Self‐potential (SP)Method
•or spontaneous polarization method is based on the surface measurement
of natural potentials resulting from electrochemical reactions in the
subsurface
.
subsurface
.
•does not require electric currents to be injected into the ground as in the RESISTIVITY&IPmethods RESISTIVITY
&
IP
methods
.
•hasbeen used in base metal exploration, to detect the presence of massive
bdiitttth
IPth d
hi hidtditlt
ore
b
o
di
es,
in con
t
ras
t
t
o
th
e
IP
me
th
o
d
w
hi
c
h
is use
d
t
o pre
d
om
inan
tl
y
t
o
investigate disseminatedore bodies.
•has been increasingly used in groundwater & geothermal investigations,
environmental and engineering applications‐‐‐> mapping seepage flow
associatedwithdams,geologicalmapping,delineateshearzonesandnear
‐
associated
with
dams,
geological
mapping,
delineate
shear
zones
and
near
surface faults. •
r
anksasthecheapestofsurfacegeophysicalmethodsintermsof
•
r
anks
as
the
cheapest
of
surface
geophysical
methods
in
terms
of
equipment necessary and amongst the simplest to operate in the field.
Occurrence of Self‐potentials
•SP method is passive, i.e. differences in natural ground potentials are
measured between any two points on the ground surface.
•The potentials measured can range from < a millivolt(mV) to > 1
Volt.
•+ or –sigh of the potential is an important diagnostic factor in the interpretationofSPanomalies interpretation
of
SP
anomalies
.
•
Self
‐
potentialsaregeneratedbyanumberofnaturalsources(exact
Self
potentials
are
generated
by
a
number
of
natural
sources
(exact
physical processes still unclear).
Occurrence of Self‐potentials
•Natural ground potentials consist of 2 components 1
.
BackgroundPotentials
‐‐‐
fluctuatewithtimecausedbydifferent
1
.
Background
Potentials
fluctuate
with
time
caused
by
different
processes ranging from AC currents induced by thunderstorms,
variations in Earth’s magnetic fields, effects of heavy rainfalls
2. Mineral Potentials‐‐‐constant due to electrochemical processes
hldflll
Mechanism of Self‐potentials
•Some p
h
ysica
l processes cause
d
sources o
f
SP are sti
ll
unc
lear.
•Groundwateris thought to be common factor responsible for SP.
P t ti ltdbthflftbtti
•
P
o
t
en
ti
a
ls are genera
t
e
d
b
y
th
e
fl
ow o
f
wa
t
er,
b
y wa
t
er reac
ti
ng as
an electrolyte and as a solvent of different minerals.
•Electrical conductivity to produce potentials of porous rocks depends
on porosity and on mobility of water to pass through the pore spaces
‐‐‐
dependonionicmobilities,solutionconcentrations,viscosity, depend
on
ionic
mobilities,
solution
concentrations,
viscosity,
temperature & pressure.
•
ThereareafewtypesofSP:
•
There
are
a
few
types
of
SP
:
1.Electrokinetic potential 2
Thermoelectricpotential
2
.
Thermoelectric
potential
3. Electrochemical potential
4. Mineral
/
mineralization
p
otentia
l
/p
Fl iffl id
(l t lt)th hill
Electrokinetic potential
•
Fl
ow
ing o
f
fl
u
id
(
e
lec
t
ro
ly
t
e
)
th
roug
h
a cap
ill
ary or porous
medium generates potentials along the flow path.
•
Thepotentialsarealternativelycalledas
electrofiltration
•
The
potentials
are
alternatively
called
as
electrofiltration
,
electromechanical or streaming potentials.
•
Theeffectisbelievedtobedueto
electrokinetic
coupling
The
effect
is
believed
to
be
due
to
electrokinetic
coupling
between the fluid ions and the walls of the capillary.
•
The
electrokinetic
potential(E
k
)
generatedbetweentheendsof
The
electrokinetic
potential
(E
k
)
generated
between
the
ends
of
the capillary passage is given by
= Dielectric permittivity of pore fluid
= Electrical resistivity of pore fluid
= Electrofiltration coupling coefficient
= Pressure difference
= Dynamic viscosity of pore fluid
E
di tiithdi tithdi ti
Electrokinetic potential
•
E
k
gra
di
en
t
is
in
th
e same
di
rec
ti
on as
th
e pressure gra
di
en
t
,
i.e.
opposite to the direction of the electrolyte flow.
•
E
normally
providse
amplitudesofsomemVtoseveralhundreds
•
E
k
normally
providse
amplitudes
of
some
mV
to
several
hundreds
of mV.
•
E
k
canbefoundassociatedwithflowofsubsurfacewaterand
E
k
can
be
found
associated
with
flow
of
subsurface
water
and
thermal fluids
•
E
k
effects
havebeenobservedoverzonesofwaterleakage
E
k
effects
have
been
observed
over
zones
of
water
leakage
through fissures in the rock floor of reservoirs, over terrains with
large elevation changes, and in geothermal areas.
P t ti ldi tillklif Thermoelectric potential
•
P
o
t
en
ti
a
l gra
di
en
t
w
ill
appear across a roc
k
samp
le
if
a
temperature gradient is maintained across the rock sample.
•
Thermoelectriccouplingcoefficient(
TEC)
isdefinedas
theratioof
•
Thermoelectric
coupling
coefficient
(
TEC)
is
defined
as
the
ratio
of
the voltage to the temperature difference‐‐‐> TEC=∆V/∆T
•
TEC
values
ofrocksvaryfrom
‐
0
09
to+
1
36
mV/
°
C
TEC
values
of
rocks
vary
from
0
.
09
to
+
1
.
36
mV/
C
average ~ 0.27 mV/°C
•
SPgeneratedfromTEpotentialsareofsmalleramplitudesthan
•
SP
generated
from
TE
potentials
are
of
smaller
amplitudes
than
usually seen in geothermal areas.
•
Moreconcentratedareasofhightemperatureatshallowdepth, More
concentrated
areas
of
high
temperature
at
shallow
depth,
such as thermal fluids in a fault zone, could give rise to anomalies
of greater amplitude.
•Boundaries of SP anomalies measured in several geothermal
areas appear to correlate with zones of known anomalous high
heat flow‐‐‐‐>portion of anomalies is generated by TE mechanism.
Ifthttifthltltithdilll
Electrochemical potential
•
If
th
e concen
t
ra
ti
on o
f
th
e e
lec
t
ro
ly
t
es
in
th
e groun
d
var
ies
loca
ll
y,
potential differences are set up due to the difference in mobilitiesof
anionsand
cations
insolutionsofdifferentconcentrations
‐‐‐
called
anions
and
cations
in
solutions
of
different
concentrations
called
liquid‐junctionor diffusion potentials.
•For this mechanism to ex
p
lain the continued occurrence of such
p
potentials, a source capable of maintaining imbalances in the
electrolytic concentration is needed, otherwise the concentrations
differences will disappear with time by diffusion.
•Electrical potential is also generated when 2 identical metal
ltdidiltifdiff ttti
e
lec
t
ro
d
es are
immerse
d
in so
lu
ti
ons o
f
diff
eren
t
concen
t
ra
ti
ons‐‐‐
called Nernst potential.
•
Diffusion+Nernstpotentials=Electrochemicalorstaticself
•
Diffusion
+
Nernst
potentials
=
Electrochemical
,
or
static
,
self
‐
potential.
Ofthttlltlti
NCl
Electrochemical potential
•
O
ne o
f
th
e mos
t
common na
t
ura
l e
lec
t
ro
ly
t
es
is
N
a
Cl
.
•For NaClsolutions of different concentration (C
1
,C
2
) but at the same
temperatureT(
°
C)theamplitudeoftheelectrochemicalpotential
temperature
,
T
(
C)
,
the
amplitude
of
the
electrochemical
potential
(E
c
) is given by
•For example, if C
1
:C
2
= 5:1 ‐‐‐‐‐> E
c
≈ 50 mV
ithtittiilltifSPitdith
Mineral potential
•
is
th
e mos
t
impor
t
an
t
in m
inera
l exp
lora
ti
on o
f
SP
assoc
ia
t
e
d
w
ith
particularly over deposits of pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite,
ma
g
netite
,
and
g
ra
p
hite.
g,gp
•The potentials are almost invariably negative over the top of the
deposit and are quite stable in time.
•Sato and Mooney (1960) have provided the most complete
explanation of the electrochemical processes caused the observed
SP anomalies.
•However this hypothesis does not explain all the occurrences of the
SPidihhlhilli d SP
in
di
cates t
h
at t
h
e actua
l p
h
ys
ica
l processes are more comp
li
cate
d
and no yet truly understood.
Measurement of Self‐potentials
•simple and inexpensive.
•2 non‐
p
olarizable
p
orous‐
p
ot electrodes connected to a
p
recision
p
p
pp
voltmeters capable of measuring to at least 1 mV
•Each electrode is made up of a copper electrode dipped in a
saturated solution of copper sulphate which can percolate through
the porous base to the pot.
•Analternate zinc electrode in saturated zinc sulphate solution or
silver in silver chloride can be used.
Maximum depth of sensitivity of SP method = ~60‐100m depending
bddtfbd
on ore
b
o
d
y an
d
na
t
ure o
f
over
b
ur
d
en.
Porous pot electrodes
2
fi ldthi
2
ltdfi ti
Measurement of Self‐potentials
2
fi
e
ld
t
ec
h
n
iques or
2
e
lec
t
ro
d
e con
fi
gura
ti
ons
1.Potential gradient method (dipole/leap frog/gradient configuration)
fiif
2
ld(
5
10
)
‐
fi
x separat
ion o
f
2
e
lectro
d
es
(
5
or
10
m
)
‐measure potential difference between 2 electrodes = potential gradient[mV/V] gradient
[mV/V]
‐2 porous are leap‐froggedalong traverse with care of correct polarity
ofpotentialrecorded of
potential
recorded
‐observation points = midpoint between 2 electrodes
Measurement of Self‐potentials
2.Potential amplitude, or total field method (fixed‐base)
configuration
‐keep one electrode fixed at a base station
‐measure potential difference [mV] between base & 2
nd
electrodes moving along traverse
‐lower level of cumulative errors & confusing polarity
‐disadvantages of transporting long wire
Interpretation of Self‐Potential Data
•SP anomalies are often interpreted qualitatively by
–Profile shape –Amplitude
–Polarity (+ or ‐)
C
–
C
ontour pattern
•Top of ore body is assumed to lie directly beneath position of
minimumpotential minimum
potential
.
•For quantitative interpretation, it is possible to calculate the
potentialdistributionsaroundpolarizedbodiesofsimpleshape, potential
distributions
around
polarized
bodies
of
simple
shape,
such as sphere, ellipsoid, and dipole, by making some
simplifications and assumptions concerning the potential on the
surface of the sources.
SP profiles over buried polarized rod
SPfilbidlidh SP
pro
fil
es over
b
ur
ie
d
po
lar
ize
d
sp
h
ere
mV] SP [m
SPanomaliesgeneratedbyburiedmetalpipelinesandwellcasingsat
Meso
CaliforniaUSA
SP
anomalies
generated
by
buried
metal
pipelines
and
well
casings
at
Meso
,
California
,
USA