Seger Formulation-Glass and Glaze

What is the Seger formulation?
How can determine the recipe of glaze?
What is the important point of the Seger calculations?
Why we use Seger formulation?

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1. Kutluhan Utku TÜMEN 2018 / 2019 GLASS AND GLAZE SEGER FORMULATION

2. One way to help evaluate a glaze recipe is through the Seger or Unity Formula named after Hermann Seger who a century ago arranged glaze components into a particular order. About 100 years ago a German ceramist, Hermann Seger , developed Seger cones f or measuring temperatures in kilns. He also proposed writing the composition of g lazes according to the number of different oxides in the glaze instead of listing the r aw materials used in the glaze. For example : Aluminum oxide can be added to the glaze either in the form of clay (Al 2 O 3  · 2SiO 2  · 2H 2 O) or feldspar (K 2 O· Al 2 O 3  · 6SiO 2 ). History K.U.TÜMEN – 2018/2019 Glass and Glaze 1 http://www. nzdl .org/ gsdlmod ?e=d-00000-00--- off -0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20- about ---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00& cl =CL1.7&d=HASHb8171ab02a10e3ab23250b.17.2& gt =1

3. The products in which the glazes are applied and their firing temperatures are vary . For this reasons or other as well as the properties sought in the conditions usage and the use of different raw materials for the same oxide necessitated the emergence of very different glaze recipes. In this case, the glaze formula called SEGER formulation was developed in order to compare glaze recipes easily with each other in terms of their composition as well as to interpret them in terms of their melting behavior and usage characteristics . Definition K.U.TÜMEN – 2018/2019 Glass and Glaze 2 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261860212_Glaze_calculation_software_based_on_the_Seger_method_with_recipe_mixing_utilities_limit_formulas_and_toxicity_measurements

4. The oxides used in glazes are divided into three groups according to the way the oxides work in the glaze. Fluxes : ( Flux, basic, alkaline, or monoxides group ) – Monovalent , Divalent This group of oxides functions as melter , and fluxes are also called basic oxides or bases . They are written RO or R 2 O, where R represents any atom and O represents oxygen. So all the fluxes are a combination of one or two element atoms and one oxygen atom. RO : Alkali Metals R₂0 : Alkaline Earth Metals Seger Formulation K.U.TÜMEN – 2018/2019 Glass and Glaze 3 http://www. nzdl .org/ gsdlmod ?e=d-00000-00--- off -0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20- about ---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00& cl =CL1.7&d=HASHb8171ab02a10e3ab23250b.17.2& gt =1

5. Stabilizers : ( Amphoteric , neutral, viscosity, or stabilizer group ) – Trivalent These work as stiffeners in the melted glaze to prevent it from running too much . They are considered neutral oxides and are writen as R 2 O 3  or two atoms of some element combined with three oxygen atoms. R 2 O 3 : Al₂O 3 , B 2 O 3 Glass formers : ( Glassformer , acidic, or dioxide group ) – Tetravalent , Pentavalent These form the non - crystalline structure of the glaze. They are called acidic oxides and are written as RO 2  or one element atom combined with two oxygen atoms. RO 2 : SiO ₂ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ Seger Formulation K.U.TÜMEN – 2018/2019 Glass and Glaze 4 http://www. nzdl .org/ gsdlmod ?e=d-00000-00--- off -0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20- about ---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00& cl =CL1.7&d=HASHb8171ab02a10e3ab23250b.17.2& gt =1

6. Seger Formulation K.U.TÜMEN – 2018/2019 Glass and Glaze 5 Alkalis : K 2 O Li 2 O Na 2 O Alkaline Earths : CaO MgO BaO SrO Other : ZnO PbO Al₂O 3 B 2 O 3 SiO ₂ TiO ₂ ZrO ₂ http://lindaarbuckle.com/handouts/glaze-calc-intro.pdf

7. Na ₂O Borax ( Crystal with Water ) = Na₂B₄O₇ . 10H₂O ⇒ Na₂O . 2B₂O₃ Borax ( Crystal without Water ) = Na₂B₄O₇ ⇒ Na₂O . 2B₂O₃ Soda ( Crsytal with Water ) = Na₂ CO₃ . 10H₂O ⇒ Na₂O Soda ( Crystal without Water ) = Na₂ CO₃ ⇒ Na₂O Albite ( Na - Feldspar ) = Na₂O . Al₂O₃ . 6SiO₂ K₂O Potassium Carbonate = K₂CO₃ ⇒ K₂O Potassium Nitrate = KNO₃ ⇒ K₂O Orthoclase ( K – Feldspar ) = K₂O . Al₂O₃ . 6SiO₂ Li ₂O Petalite = Li ₂O . Al₂O₃ . 8SiO₂ Spodumen = Li ₂O . Al₂O₃ . 4SiO₂ Lithium Carbonate = Li ₂CO₃ ⇒ Li ₂O CaO Marble ( Limestone ) = CaCO ₃ ⇒ CaO Wollastanite = CaO . SiO ₂ Dolomite = CaCO ₃ . MgCO ₃ ⇒ CaO . MgO MgO Magnesite = MgCO ₃ ⇒ MgO Talc = 3MgO . 4SiO₂ . H₂O Dolomite = CaCO ₃ . MgCO ₃ ⇒ CaO . MgO BaO Barium Carbonate = BaCO ₃ ⇒ BaO PbO Litharge = PbO Red Lead = Pb ₃O₄ ⇒ 3PbO White Lead = 2Pb₃O₄ . Pb (OH)₂ ⇒ 3PbO Raw Materials Providing Basic Oxide K.U.TÜMEN – 2018/2019 Glass and Glaze 6 http://content.lms.sabis.sakarya.edu.tr/Uploads/48931/37158/12_.hafta.pdf

8. Al₂O₃ Al₂ O₃ has a melting point of about 2050 ° C, which significantly increases the melting point in glazes. When it reacts with SiO ₂ in an appropriate environment, it prevents the matting of the glaze, formation of boron tulle and crystalline decomposition. B₂O₃ B₂O₃ is one of the most suitable oxides that easily reduces melting temperatures of glazes . But which is used in a large amount in glaze, white covering is formed. Raw Materials Providing Amphoteric Oxide K.U.TÜMEN – 2018/2019 Glass and Glaze 7 http://content.lms.sabis.sakarya.edu.tr/Uploads/48931/37158/12_.hafta.pdf Al₂O₃ Albite ( Na - Feldspar ) = Na₂O . Al₂O₃ . 6SiO₂ Orthoclase ( K – Feldspar ) = K₂O . Al₂O₃ . 6SiO₂ Kaolin = Al₂O₃ . 2SiO₂ . 2H₂O B₂O₃ Borax ( Crystal with Water ) = Na₂B₄O₇ . 10H₂O ⇒ Na₂O . 2B₂O₃ Borax ( Crystal without Water ) = Na₂B₄O₇ ⇒ Na₂O . 2B₂O₃ Zinc Borate = ZnO . 2B₂O₃ Ulexite = Na ₂O . 2CaO . 5 B₂O₃ . 16H₂O Colemanite = 2CaO . 3 B₂O₃ . 3H₂O Calcium Borate = CaO . B₂O₃ . 6H₂O Boric Acid = B₂O₃ . 3H₂O

9. Raw Materials Providing Acidic Oxide K.U.TÜMEN – 2018/2019 Glass and Glaze 8 http://content.lms.sabis.sakarya.edu.tr/Uploads/48931/37158/12_.hafta.pdf SiO ₂ Albite ( Na - Feldspar ) = Na₂O . Al₂O₃ . 6SiO₂ Orthoclase ( K – Feldspar ) = K₂O . Al₂O₃ . 6SiO₂ Kaolin = Al₂O₃ . 2SiO₂ . 2H₂O Quartz ( Flint ) = SiO ₂ SiO ₂ - Glass Former - The fact that the glaze is resistant to chemical substances is achieved by increasing SiO ₂ at a certain rate.

10. There are some basic rules for the ratio of oxides in the 3 different groups, according to glaze temperature. These are called limit formulas . They should only be considered guidelines , as many glazes exceed the limits in practice. Addition of 0.1 part SiO ₂ to a glaze will increase the melting point by about 20°C. Addition of 0.05 part B₂O₃ will lower the melting point by 20°C . Seger Formulation K.U.TÜMEN – 2018/2019 Glass and Glaze 9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-06865-5

11. Calculating the Seger formulation K.U.TÜMEN – 2018/2019 Glass and Glaze 10 To determine the unity formula of a glaze, begin with the glaze recipe in 100% format. Whiting ( Marble ) 28.5 China clay ( Kaolin ) 44. 1 Flint ( Quartz ) 27.4 Total 100. 1- Determine the formula and atomic weight for each ingredient by looking each up in a reference, or use the formula and weights for the elements to calculate the atomic weight. Material Formula Molecular weight Whiting ( Marble ) CaCO ₃ 100 China clay ( Kaolin ) Al₂O₃ . 2SiO₂ . 2H₂O 258 Flint SiO ₂ 60 http://lindaarbuckle.com/handouts/glaze-calc-intro.pdf

12. 2 - Divide the weight of each ingredient in the percentage recipe by the molecular weight of the material to determine the relative number of molecules. Whiting = 28.5 units marble x 1 molecule = 0.285 molecules marble 100 M.W. units China clay = 44.1 units kaolin x 1 molecule = 0.171 molecules kaolin 258 M.W. units Flint = 27.4 units quartz x 1 molecule = 0.457 molecules quartz 60 M.W. units Calculating the Seger formulation K.U.TÜMEN – 2018/2019 Glass and Glaze 11 http://lindaarbuckle.com/handouts/glaze-calc-intro.pdf

13. 3 - Determine how much of each glaze constituent is present. Use the chart to determine the fired formula for the ingredients used. This means you have : W hiting ( Marble ) .285 CaO Ka olin .171 Al₂O ₃ . 2SiO₂ F lint ( Quartz ) .457 SiO ₂ RO , R₂O R₂O₃ RO₂ 0.285 CaO 0.171 Al₂O₃ 0.342 = 0.171 x 2SiO₂ 0.457 SiO ₂ 0.799 SiO ₂ Total This shows the molecular ratios in the glaze. Calculating the Seger formulation K.U.TÜMEN – 2018/2019 Glass and Glaze 12 http://lindaarbuckle.com/handouts/glaze-calc-intro.pdf

14. 4 - Add the total of the fluxes in the RO column. Divide each number by the total of the flux column. In this case there is only one flux, CaO . As a check, the numbers in the flux column should add up to 1. Divide each of the numbers by .285 (total of the flux column). .285 CaO ÷ .285 = 1 CaO .171 Al₂O ₃ ÷ .285 = .6 Al₂O ₃ .799 SiO ₂ ÷ .285 = 2.803 SiO ₂ RO , R₂O R₂O₃ RO₂ 1.0 CaO 0.6 Al₂O₃ 2.803 SiO ₂ Calculating the Seger formulation K.U.TÜMEN – 2018/2019 Glass and Glaze 13 http://lindaarbuckle.com/handouts/glaze-calc-intro.pdf

15. The purpose of this calculation is to determine what raw materials in what amounts will yield the ratio of the unity formula . A unity formula represents the ratio of molecules of the ceramic oxides present in the glaze. A batch recipe gives the raw materials needed and their quantities as weights. The purpose of glaze calculation is to determine the total amount of each element present in a glaze, and the proportions relative to each other. I t is possible to calculate materials substitutions , revise melting points , and do other useful calculations . Calculating the Seger formulation K.U.TÜMEN – 2018/2019 Glass and Glaze 14 http://lindaarbuckle.com/handouts/glaze-calc-intro.pdf

16. Calculate the raw material percentages ( % ) of the following seger formula. Ulexite = Na ₂O . 2CaO . 5B₂O₃ . 16H₂O = 739 gr / mol Orthoclase = K₂O . Al₂O₃ . 6SiO₂ = 556.8 gr / mol Dolomite = CaCO ₃ . MgCO ₃ = 184 gr / mol Zinc Oxide = ZnO = 81 gr / mol Red Lead = Pb ₃O₄ ⇒ 3PbO = 685 / 3 = 229 gr / mol Kaolin = Al₂O₃ . 2SiO₂ . 2H₂O = 258 gr / mol Quartz = SiO ₂ = 60 gr / mol Question K.U.TÜMEN – 2018/2019 Glass and Glaze 15 .050 Na ₂O 0.125 K₂O 2.555 SiO ₂ 0.245 Ca O 0.215 Al₂0₃ 0.145 MgO 0.250 B₂O₃ 0.250 ZnO 0.185 PbO

17. Raw Materials Amount of RM Na ₂O K₂O Ca O MgO ZnO PbO Al₂0₃ SiO ₂ B₂O₃ Ulexite 0.050 x 739 = 36.95 Residual 0.050 - - 0.125 0.100 0.145 - 0.145 - 0.250 - 0.185 - 0.215 - 2.555 0.250 - Orthoclase 0.125 x 556.8 = 69.5 Residual - - 0.125 - - 0.145 - 0.145 - 0.250 - 0.185 0.125 0.09 0.75 1.805 - - Dolomite 0.145 x 184 = 26.68 Residual - - - - 0.145 - 0.145 - - 0.250 - 0.185 - 0.09 - 1.805 - - Zinc Oxide 0.250 x 81 = 20.25 Residual - - - - - - - - 0.250 - - 0.185 - 0.09 - 1.805 - - Red Lead 0.185 x 229 = 42.37 Residual - - - - - - - - - - 0.185 - - 0.09 - 1.805 - - Kaolin 0.090 x 258 = 23.22 Residual - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.09 - 0.19 1.625 - - Quartz 1.615 x 60 = 97.50 Residual - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.625 - - - Total 316 . 47 grams 0.050 0.125 0.245 0.145 0.250 0.185 0.215 2.555 0.250 Solution K.U.TÜMEN – 2018/2019 Glass and Glaze 16

18. Ulexite : ( 36.95 ÷ 316 . 47 ) x 100 = % 11.68 Orthoclase : ( 69.5 ÷ 316.47 ) x 100 = % 21.96 Dolomite : ( 26.68 ÷ 316.47 ) x 100 = % 8.43 Zinc Oxide : ( 20.25 ÷ 316.47 ) x 100 = % 6.40 Red Lead : ( 42.37 ÷ 316.47 ) x 100 = % 13.39 Kaolin : ( 23.22 ÷ 316.47 ) x 100 = % 7.34 Quartz : ( 97.50 ÷ 316.47 ) x 100 = % 30.80 Solution K.U.TÜMEN – 2018/2019 Glass and Glaze 17

19. Originating new glazes : Comparing glaze recipes : It is difficult to look at two recipes and see how they are different. If they are converted into Seger formulas, the differences can easily be seen. Substituting materials : If a material is no longer available, other materials can be substituted by working out the quantities in the Seger formula. Modifying glazes : Benefits of Using Seger Formula K.U.TÜMEN – 2018/2019 Glass and Glaze 18 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-06865-5

20. THANK YOU FOR PARTICIPATING AND LISTENING K.U.TÜMEN – 2018/2019 Glass and Glaze 19