Seed production-maize

this power point presentation is about seed production in maize regarding the sowing, planting ratio, isolation distance, seed standards, climate and soil requirements etc

1. “WELCOME”

2. SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY IN “MAIZE” Prepared by Bhavyasree R K

3. SCIENTIFIC NAME : Zea mays FAMILY :Graminae CHROMOSOME NO :20 ORIGIN :Central America &Mexico IMPORTANT INFORMATIONS... PROTEIN :10% OIL :4% CARBOHYDRATES :70% CRUDE FIBRE :2-3% QUEEN OF CEREALS

4. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE GREEN FODDER TO CATTLE 85% AS HUMAN FOOD MAIZE FLOUR POPCORN ROASTED GREEN COB ANIMAL FEED & POULTRY FEED WASTES AS SOIL CONDITIONERS GROUND COB AS FILLERS IN AGROINDUSTRY FUEL & ORGANIC SOLVENTS

5. BIOLOGY Maize is a C4 plant It is a annual plant with about 3 m height It is a Monoecious plant Female inflorescence develop into ear/cob Male inflorescence is called as “tassel”

6. CLASSIFICATION Zea mays indurata (FLINT CORN)

7. CLASSIFICATION Zea mays indendata (DENT CORN)

8. CLASSIFICATION Zea mays saccharata (SWEET CORN)

9. CLASSIFICATION Zea mays everta (POP CORN)

10. Zea mays ceratina (WAXY CORN) CLASSIFICATION Zea mays amylacea (SOFT CORN) Zea mays tunicata (POD CORN)

11. CONSTRAINS IN PRODUCTION Low price Lack of markets Non availability of improved cultivars Weeds like Echinocloa, Cynodon dactylon Pests like rats, termites & diseases like seedling blight and leaf blight Water stress or water logging

12. AREA & PRODUCTION WORLD As regards to area and production maize ranks third in world (380 MT from 120MH ) following wheat and rice 24 % of the total cereal production . USA,Brazil,China,Mexico,India INDIA U.P ., Bihar, Rajasthan, MP and Punjab are producing states AREA : 8782 ha PRODUCTION : 21759 tonnes PRODUCTIVITY : 2478 kg/ha MAHARASHTRA Very little contribution AREA : 1170 ha PRODUCTION:13470 Tonnes PRODUCTIVITY: 1248 kg/ha

13. CLIMATE REQUIREMENTS Warm weather plant 21 o C- germination 32 o C-growth Extreme high temperature and low humidity interfere in crop growth and pollination 50-70 cm well distributed rain is conductive to proper growth SOIL REQUREMENT Well drained sandy loam to silty loam soil Not suited to heavy clays Water stagnation is harmful Alluvial soils in UP, Bihar, Punjab are well suited

14. VARIETIES HYBRIDS Ganga 11 Deccan 103 Ganga 2 Deccan double hybrid High starch Deccan 101 Ganga safed 2 Vivek 9 Pusa hybrid 1 Pusa hybrid 2 COMPOSITES Prabhat 3 Navjot Pusa comp2 Panchganga Kiran Amar FODDER VARIETIES African tall BABY CORN VARIETIES Golden baby, VL 42 Madhuri

15. SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY IN MAIZE Seed production of improved varieties Seed production Synthetics Seed production Composites Seed production Hybrid varieties

16. Seed production of open pollinated varieties LAND REQUIREMENT : Well aerated well drained field free from volunteer maize plant s ISOLATION REQUIREMENT: Normally cross pollinated by wind so isolation is needed to prevent foreign pollen contamination Foundation seed =400 m Certified seed=200 m

17. CULTURAL PRACTICES LAND PREPARATION: Presowing irrigation 1 ploughing 2-3 harrowings TIME OF SOWING Best time- 2 weeks prior to the onset of monsoon Second week of june to mid july SEEDS AND SOWING Obtain nucleus/breeder/foundation seed from certified agency Seed rate-16-18 kg/ha Sown in rows by using maize planter or by dibbling. Seed treated with bavistin@3g/kg of seed

18. FERTILIZER APPLICATION 120:60:40 kg npk per ha 40:60:40 basal dose 40kg N 30-35 days after sowing 40 kg N at tasseling stage 50 days after sowing In Zn deficient soil 25 Kg ZnSO 4 per ha INTERCULTURE Weed control essential for 30-45 days after sowing Timely weeding done Pre emergence application of atrazine (1.5 kg in 1000 lit water per ha

19. PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES ADOPTED INSECT CONTROL STEM BORER& PINK BORER Quinalphos 25 EC @ 2 lit/ha HAIRY CATTERPILLARS, ARMY WORMS,HOPPERS 10% BHC dust SHOOT FLY Quinalphos 25 EC @ 2 lit/ha DISEASE CONTROL SEEDLING BLIGHT & LEAF BLIGHT Seed treatment with bavistin@3g/kg of seed DOWNY MILDEW Spray dithane M [email protected]/500 lit water BACTERIAL STALK ROT Apply bleaching powder 2.5 kg in 800 lit water/ha PYTHIYUM STALK ROT Provide proper drainage&balanced nutrition,spray thiram or captan 2.5 kg/1000 e

20. ROUGING Not much rouging required Off types, malformed and diseased are rouged out HARVESTING ,SHELLING &YIELD Harvesting At 15% moisture content If artificial heated air drying is available we can harvest at 30-35% moisture content. Sort out damaged ears and shelling is undertaken after the approval of seed certification agency Average yield: 25 to 30 Qtls

21. Hybrid seed production There are 3 steps: Maintenance of parental lines (inbred lines) production of single cross Production of commercial hybrid

22. Maintenance of inbred lines LAND REQUIREMENT : Well aerated well drained field free from volunteer maize plant s ISOLATION REQUIREMENT: Maize with same kernel colour and texture=400 m Maize with different kernel colour and texture=600 m

23. CULTURAL PRACTICES LAND PREPARATION: Presowing irrigation 1 ploughing 2-3 harrowings TIME OF SOWING Best time- 2 weeks prior to the onset of monsoon Second week of june to mid july SEEDS AND SOWING Obtain nucleus/breeder/foundation seed from certified agency Seed rate-15 kg/ha Sown in rows by using maize planter or by dibbling. Seed treated with bavistin@3g/kg of seed

24. FERTILIZER APPLICATION 120:60:40 kg npk per ha 40:60:40 basal dose 40kg N 30-35 days after sowing 40 kg N at tasseling stage 50 days after sowing In Zn deficient soil 25 Kg ZnSO 4 per ha INTERCULTURE Weed control essential for 30-45 days after sowing Timely weedingdone Pre emergance application of atrazine (1.5 kg in 1000lit water per ha

25. ROUGING Rigorous rouging is required for off types before pollen shedding Rouging is done at preflowering stage for off types; flowering stage to remove plants differing in tassel or silk characters; final rouging remove stalk rot affected plants

26. HARVESTING ,SHELLING &YIELD Harvesting At 15% moisture content If artificial heated air drying is available we can harvest at 30-35% moisture content. Sort out damaged ears and shelling is undertaken after the approval of seed certification agency Average yield: 6 to 8 Qtls according to inbred line an region

27. S ingle cross production LAND REQUIREMENT : Well aerated well drained field free from volunteer maize plants ISOLATION REQUIREMENT: Maize with same kernel colour and texture=400 m Maize with different kernel colour & texture=600 m PRINCIPLE : Foundation seed is produced by the cross between inbreds

28. CULTURAL PRACTICES LAND PREPARATION: Presowing irrigation 1 ploughing 2-3 harrowings TIME OF SOWING Best time- 2 weeks prior to the onset of monsoon Second week of June to mid July SEEDS AND SOWING 2 specified inbreds are required( ie , male and female) planting ratio between male and female rows is kept as 2:4 Seed rate : female parent:10 kg/ha male parent :5 kg/ha

29. ROUGING Rigorous rouging is required for off types before pollen shedding Rouging is done at preflowering stage for off types; flowering stage to remove plants differing in tassel or silk characters; final rouging remove stalk rot affected plants

30. DETASSELING Removal of tassel from female parent to ensure the cross is called as detasseling Parent furnish pollen =pollen parent or male parent Detasseled parent =female parent

31. HARVESTING ,SHELLING &YIELD Harvesting At 15% moisture content Male rows are harvested first and can be used for commercial use Female ears used as seed Sort out damaged ears and shelling is undertaken after the approval of seed certification agency Average yield: 4 to 6 Qtls per ha

32. Seed production of commercial hybrids LAND REQUIREMENT : Well aerated well drained field free from volunteer maize plant s ISOLATION REQUIREMENT: Maize with same kernel colour and texture=200 m Maize with different kernel colour and texture=300 m Commercial hybrids are 3 way cross,double cross or double top cross hybrids. Seed produced is certified

33. CULTURAL PRACTICES LAND PREPARATION: Presowing irrigation 1 ploughing 2-3 harrowings TIME OF SOWING Best time- 2 weeks prior to the onset of monsoon Second week of june to mid july SEEDS AND SOWING High yielding single cross used as female Male parent(pollinator) will be single cross/open pollinated variety/inbred line planting ratio between male and female rows is kept as 6:2 Seed rate : female parent:12-14 kg/ha male parent :4-5 kg/ha

34. ROUGING Rigourous rogging is required for offtypes before pollen shedding Rouging is done at preflowering stage for off types; flowering stage to remove plants differing in tassel or silk characters; final rouging remove stalk rot affected plants

35. DETASSELING Removal of tassel from female parent to ensure the cross is called as detasseling Parent furnish pollen =pollen parent or male parent Detasseled parent =female parent

36. HARVESTING ,SHELLING &YIELD Harvesting At 15% moisture content Male rows are harvested first and can be used for commercial use Female ears used as seed Sort out damaged ears and shelling is undertaken after the approval of seed certification agency Average yield: 10-25 Qtls per ha according to area

37. REFERENCE SEED TECHNOLOGY- R L Agrawal Wikipedia encyclopedia and other sites in internet MODERN TECHNIQUES OF RAISING FIELD CROPS- Chhidda singh , Prem singh , Rajbir singh www.cimmyt.org Official website of Directorate of Maize Research, New Delhi

38. THANK YOU