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1. 1 Welcome to seminar series: 2023-24

2. Major Guide Dr. B. R. Nakrani Assistant Professor Department of Plant Pathology C. P. C. A., S. D. A.U. , Sardarkrushinagar Minor Guide Dr. F. K. Chaudhary Research Scientist Agroforestry Research Station S. D. A. U., Sardarkrushinagar Speaker Mevada Hinal Dineshkumar Reg. No.: 04-AGRMA-02597-2022 3 rd semester M.Sc. (Agri.) Plant Pathology 2 Panchagavya : an eco-friendly tool for plant disease management

3. Contents Introduction 1 Mode of action 2 Methods of application 3 Periodicity of application 4 Functional activities of panchagavya 5 Role of panchagavya against phytopathogens 6 Conclusion 7 Future prospects 8

4. Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has adversely affected the soil quality and the beneficial microbial load leading to decreased productivity in intensive agriculture. The adverse effects of chemicals used in agriculture over decades has changed the mindset of farmers and consumers who are now producing and buying organic foods for their health (Vyas et al ., 2019). Organic farming mainly depends on locally available inputs especially on-farm inputs like livestock wastes which can be effectively recycled for sustainable crop production. Organic agriculture in India has its roots in traditional agricultural practices that evolved in countless villages and farming communities over the millennium (Anon., 2015). 4 Introduction

5. Conti…. Ideally organic farming ( Sajiv kheti ) can be defined as “a system of farming which nurtures and conserves natural resources to provide enough and nutritious food as well as basic needs to all organisms including humans living on a unit like a farm, a village or an eco-zone” (Anon., 2015). The National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) defines organic agriculture as “a system of farm design and management to create an eco-system, which can achieve sustainable productivity without the use of artificial external inputs such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides as well as genetically modified crops, organisms and products thereof.” 5

6. Among the all components of organic farming like beejamrit , jeevamrit , brahmastra , neemastra and agnistra , panchagavya is most effective for promoting the growth of plant because it is used as bio-pesticides. 6

7. 7 What is panchagavya ?

8. Panchagavya , in sanskrit , literally means panch - five and gavya - cow based products. These five products from Indian cow when mixed in different combination and proportion with ancient Indian medication system is called as panchagavya ayurved . The combination of cow milk, cow curd, cow ghee, cow urine and cow dung is called panchagavya . It plays a major role in the growth of plants and also in increasing the immunity of plants. It has macronutrients like Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium which are the main things required for the growth of plants. 8 Natarajan (2002)

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10. Preparation of Panchagavya Ingredients 1. Fresh cow dung – 5 kg 2. Fresh cow urine – 5 L 3. Cow milk – 1 L 4. Cow curd – 1 L 5. Cow ghee – 500 g 6. Coconut water – 1.5 L 7. Sugarcane juice – 1.5 L 8. Ripened banana – 6 no. 10 Anonymous (2017)

11. Procedure for preparation of Panchagavya Step 1: Take 5 kg of cow dung and 500 g of cow ghee, mix them and pour into a mud pot, and stored for three days. This mixture should be stirred in two times a day in these three days. Step 2: Then take 5 litres of cow urine and 5 litres of water and mix them into the previous mixture. This new mixture should be stored. This mixture should be stirred two times a day. 11

12. Step 3: After that add 1 litre of cow milk, 1 litre of cow curd, 1.5 litres of coconut water, 1.5 litres of sugarcane juice and ripened bananas by making a paste. Stir daily for 15 days and close the lead tightly, then the panchagavya will be ready. 12 Anonymous (2017)

13. Precautions The container should be kept under shade. It should be covered with a wire mesh or plastic mosquito net to prevent houseflies from laying eggs. The content is to be stirred twice a day both in morning and evening in clock wise direction. Care should be taken not to mix buffalo products. The products of local breeds of cow is said to have potency than exotic breeds. The panchagavya stock solution will be ready after 30 days. 13

14. Physio-chemical parameters of panchagavya 14 Parameters Panchagavya Colour Light brown Odour Fruity smell pH 5.32 EC ( dS /m) 11.02 OC (%) 0.861 Chakraborty and Sarkar (2019) West Bengal

15. Biochemical parameters of panchagavya Parameters Panchagavya ( μ g/ml) IAA 4.45 GA 26.76 Cytokinin 3.12 Ascorbic acid 13.00 15 Chakraborty and Sarkar (2019) West Bengal

16. Macro and micro nutrient content of panchagavya Nutrients Panchagavya (ppm) N 2366 P 187 K 1354 Ca 152 Mg 48 S 485 Fe 9.170 Mn 0.287 Zn 0.268 Cu 2.18 16 Chakraborty and Sarkar (2019) West Bengal

17. Microbial population of panchagavya Micro organism Panchagavya ( cfu /ml) Bacteria 12 x 10 4 Fungi 9 x 10 3 Actinomycetes 4 x 10 3 Escherichia coli 9 x 10 5 Azospirilum 2 x 10 2 Azotobacter 2 x 10 4 P solubilizers 9 x 10 5 K solubilizers 4 x 10 3 Pseudomonas 6 x 10 5 Rhizobium 6 x 10 4 17 Chakraborty and Sarkar (2019) West Bengal

18. GC-MS analysis of Panchagavya (Fatty acids, Alkanes , Alconol & Alcohols) Fatty acids Alkanes Alconol & alcohols Oleic acid Decane Heptanol Palmitic acid Octane Tetracosanol Myristic Heptane Hexadecanol Deconore Hexadecane Octadeconol Deconoic Oridecane Methanol, Propanol Octanoic Butanol & Ethanol Hexanoic Octadeconoic Tetradeconoic Acetic, propionic , Butyric, Caproic & valeric acids 18

19. Mode of action It is administered as an ancient ritualistic practice to human beings under varied conditions of ill health as well as to plant and animals when suitably mixed in fixed proportions for use ( Yadav and Lourdraj , 2006). Each component of Panchagavya has its own importance. Cow dung: Cow dung contains undigested fibres, epithelial cells, pigments and salts, rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, micronutrients and intestinal microbial organisms, which can compete with the pathogens and act as food medium for biocontrol agents. Cow curd: Cow curd is rich in Lactobacillus responsible for fermentation . 19

20. Cow urine: Cow urine rich in urea and other minerals like NaCl, potassium, sulphates of calcium and magnesium, act as a rich nutrients source as well as a hormone. Cow ghee: Cow ghee contains Vit-A, Vit-B, calcium and fats and is rich in glycosides which protect the cut wounds from infection, is antimicrobial in nature. Cow milk: Cow milk contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates, amino acids, calcium, hydrogen lactic acid and Lactobacillus bacterium and is reported to be an excellent sticker and spreader (casein), for trapping insects and viral vectors thus reducing viral diseases ( Rebeiro et al., 2001). 20

21. Screening of bacterial strains isolated from milk under in vitro conditions possesses the ability to suppress plant pathogenic fungi viz. , Colletotrichum falcatum , Sclerotium rolfsii , Alternaria solani , Phytophthora palmivora , Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , Aspergillus niger , Curvularia lunata , Pythium aphanidermatum . The milk and milk products of a cow also have proline amino acid that induces systemic resistance in plants (Niranjan et al. , 2002). 21

22. Methods of application 22 Mapusa , Goa Natarajan (2002)

23. Spray system 3% panchagavya solution was found to be most effective for all crops as compared to the higher and lower concentration. 2% panchagavya solution required for crops like cucumber, mint, bottle gourd and snake gourd. Flow system: The solution of panchagavya can be mixed with irrigation water at 50 liters per hectare either through drip irrigation or flow irrigation. 25 liters of p anchagavya + 500 liters of amrut pani per acre once in 15 days / month. 23

24. Seed – seedling treatment: 3% solution of panchagavya can be used to soak the seeds or dip the seedlings before planting. Soaking for 20 minutes is sufficient. Rhizomes of turmeric, ginger and sets of sugarcane can be soaked for 30 minutes before the planting. 24

25. Periodicity of application 25 For Fruit Trees Pre flower phase (20 days after planting) Once in 15 days (two sprays depending upon duration of the crops) Flowering and pod-setting stage Once in 10 days (two sprays) Fruit / pod maturation stage Once during pod maturation Mapusa , Goa Natarajan (2002) For Cereals, Pulses and Oil seed crops For Vegetables, Greens and Flowers One spray every 15 days One spray every week

26. Functional activities of panchagavya 1) Growth promoter Plants sprayed with panchagavya invariably produce bigger leaves and develop denser canopy. The photosynthetic system is activated for enhance biological efficiency, enabling synthesis of maximum metabolites and photosynthates. 2) Immunostimulant Panchagavya , which has been tested by various workers for its immune-modulatory properties and have been reported that it enhances both cellular and humoral immune response . 26

27. 3) Antimicrobial activity The current study evaluated its use in microbiological medium. 10μl , 100μl, 500μl and 1000μl of panchagavya mixed with 1.5% water agar medium and after sterilization, incubated at room temperature. After 5 days of incubation, the initial lower dilution showed 100% fungal growth and middle dilutions showed moderate growth . 4) Antioxidant Among naturally occurring antioxidants, both water soluble and lipid soluble antioxidants are present. 27

28. 5) Probiotic The curd and buttermilk are enriched with a lot amount of lactic acid bacteria. The presence of lactic acid bacteria also produces antifungal metabolites, e.g. cyclic dipeptides, phenyllactic acid, proteinaceous compounds, and 3-hydroxylated fatty acid. 6) Human and animal health Panchagavya stimulate the immune system and produce antibodies against the ingested microorganisms. It acts like vaccine. This response of the body increases the immunity of animals and humans and thus helps to prevent illness and cures disease. 28

29. 7) Fertility booster Application of panchagvaya improves the fertility status in soils by increasing macronutrients, micronutrients and beneficial microorganisms thus increase the soil health. It improves water holding capacity of soils because it acts as organic manure. 29 Mathivanan (2013)

30. Panchagavya as bio‐pesticide and bio‐enhancer Recent studies on cow urine has proved to be an effective bio-enhancer of anti-infective, anticancer agents/ nutrients from compounds, antibiotics, drugs, therapeutic, ions, and also independently as a bioactive agent. Physio-chemical properties of panchagavya revealed that they possess almost all the major nutrients, micro nutrients and growth hormones (IAA & GA) required for crop growth. Predominance of fermentative microorganisms like yeast and Lactobacillus might be due to the combined effect of low pH, milk products and addition of jaggery/sugarcane juice as substrate for their growth 30

31. The low pH of the medium was due to the production of organic acids by the fermentative microbes as evidenced by the population dynamics and organic detection in GC analysis. Lactobacillus produces various beneficial metabolites such as organic acids, hydrogen peroxide and antibiotics , which are effective against other pathogenic microorganisms besides its growth. GC-MS analysis resulted in fatty acids, alkanes, alconol and alcohols. 31 Jorhat , Assam Dutta (2017)

32. Panchagavya against phytopathogens 32

33. Table 1: Effect of Maha Pancha Gavya (MPG) in integration with antagonists and neem products in controlling damping-off of tomato caused by Pythium aphanidermatum Treatment Combination Treatment Combination T 1 T. viride -I T 10 P. fluorescens + MPG T 2 T. viride -I + MPG T 11 Neemcake T 3 T. harzianum -II T 12 MPG + Neem Cake T 4 T. harzianum -II + MPG T 13 Neem leaf extract T 5 T. virens T 14 MPG + Neem leaf extract T 6 T. virens + MPG T 15 Control -l (Inoculated) T 7 B. subtilis T 16 Control -I (Inoculated +MPG) T 8 B. subtilis + MPG T 17 Control-III ( Uninoculated ) T 9 P. fluorescens T 18 Control-III ( Uninoculated +MPG) 33 Hisar , Haryana Kumar et al. (2010)

34. Treatment Seedling stand Seedling mortality (%) Disease control (%) Seedling height (cm) Increase in height over control (%) T 1 44.00 29.03 37.93 28.60 9.16 T 2 49.00 20.96 55.18 32.61 24.42 T 3 43.33 30.64 34.48 26.60 1.52 T 4 48.00 22.58 51.72 29.02 10.68 T 5 42.33 32.25 31.04 29.42 12.21 T 6 47.00 24.19 48.27 30.21 15.26 T 7 46.00 25.80 44.83 27.10 3.43 T 8 52.00 16.12 65.33 33.10 26.33 T 9 43.33 30.64 34.48 27.51 4.96 T 10 49.00 20.96 55.18 31.21 17.93 T 11 41.33 33.87 27.58 29.20 11.45 T 12 62.00 0.00 100.00 33.30 27.09 T 13 37.00 40.32 13.79 28.01 6.87 34 Cont.....

35. Treatment Seedling stand Seedling mortality (%) Disease control (%) Seedling height (cm) Increase in height over control (%) T 14 63.00 0.00 100.00 32.80 25.19 T 15 33.00 46.77 - 24.50 - T 16 47.00 24.19 48.27 29.00 10.68 T 17 62 00 - - 26.21 - T 18 58 00 - - 30.40 16.03 C.D. (p=0.05) 181 1.12 Cont..... 35 Note: Maha Pancha Gavya (MPG) was prepared by mixing 20 ml of cow ghee, 50 ml of cow milk and cow curd, 480 ml of cow urine, 400 g of cow dung, 20 g common salt and 10 g Baker’s yeast. Neem cake added @ 250 g/m 2 of nursery bed Neem leaf extract (10%) was applied @ 31/m 2 of nursery beds MPG (10%) applied @ 3 l/m 2 of nursery bed Antagonists applied @ 250 g/m 2 of nursery bed Hisar , Haryana Kumar et al., (2010)

36. Table 2: Efficacy of panchagavya against stalk-rot ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ) of cauliflower in sick soil Treatment Pre emergence infection (%) Disease control (%) Post emergence infection (%) Disease control (%) Panchagavya (100%) 11.1 88.9 11.1 88.9 Vermi wash (100%) 44.5 55.5 27.8 72.2 Matka khad (100%) 44.4 55.6 22.2 77.8 Compost tea (100%) 72.2 27.8 22.2 77.8 Vermi compost 72.2 27.8 22.2 77.8 Nadep compost 61.1 38.9 22.2 77.8 Control 100.00 0.0 -- -- C.D. (p=0.05) 2.83 13.8 1.64 1.19 36 Chadha et al. (2013) Palampur , H. P.

37. Table 3: Per cent inhibition of soil-borne plant pathogens in vitro with organic inputs Pathogen Cow ur ine Fermented Buttermilk Panchagavya Rhizoctonia solani 40.35 72.22 79.25 Fusarium oxysporum 83.37 73.87 78.35 Fusarium solani 81.52 88.14 61.01 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 100.00 96.45 100.00 Sclerotinia rolfsii 9 4.82 10.34 99.62 Colletotrichum capsici 81.52 84.00 85.73 Chadha et al. (2013) Palampur , H. P. 37

38. Table 4: Growth parameters of panchagavya and SSMV infected sunhemp plants Treatment Shoot length (cm) Root length (cm) Number of nodules Number of leaves Water alone 47.0 ± 0.95 15.4 ± 0.185 5 ± 0.185 28 ± 0.9938 Water + SSMV inoculated 40.5 ± 0.619 12.3 ± 0.261 2 ± 0.416 25 ± 0.889 Panchagavya alone 58.5 ± 0.144 15.7 ± 0.093 8 ± 0.248 41 ± 0.988 Panchagavya + SSMV inoculated 51.4 ± 0.134 15.5 ± 0.279 15.5 ± 0.279 36 ± 0.921 SSMV= Southern Sunhemp Mosaic Virus Vallimayil and Sekar (2012) Madurai, Tamil Nadu 38

39. Table 5: Effect of organic products against rust disease intensity in soybean Treatment Disease Intensity (%) 2008 2009 2010 2011 Mean Neem oil 3 ml/l 27.2 (31.5) 48.8 (44.3) 36.7 (37.3) 38.2 (38.2) 37.7 (37.8) Panchagavya 3% 26.8 (31.2) 48.5 (44.1) 35.7 (36.7) 37.8 (38.0) 37.2 (37.5) Beauveria bassiana 4 g/l 31.0 (33.9) 52.7 (46.6) 40.9 (39.8) 42.1 (40.5) 41.7 (40.2) Derisom 3 ml/l 25.5 (30.3) 47.2 (43.4) 35.1 (36.3) 36.9 (37.4) 36.2 (36.9) Annonin 3 ml/l 28.5 (32.3) 49.9 (45.0) 38.7 (38.5) 39.3 (38.8) 39.1 (38.6) Panchagavya 3% + lantana leaf extract 10% + vermiwash 10% 29.9 (33.2) 51.6 (46.0) 39.5 (39.0) 41.3 (40.0) 40.6 (39.5) Derisom 3 ml/l + Panchagavya 3% 29.3 (32.8) 51.0 (45.6) 38.9 (38.6) 40.7 (39.7) 40.0 (39.2) Derisom 3 ml/l + Panchagavya 3% + cow urine 3% 24.3 (29.5) 46.0 (42.7) 33.9 (35.6) 35.7 (36.7) 34.9 (36.1) Non-treated Control (water spray) 35.2 (36.4) 57.4 (49.3) 44.6 (41.9) 46.1 (42.8) 45.8 (42.6) C.D. (p=0.05) 0.62 0.61 0.51 0.56 39 Das et al. (2018) Meghalaya Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values

40. Treatment Disease Control (%) 2008 2009 2010 2011 Mean Neem oil 3 ml/l 22.6 (28.4) 15.0 (22.8) 17.8 (25.0) 17.2 (24.5) 18.2 (25.2) Panchagavya 3% 24.0 (29.3) 15.5 (23.2) 20.0 (26.6) 17.9 (25.1) 19.4 (26.0) Beauveria bassiana 4 g/l 11.9 (20.2) 8.1 (16.6) 8.3 (16.7) 8.7 (17.2) 9.3 (17.7) Derisom 3 ml/l 27.6 (31.7) 17.7 (24.9) 21.4 (27.5) 20.0 (26.5) 21.6 (27.7) Annonin 3 ml/l 18.9 (25.8) 13.0 (21.1) 13.4 (21.5) 14.8 (22.6) 15.0 (22.7) Panchagavya 3% + lantana leaf extract 10% + vermiwash 10% 15.0 (22.8) 10.0 (18.4) 11.4 (19.8) 10.3 (18.8) 11.7 (19.9) Derisom 3 ml/l + Panchagavya 3% 16.8 (24.2) 11.1 (19.5) 12.8 (21.0) 11.7 (20.0) 13.1 (21.2) Derisom 3 ml/l + Panchagavya 3% + cow urine 3% 31.1 (33.9) 19.9 (26.5) 24.1 (29.4) 22.6 (28.4) 24.4 (29.6) Non-treated Control (water spray) -- -- -- -- -- Das et al. (2018) Meghalaya Table 6: Effect of organic products against rust percent disease control in soybean 40 Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values

41. Table 7: Effect of organic treatments on per cent disease intensity of stem gall ( Protomyces macrosporus ) of coriander Treatment Flowering stage Maturity stage Disease intensity (%) Disease control (%) Disease intensity (%) Disease control (%) Seed treatment and soil drenching with Cow urine @ 10 % conc. 23.66 (29.07) 25.89 (30.28) 35.33 (36.46) 32.70 (34.77) Seed treatment and soil drenching with Cow urine @ 20 % conc. 20.00 (26.54) 37.19 (37.47) 33.33 (35.24) 36.83 (37.29) Seed treatment and soil drenching with Cow urine @ 30 % conc. 16.33 (23.82) 48.76 (44.29) 29.33 (32.77) 44.45 (41.78) Seed treatment and soil drenching with Cow dung slurry @ 10% conc. 26.33 (30.86) 17.61 (24.71) 38.66 (38.44) 26.88 (31.18) Seed treatment and soil drenching with Cow dung slurry@ 20% conc. 25.00 (29.98) 21.54 (27.34) 38.66 (38.44) 26.82 (31.04) Seed treatment and soil drenching with Cow dung slurry@ 30% conc. 19.00 (25.77) 40.58 (39.49) 30.00 (33.20) 43.19 (41.06) 41 Conti…. Kumar et al. (2019) Meerut, U. P.

42. Treatment Flowering stage Maturity stage Disease intensity (%) Disease control (%) Disease intensity (%) Disease control (%) Seed treatment and soil drenching with Panchagavya @ 30% conc. 16.00 (23.55) 49.60 (44.77) 26.66 (31.06) 49.57 (44.72) Seed treatment and soil drenching with thiram @ 0.25% conc. 18.66 (25.55) 41.65 (40.12) 34.00 (35.65) 35.49 (36.46) Seed treatment and soil drenching with carbendazim @ 0.2% conc. 17.66 (24.81) 44.46 (41.78) 32.66 (34.84) 39.48 (38.85) Seed treatment and soil drenching with propiconazole @ 0.2% conc. 15.33 (22.98) 51.70 (46.01) 26.66 (31.08) 49.57 (44.75) Control 32.00 (34.44) 00.00 (00.00) 53.00 (46.72) 00.00 (00.00) C.D. (p=0.05) 3.24 8.01 2.81 5.26 42 Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values

43. Table 8: Effect of organic treatments on percent disease severity of stem gall ( Protomyces macrosporus ) in different parts of coriander Treatment Disease severity (%) Leaf Stem Inflorescence Seed gall Seed treatment and soil drenching with Cow urine @ 10 % conc. 25.00 (29.97) 40.00 (39.21) 29.33 (32.73) 22.33 (28.17) Seed treatment and soil drenching with Cow urine @ 20 % conc. 22.66 (28.39) 22.66 (28.39) 25.33 (30.08) 21.33 (27.50) Seed treatment and soil drenching with Cow urine @ 30 % conc. 19.00 (25.80) 31.66 (34.22) 22.00 (27.91) 18.00 (25.08) Seed treatment and soil drenching with Cow dung slurry @ 10% conc. 29.33 (32.77) 45.33 (42.31) 33.33 (35.22) 24.33 (29.54) Seed treatment and soil drenching with Cow dung slurry@ 20% conc. 25.33 (30.21) 41.66 (40.19) 29.66 (32.95) 22.33 (28.17) Seed treatment and soil drenching with Cow dung slurry@ 30% conc. 19.66 (26.30) 36.66 (37.22) 25.33 (30.17) 20.00 (26.54) Seed treatment and soil drenching with Panchagavya @ 30% conc. 17.66 (24.81) 25.00 (29.97) 17.00 (24.33) 15.00 (22.59) 43 Meerut, U. P. Kumar et al. (2019)

44. Treatment Leaf Stem Inflorescence Seed gall Seed treatment and soil drenching with thiram @ 0.25% conc. 18.33 (25.24) 42.66 (40.77) 32.33 ( 34.64) 17.00 (24.30) Seed treatment and soil drenching with carbendazim @ 0.2% conc. 15.66 (23.31) 39.00 (38.61) 28.00 (31.91) 16.00 (23.49) Seed treatment and soil drenching with propiconazole @ 0.2% conc. 14.00 (21.96) 27.33 (31.94) 26.66 (30.94) 14.33 (22.21) Control 34.66 (36.04) 55.00 (47.88) 36.66 (37.26) 29.00 (32.55) C.D. (p=0.05) 3.42 4.92 5.17 3.62 44 Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values

45. Table 9: Management of urdbean anthracnose through organic and natural farming management inputs Treatment Dose (%) Disease severity (%) Control (%) Yield (q/ha) Percent yield increase Beejamrit 10 (seed treatment) 43.75 (41.31) 20.45 8.35 9.21 Jeevamrit 10 (soil treatment) 40.25 (39.34) 26.82 8.67 13.40 Panchgavya 10 (foliar spray) 36.50 (37.09) 33.64 9.65 26.14 Eupatorium ark 10 (foliar spray) 38.75 (38.45) 29.54 9.25 20.98 Tamarlassi 10 (foliar spray) 42.75 (40.80) 22.27 8.74 14.31 Control - 55.00 (47.85) - 7.65 - CD (P=0.05) 0.69 Palampur, H. P. Chatak and Banyal (2020) 45

46. Table 10: Screening of organic inputs on sclerotial viability of S. rolfsii (groundnut stem rot disease) under pot culture Sclerotial viability of S. rolfsii Organic Input Depth Overall mean no. of sclerotia germinated Overall mean inhibition of sclerotia(%) 5 cm 10 cm 15 cm No. of sclerotia germinated Inhibition of sclerotia(%) No. of sclerotia germinated Inhibition of sclerotia(%) No. of sclerotia germinated Inhibition of sclerotia(%) Modified Panchagavya (MPG) 0.00 100.00 (90.00) 0.67 93,33 (77.69) 0.33 96.66 (83.84) 0.33 96.66 Beejamrutham 1.00 90.00 (71.53) 1.67 83.33 (66.11) 2.33 76.66 (61.19) 1.67 83.33 Jeevamrutham 0.33 96.66 (83.84) 1.33 86.66 (68.82) 2.00 80.00 (63.40) 1.22 87.78 Cow urine 1.33 86.66 (68.82) 2.67 73.33 (58.98) 3.00 70.00 (56.76) 2.33 76.67 Butter 1.33 86.66 (68.82) 2.00 80.00 (63.40) 3.00 70.00 (56.76) 2.11 78.89 Control 10.00 0.00 (0.00) 10.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 Overall mean 2.33 76.67 3.06 69.44 3.44 65.56 2.94 C.D. = 9.22 C.D. = 9.641 C.D. = 8.319 46 Arunasri et al., (2021) Tirupati

47. Panchagavya based products 47

48. Conclusion Over the years, agrochemicals have caused extensive damage to the quality of soil, crops, water and to human and animal health. As an alternative to chemicals, the ‘ Panchagavya ’ is widely reported to possess antimicrobial activity and disease controlling potential. The term ‘ Panchagavya ’ is used to describe five major substances obtained from cow, which possess antimicrobial properties against many phytopathogens ( R. solani , S. rolfsii , P. aphanidermatum , S. sclerotiorum , F oxysporum , A. solani , P. grisea , P. macrosporus , C. lunata and Colletotrichum spp.) and are used singly or in combination with cow urine, neem cake or carbendazim. 48

49. Panchagavya contains macro- and micro-nutrients, amino acids and growth promoting substances, like indole acetic acid, gibberellins and beneficial microorganisms. The presence of naturally occurring beneficial microorganisms, predominantly bacteria, yeast and, actinomycetes and certain fungi have been reported in this biodynamic preparation. It is used as a foliar spray, soil application along with irrigation, as well as seed treatment. 49

50. Need to characterize and identify the antifungal and antibacterial principles present in the panchagavya Need to test compatibility of panchagavya with botanicals and bio-agents against phytopathogens 50 Future prospects

51. THANK YOU