Seminar community.pptx foe nureing students

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1. Ms. Divya Thamarai N Msc N 1 st year MODELS OF PREVENTION, HEALTH PROMOTION, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

2. A model is a theoretical way of understanding a concept or idea. MODEL

3. Prevention is a set of actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating or minimizing the impact of disease and disability Concept of prevention

4. The clinical model views health as the absence of physiological disease or the absence of disequilibrium. Persons with clinical symptoms of disease are not considered healthy from this perspective. Clinical model is the conventional model of the discipline of medicine. CLINICAL MODEL

5. AGENT HOST ENVIRONMENT MODEL -Originated in the community health work of Leavell et al and has since been expanded as a model for describing the cause of illness in other health areas. -According to this approach, the level of health or illness of an individual or group depends on the dynamic relationship among three variables: agent, host and environment. -Health, then can be considered a state in which these three areas interact positively and maintain a dynamic state of adaptation to changes in any of the areas and illness occurs when the interaction of two or more factors leads to failure of the person to adapt

6. For example: A person does not contract a respiratory infection simply because a microorganism has entered his/her respiratory system. The microorganism alone does not cause the illness, it depends on host and environmental factors as well. The presence of a microorganism may affect one individual in one environment, but may not affect another person in a different environment. Defense mechanisms of the body and mind allows them to resist or minimize the threats of agents.

7. HEALTH BELIEF MODEL

8. Rosenstock and Becker- developed by researchers at the US Public Health Service in the 1950s, was inspired by a study of why people sought x-ray examinations for tuberculosis. The Health Belief Model (HBM) postulates that the following four conditions both explain and predict a health-related behaviour : 1. A person believes that his/her health is in jeopardy. 2.The person perceives the “potential seriousness” of the condition in terms of pain or discomfort, time lost from work, economic difficulties, or other outcomes.

9. 3.On assessing the circumstances, the person believes that benefits stemming from the recommended behaviour outweigh the costs and inconvenience, and that they are indeed possible and within his/her grasp. 4.The person receives a “cue to action” or a precipitating force that makes the person feel the need to take action

10. -Individual’s perception of susceptibility to an illness -Individual’s perception of seriousness of illness -Likelihood that the person will take preventive action 3 COMPONENTS

11. -Dunn – 1977 -High-level wellness is a method of functioning oriented toward maximizing the potential of which an individual is capable. It requires the individual to maintain a continuum of balance and purposeful direction within his/her environment and involves the following components: -Progress toward a higher-level of functioning. -An open ended and ever-expanding challenge to live at the fullest potential . - Progressive integration or maturation of the individual at increasingly higher levels throughout the life-cycle HIGHEST LEVEL WELLNESS MODEL

12. Emphasizes health promotion and illness prevention activities rather than treatment for illness. The highest level wellness model is applicable for family and community health.

13. ILLNESS WELLNESS CONTINUUM MODEL

14. -Health is a dynamic state that continually alters as a person adapts to changes in the internal and external environments to maintain a state of physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, and spiritual well being. -Illness is an abnormal process in which the functioning of a person is diminished or impaired. -Drawback - it is not always easy to describe a client’s level of health in terms of one point between two extremes. -The model is effective, nonetheless, when it is used for comparing a client’s present level of health with previous levels, and for setting goals for nursing care to attain a future level of health. -The nurse’s role is to help clients identify their position on the health-illness continuum in order to help them reach an optimal level of health

15. -Holistic is philosophy of well-being that considers the physical, mental, and spiritual aspects of life as closely interconnected and balanced. -Holistic view of health refers to consideration of all dimensions of health as important aspects as they are interwoven and so closely integrated to form one, which is our essential being. -Holism is based on the belief that people cannot be fully understood if examined solely in pieces HOLISTIC HEALTH MODEL

16. Holism is an antidote to the atomistic approach of contemporary science. An atomistic approach takes things apart, examining the person piece by piece in an attempt to understand the larger picture. COMPONENTS: Physical health, social, emotional, spiritual, intellectual, basic needs, income, community life, and equal opportunity Examples of holistic nursing interventions are music therapy, relaxation therapy, etc..

17. Defined by the World Health Organization Health promotion is : “ The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions. ”

18. Principles of health promotion

19. PROMOTION OF HEALTHFUL LIVING

20. VARIOUS SERVICES FOR HEALTH PROMOTION Preventive health services Family planning Immunization Prevention of STD High blood pressure control

21. -Toxic agent control -Accidental injury control -Smoking cessation -Improved nutrition -Stress control -Occupational safety and health -Fluoridation of community water supplies -Health promotion -Reduction of alcohol and drug abuse -Exercise and fitness -Personal and environmental hygiene HEALTH PROTECTION

22. HEALTH PROMOTION THROUGHOUT LIFESPAN Children and Adolescent Elderly adults Young and middle aged adults

23. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

24. INTRODUCTION It is the care for primary level prevention which is preventive and promotive in nature It helps people to understand their basic needs , take desirable action to live as health as possible and seek medical assistance and care immediately when required to lead useful and productive life.

25. -A new approach to health care came into existence in 1978, following an international conference at Alma-Ata, Known as Primary health care. -First proposed by Bhore Committee in 1946 and now espoused worlwide by International agencies and national governments. - Before Alma-Ata Primary health care was regarded as “Basic health services”, “First contact care”, “Easily accessible care” etc.

26. DEFINITION According to WHO and UNICEF “Primary health care is essential healthcare, made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community by mean, acceptable to them, through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford”.

27. PRINCIPLES 1.EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION It means that primary health care services must be shared equally by all people irrespective of their ability to pay, belonging to urban and rural areas and to any segment of the community but giving priority to the unprivileged areas of the society.

28. -The worst hit are the needy and vulnerable groups of population in rural areas and urban slums. -This has been termed as social injustice. -The failure to reach is mostly accessibility. -PHC aims to redress this imbalance by shifting the center of gravity of health care system from cities to rural areas and bring these services as near people’s homes as possible.

29. COVERAGE AND ACCESSIBILITY Aims at providing essential health care to whole population. It implies providing health services to all which are required by them Eg . Children, Mother, Adults and Elders – Geographically, Financially, Culturally and Functionally.

30. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION It is a process by which individual and families assume responsibilities for their own health and welfare.

31. One approach that has been tried successfully in India is the use of trained dais. Now it is considered that Health guides – They are the essential features pf primary health care in India

32. MULTISECTORAL APPROACH -Agriculture -Animal husbandry -Housing -Water supply -Sanitation -Public works -Communication -Education -Mass media -Panchayats

33. APPROPRIATE HEALTH TECHNOLOGY Use of equipment which are scientifically sound but simple in accordance to local culture so that these are understood and acceptable to those who use and to those for whom these are used. Eg . Use of colored taps for measuring MAC Use of ORS Tender coconut for oral hydration

34. HUMAN RESOURCES Very essential to make full use of all available resources including the human potential of the entire community.

35. 1 PHC covers 30,000 rural population

36. STAFFING PATTERN OF PHC Medical officer 1 Pharmacist 1 Nurse and Midwife 1 Health worker(Female) 1 Block Extension educator 1 Health assistance(Male) 1 Health assistance(Female) 1 UDC 1 LDC 1 Laboratory technician 1 Driver 1 Class IV 4

37. ELEMENTS OF PHC 1 . Public education Most essential component By educating the public on the prevention and control of health problems and encouraging participation the WHO works to keep disease from spreading on a personal level.

38. PROPER NUTRITION WHO works to prevent malnutrition and starvation and to prevent many diseases and affliction

39. CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION A supply of clean, safe drinking water and basic sanitation measures regarding trash, sewage, and water cleanliness can significantly improve the health of a population reducing and even eliminating many preventable disease.

40. MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH Ensuring comprehensive and adequate healthcare to children and to mothers is another essential component of PHC. Adequate counselling, Family planning and Safe sex

41. IMMUNIZATION By administering global immunization WHO works to wipe out major infectious disease greatly improving overall health globally.

42. Local disease control Accessible treatment Drug provision

43. CONCLUSION

44. RECAP

45. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 . Shabeer . P basheer , “textbook of advanced nursing practise ”, medical publishers pg-689-693 2. Park K. “Text book of Preventive and social medicine”, 23rd editiion,13-29 3. Kulkarni. “Text book of community medicine”,6th edition, page no.456-460. 4. Potter PA, Perry AG. “Fundamentals of nursing” 6th edition Mosby, New Delhi , 2005 Pg-91- 94. 5. www. Janedoc . Org prevention model 6. Hogg, William, et al. “Health Promotion Activity in Primary Care: Performance of Models and Associated Factors.” Open Medicine: A Peer-Reviewed, Independent, Open-Access Journal, vol. 3, no. 3, 2009, pp. e165-173.