damaged seeds are removed. The opened seeds are dried to the safest level of i.e.8-10%.

14. YIELD & GRADING , STORAGE Yield of drumstick increases as the tree age advances. An increment of 8, 24, 38, 56 kg are harvested from 1 st to 4 th year @35kg/tree/year For seed production: 200 – 250 pods / tree /year are produced. Each pod contains 10-13 seeds. S eed yield is 2000-3250 seeds per tree per year i.e. 600 g to 1 kg seed per tree. On an average 1000-1500kg/ha can be obtained. Seeds are graded sung specific gravity separator Fraction of 2 and 3 is ideal with good germination per cent Seeds can be stored for up to 12 months, Freshly harvested seeds are dried to 8 % moisture content and treated with captan @ 2g/kg of seeds and packed in 700 gauge polythene bags. About 84% germination is retained up to 12 months. Storage at RH of 75% at 20-25 C ideal

15. Pest Control measure Bud worm and Bud Midge Intercultivation to destroy pupae Set up light trap @ 1/ha , Spray insecticides like Carbaryl 50 WP@ 1gm/ lit or malathion 50 EC 2 ml/ lit of water. Leaf eating catter pillar Ploughing around trees . Collection and destruction of silken webs Setting up of light trap @ 1/ha. Provision for sitting arrangement for birds. Spray insecticides like Carbaryl 50 WP@ 1gm/ lit or malathion 50 EC 2 ml/ lit of water or fenthion (0.05 %). Pod fly Application of thiamethoxan 25WG @ 200gai/ha on 150, 180, 210 days after sowing, Use of fermented tomato in a trap, Spraying of spinosad 45 SC@56gai/ha and profenofos 50EC@250gai/ha INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT

16. THANK YOU