SEMINAR ON categories of patients of personalized medicine.pptx

CATEGORIES OF PATIENTS FOR PERSONALIZED MEDICINES
Name : Pawan Dhamala
RR COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

1. SEMINAR ON: CATEGORIES OF PATIENTS FOR PERSONALIZED MEDICINES SUBJECT : DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO: . Pawan Dhamala Dr. A GEETHA LAKSHMI 1 st SEM M. Pharm Prof. & HOD of Department Pharmaceutics 1

2. CONTENTS Introduction Definition Benefits Categories 2

3. Introduction Every person has a unique variation of the human genome. Although most of the variation between individuals has no effect on health, an individual’s health stems from genetic variation with behaviours and influences from the environment. Modern advances in personalized medicine rely on technology that confirm a patient’s fundamental biology, DNA, RNA. Or protein which ultimately leads to confirming disease. For example : Personalized techniques such as genome sequencing can reveal mutation in DNA that influence diseases ranging from cystic fibrosis to cancer. 3

4. PERSONLAIZED MEDICINE Definition: Personalized Medicine is define as of medical treatment to the individual chateristics of each patients that not only improves our ability to diagnose and treat diseases, but offers the potential to detect diseases at an earlier stage and to treat it effectively. 4

5. Benefits Personalized medicine can Increase the opportunity to prevent disease. Direct the selection of optimal therapy and reduce trail and error prescribing. Help avoid adverse drug reactions. Improve methods of administration. Increase treatment options. Help to control the overall cost of health care. 5

6. 6 Fig: Personalized medicine benefit

7. CATEGORIES OF PATIENTS FOR PERSONALIZED MEDICINES Patient With Depression Patient With Asthma Patient With Cardiac Arrhythmias Patient With Migraine Patient With Arthritis Patient With Cancer 7

8. Sometimes one size does not fit all. Percentage of the patient population for which a particular drug in a class is ineffective, on average is shown in figure 8

9. PATIENT WITH DEPRESSION On average, antidepressant medication and specific psychotherapies have similar success in the first line treatment of moderate depression. And on average, different antidepressants show equal or similar efficacy. But the fact that treatments have similar efficacy on average does not imply that treatment selection is unimportant. Individuals vary widely in response to specific treatments, and poor response to one treatment does not necessarily imply poor response to others. 9

10. PATIENT WITH DEPRESSION 10

11. PATIENT WITH DEPRESSION Personalized medicine promises to move beyond data regarding the average effectiveness of treatments to identify the best treatment for any individuals. In order to provide personalized medicine for depression, we must identify characteristics of individuals that reliably predict difference in benefits and adverse effect alternative depression treatment, including both biological and physiological treatment. On average, antidepressant medication and specific psychotherapies have similar success in the first-line treatment of moderate depression. And on average, different antidepressants show equal or similar efficacy. 11

12. PATIENT WITH ASTHMA Asthma : It is a condition in which the airways get narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. This can be makes breathing difficult. It is a common lungs diseases. In this the inhalation of the β -adrenergic ( eg :- Salbutamol) and corticosteroids ( eg :- Beclomethasone) is the cornerstone of asthma treatments. One of the characteristics of asthma is resistance or reduced responsiveness to treatment. Until now, pharmacogenetics studies have mainly concerned the β 2-adrenergic receptor gene. Additional research is needed in order to evaluate the clinical utility of genomic testing. 12

13. PATIENT WITH ASTHMA 13

14. PATIENT WITH CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS Personalized medicine is an emerging concept involving managing the health of patients based on their individual characteristics, including particular genotype. Cardiovascular diseases are heritable traits and family history information is useful for risk prediction. As such, determining genetic information may also be applied to risk prediction. Further more accumulating evidence suggests that genetic background can provide guidance for selective effective treatment and preventive strategies in individuals with particular genotype. 14

15. PATIENT WITH CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS These concepts may be applicable both to rare mendelian diseases and to common complex traits. 15

16. PATIENT WITH MIGRAINE Migraine is the most disabling and expensive chronic disorders, the etiology of which is still not fully known. The neuronal systems, ( glutammatergic , dopaminergic, serotoninergic and GABA- ergic ) whose functionality is partly attributable to genetically determined factors, has been suggested to play an important role. According with World Health Report in 2001, migraine is the most disabling and expensive Chronic disorders representing the major cause of non-fatal disease – related disability. Migraine is a common disorder connoted by recurrent headache attacks with nausea, vomiting, hyper sensibility to light, sound and smell (defined as Migraine without aura) and in 25% of cases neurological symptoms (defined as Migraine with aura). 16

17. PATIENT WITH MIGRAINE The disorder is more frequent in female (3,1 = F:M) with a peak of prevalence between ages of 22 and 55 years old. Genetic factors have been implicated in many aspects of migraine: the aetiology, the tendency to become chronic, the sensitivity to pharmacological treatment. The last aspect offers the possibility to design personalized treatments in order to achieve improved therapeutic success. 17

18. PATIENT WITH ARTHRITIS Medical strategy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has markedly advanced in recent years. The introductions of biologics and methotrexate as an anchor drug have made it possible to not only suppress pain and inflammation (clinical remission), but also to inhibit joint destruction (structural remission), leading to cure of the disease. In order to achieve this target, it is the most important to diagnose RA early and promote disease remission. However, since the condition and pathology are diverse among patients, optimal treatment for each patient is desired (personalized medicine). 18

19. PATIENT WITH ARTHRITIS Treatment should be performed under consideration of the disease state such as activity, prognosis regarding joint destruction, and complications. It is also important to clarify the patient characteristics, such as responsiveness to the drugs and risk of adverse effects. Biomarkers, such as proteomics and pharmacogenomics (genetic polymorphism, etc.), are indispensable for personalized medicine. 19

20. PATIENT WITH CANCER A disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body. Precision medicine  is an approach to patient care that allows doctors to select treatments that are most likely to help patients based on a  genetic  understanding of their disease. This may also be called  personalized medicine . The idea of precision medicine is not new, but recent advances in science and technology have helped speed up the pace of this area of research. 20

21. PATIENT WITH CANCER There are drugs that have been proven effective against cancers with specific genetic changes and are approved by the  FDA . Many of these drugs are discussed in  Targeted Cancer Therapies . Approved treatments should be available wherever you have cancer treatment. If you need treatment for cancer, you may receive a combination of treatments, including  surgery ,  chemotherapy ,  radiation therapy , and  immunotherapy . Which treatments you receive usually will depend on the type of cancer, its size, and whether it has spread. With precision medicine, information about genetic changes in your tumor can help decide which treatment will work best for you. 21

22. REFERENCE Anderson GP Endo typing asthma: new insights into key pathogenic mechanisms in a complex, heterogeneous disease. Lancet 2008; 372: 1107–1119. Green RH,  Brightling  CE,  Woltmann  Get al. Analysis of induced sputum in adults with asthma: identification of subgroup with isolated sputum neutrophilia and poor response to inhaled corticosteroids. Thorax 2002; 57: 875–879. Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2019 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139:e56–28. Roden DM. Personalized medicine to treat arrhythmias. Curr Opin Pharmacol . 2014;15:61–7. 22