Seed system of nepal 5th semester lamjung campus

Seed system of nepal 5th semester lamjung campus

2. Seedsystemisavehiclethroughwhichfarmersgetgood
qualityseedsofnewcropvarietiestheywantandneed.
Waysinwhichseedsareproduced,saved,exchanged,and
soldinacommunityandcountry.
Seedsystemswerefirstdevelopedbyfarmerswho
nurturedplantdiversitybybreedingandsavingseedsto
sustaintheirhouseholdsandcommunities.
Researchanddevelopmentinstitutionsemergedovertime
andcontributedtoseedsystems.

3. Broadly, two seed systems are recognized,
1.Informal (Farmers’) seed system
2.Formal seed system
Seedsystemisthecompletemixofformalandinformal
systemsbywhichfarmerssatisfytheirtotalseed
requirementeachyear.

4. Ininformalsystem,farmersproduceseedforthemselves,exchange
itwithneighbours,provideitasgifttorelativesandselllimited
amountofseedswithoutanycertifications.
Farmersplant,select,store,use,sellandexchangeseedoffarmer-
preferredcultivarsovergenerationsfortheirlivelihoods
Traditionalvarietiesorlandracesaretheproductsofsuchlocal
selectionandmaintenanceprocess.
Landracesareimportantforhouseholdfoodsecurityofsubsistence
farmersaswellasfordevelopingimprovedvarieties.
Repeatedproductionandselectionunderlocalconditionswith
effectsofmutations,hybridizationandselectionpressure,represents
adynamicevolutionaryprocess.

5. The same functions of multiplication, selection, dissemination, and
storage take place in the informal system like in the formal, but they
take place as integral parts of crop production and marketing
systems, rather than as discrete activities.
Advantages: Own seed, quality quite well known, adapted to local
conditions, cheap
Risks: seed not always readily available, disease-pest problems

6. EXAMPLES:
Local varieties of Cereals:
Rice: Traditional varieties. Anadi, Jhinuwa,
Taichung.
Traditional Pulses:
Lentils: well adapted to local agro-ecological
conditions.
Vegetables:
Chillies: specific heat and flavour profiles
Sources of formal seed supply
Farmers-to-Farmers
Local credit providers, Local markets
On-farm seed saving
NGOs
community based seed groups (i.e. CSB)
Bartering

7. Theformalseedsystemsarecharacterizedbyaverticallyorganized
productionanddistributionoftestedandreleased/registered
varietiesbypublicandprivateorganizationsusingagreedquality
controlmechanism.
Itcomprisesdifferentphasesofseedcycle:Breeder,Foundation,
CertifiedandImprovedseeds.
Formalsectoraccountsforlessthan10%,butitplaysanimportant
roleindeployingnewvarieties,enforcingseedqualitycontroland
regulatingmarketingmechanismsforbothformalandinformalseed
supplysystems.

8. Advantages:highqualityseed,scientificbreeding,quality
control/certification
Risks:varietiesmaynotbeadaptedbyfarmerseasily,expensive
seeds

9. EXAMPLES:
Cereals:
Rice: high yielding, hybrid varieties. Sabitri,
Radha, Basmati, etc
Wheat: improved varieties. Gautam, WK 1024,
BL 1473
Maize: OPV, Hybrids. Manakamana, Arunseries
Pulses:
Lentils: Shital, Simal, Khajura
Mungbeans: Pratikshya(improved variety)
Vegetables:
Potatoes: Cardinal KurfiJyoti
Cauliflowers: Kathmandu Local
Sources of formal seed supply
National Seed Company Limited (NSCL)
Agricultural Inputs Company Limited (AICL)
Seed Quality Control Centre (SQCC)
Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC)
Private Seed Companies: LumbiniSeed
Company, GATE Nepal
Cooperatives
Farmer Groups

10. Figure 1: Cereal seed supply of Nepal

11. Figure 2: Linkage between formal and informal system of seed supply

12. The"NationalSeedVision2013-2025"ofNepaloutlinesacomprehensive
plantostrengthentheseedsector,improveseedquality,andenhance
farmers'accesstoqualityseeds.
Why?Toaddressthechallengesandissuesrelatedtoseedproductionand
distributioninNepal.
Objectives:
i.Toenhancetheavailabilityandaccessibilityofqualityseedstofarmers
acrossdifferentagro-ecologicalregionsofNepal.
ii.Topromotetheuseofimproved,climate-resilient,andhigh-yielding
seedvarietiestoboostagriculturalproductivityandfoodsecurity.
iii.Tostrengthenthecapacityoftheseedsector,includingresearch,
breeding,production,qualitycontrol,anddistribution.

13. Goals:
i.Increasetheadoptionofimprovedseedvarietiesinmajorcrops,
includingrice,maize,wheat,andvegetables.
ii.Enhancethecapacityandinfrastructureoftheseedsector,
includingtheestablishmentofmodernseedprocessingand
storagefacilities.
iii.Establishcommunity-basedseedbanksandconservationcenters
toconserveandpromotetraditionalcropvarieties
iv.Promotepublic-privatepartnershipsinseedproduction,
distribution,andmarketingtoensureseedavailabilitytofarmers.
v.Improveseedquality,purity,andgerminationratesthroughrobust
qualitycontrolmechanismsandadherencetointernationalseed
standards.

14. Activityactionlines:
Seedvisionenvisagesdoublingthenumberoflocationspecifichighyielding
competitivevarietiestobereleasedby2025.
Improvedseedproduction
Strengthenedpublicandprivateseedlaboratorieswillhaveacapacitytotestand
analyzeover40,000seedsamplesperannum.
Seedreplacementratewillbeincreasedatleastupto25%forcerealcropsand
over90%forvegetables.
Yieldofriceandvegetableswillreach3.8MT/ha(presentcontex:3.7mt/ha)and
19MT/ha(presentscenario:14.4mt/ha)respectively(MOALD,2020).
Nepalproducedhighqualityseedsamountingtoover750mtwillhaveaneasy
accesstoexportmarketannually.
TheSeedVisionwillcontributesignificantlyinensuringfoodsecuritytopoor,
womenanddisadvantagedgroups.
Ediblefoodavailabilitywillreach8millionMTby2025equivalentto200billion
rupeesatcurrentprice.

15. Jillastariyabiuparyaptatakaryakram
DistrictLevelSeedSelfSufficiencyProgram(DISSPRO)and
CommunityBasedSeedProductionprogram(CBSP)arethemajor
initiativesstartedduring9thfive-yearplanbythegovernmentto
havelocallevelseedsufficiencyofthemajorcerealsinthecountry.
Isaninitiativeaimedatensuringthateachdistricthasenoughseeds
tomeetagriculturalneedsofitsfarmers.
By:promotinglocalseedproduction,distribution,andstorageto
enhanceselfsufficiencyinseedsupplyatthedistrictlevel.
Involvecollaborationbetweengovernmentagencies,agricultural
extensionservices,NGOs,andLocalFarmers.

16. DISSPROisproducingabout40.4%oftotalcertifiedseedsinthe
country.Where,governmentsupportedNationalSeedCompany
(NSC)isproducing25.8%,PrivateRegisteredCompanies23.85%,
andCBSP6.84%ofthetotalcertified/improvedseeds(Chaudharyet
al.,2018).
AmongthetotalcertifiedseedsproducedinNepalhighestvolume
waswheat(50.01%)followedbyrice37.9%,maize10.42%andlentil
1.16%.Negligibleseedswereproducedinrestofothercrops
(Pokhrel,2013).
Other minor seed producing crops under DISSPRO were Moong,
Lentil, Rapeseed, Rajma, Cowpea and Barley.
DISSPRO is the most popular, widely adopted and cheapest seed
program initiatives in the country.
The minimum support was provided from the government of Nepal
for producing 1 MT of improved/certified seeds under DISSPRO (NRs
3,976.67) and that was larger in CSB (NRs 10,292.68) and highest in
CBSP (NRs 24,517.96) (Chaudhary et al., 2018).

17. The program currently covers 63 districts and involves over 300
farmer groups of which 77 groups have since registered as seed
companies or cooperatives.
Theprogramprovidessourceseedmanagement,technical
backstopping,revolvingfundsupport,training,andsmall
infrastructuralsupport(e.g.storage,pro-cessingequipment,seed
bins,etc.).
Thefundamentalideabehindthisistopromotelocalizedseed
productionanddistributionofimprovedvarietiesseedandtheir
fasterdisseminationinacosteffectiveway.
Thisprogrammecoordinatesandprovidesnecessarytechnical
supportinproduction,processing,storageanddistributionofseeds.

18. FUNCTIONS:
Seed production: encouragement of local farmers to produce high quality seeds
suited to local conditions.
Seed distribution: within district
Training and education: on seed production, storage, and management
Quality/purity controls: maintenance of purity
Research and development: identify and develop seeds resilient to local pests,
diseases, and climatic conditions
Collaboration: government agencies, NGOs, Ag extension services and other stake
holders to coordinate efforts and maximize outcomes.
Storage and preservation: establishing seed banks or storage facilities so that
seeds are available during planting seasons and emergencies.
Promotion of indigenous varieties: preserving and promoting indigenous varieties
that are well adapted to local environments.

19. SRR isthe percentage of area sown out of total area of crop planted in the
season by using certified/quality seeds other than the farm saved
seed (Pandey et al., 2017).
SRR is 25 % for self pollinated crops, 33% for cross pollinated crops and
100% for hybrid varieties.
Total seed requirement of the major crops in Nepal is estimated 212407.8mt
annually, total seed supply and seed replacement rate in different years
seems very low.
The SRR is 8.7, 6.55 and 9.88 for the major cereals rice, maize and wheat;
however, it is increasing throughout the years. DISSPRO is playing leading
role on the total SRR in the country.

21. In 2009, SRRs of rice, maize, wheat and vegetable were: 9%, 7%, 9% and 66%,
respectively.
By 2025, SRR is expected to reach 25% in cereals and 90% in vegetable crops.
Currently, around 20% for cereals and around 85% for vegetables.
The SRR is on increasing trend since 2001.
Currently, hybrid seeds of maize, rice and vegetables cover 10 percent, 2 percent
and 60 percent, respectively in the commercial pocket areas.
Figure 3: Seed replacement rate in cereal crops

22. Figure 4: Seed replacement rate in vegetable crops

23. SSR for major cereals in Nepal is currently around 20%. This indicates that a
majority of farmers (about 80%) continue to use recycled or sub-standard seeds
for planting.
This low SRR is one of the factors contributing to relatively low productivity levels
in Nepal’s cereal production.
The formal seed system provides approximately 17% of cereal seeds used in
Nepal, with the remaining seeds coming from informal sources.

24. THANK YOU
A JOINT PREPARATION OF
GAUTAM KHANIYA (37)
GOVINDA CHAUDHARY (38)
ITSA BOGATI (39)
KABITA BHATTARAI (40)
KARUNA THAPA (41)
KHEWA RAI (42)