seminar on developmental task of infant.pptx

developmental task of infant

1. SEMINAR ON “DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS AND SPECIAL NEEDS IN INFANTS” PRESENTED BY: M.C.KNIRANDA 1 ST YEAR M.Sc.(N) SNSR

2. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Growth is an essential feature that distinguishes a child from an adult. The process of growth starts from the time of conception and continues until the child grows into a fully mature adult. The term growth denotes a net increase in the size or mass of tissues. Development refers to maturation of functions and acquisition of various skills for optimal functioning of an individual.

3. THE INFANT’S FAMILY Parents may feel a strong sense of love towards their newborn baby at birth . Learning to know their infant and maintaining the love relationship is the intimate process that unites separate individuals into a family. Just as an infant grows and develops, so also must the process of becoming a parent develop. During the infant’s first year, the parents must learn from the cues what the infant is trying to tell them. The parents must learn to observe their infant’s behavior and strive to fulfil the baby’s needs.

4. DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS OF INFANT 1 MONTH Physical or Biological - Weight- 4.4(+-)0.8 kg; gains above 680 g a month during first 6 months, or 150-210 g a week. Length- approximately 53(+-)2.5 cm; increases about 2.5 cm in a month during first 6 months. Head circumference- increases about 1.5 cm a month during first 6 months. Pulse- 130(+-)20 Respirations- 35(+-)10 Blood pressure- 80/50 (+-) 20/10 Reflexes- Primitive reflexes govern movements. Has well-developed sucking, rooting, swallowing, and extrusion reflexes, Moro reflex, and asymmetric tonic neck reflex, dance and doll’s eye reflexes fading, physiological immaturity, breaths through nose.

5. CONTD… 2. Motor – Gross motor: Lies in flexed position. When prone, pelvis is elevated but knees are not beneath abdomen as they were after birth. Head lags when baby pulled from a supine to a sitting position. Head sags forward when baby is held in sitting position. May lift head periodically when held over adult’s shoulder or placed in prone position. Turns head to the side when prone. Fine motor: Hold hands in tight fists. Can grasp an object placed in the hand but drops it immediately.

6. CONTD… 3. Sensory – Startled by sounds(Moro reflex) Attentive stare at surroundings Fixates on objects brought in front of eyes. Notices faces especially the bright objects, but only if they are in the line of vision. Protective blinking in response to bright light. Follows a bright object to the midline of vision if 6-8 inches from eyes.

7. CONTD… 4 . Psychosocial – Beginning development of sense of trust. Negative counterpart mistrust. Totally egocentric. Complete dependence on caregivers, usually mother bonding progresses. Shows regard for human face. Establishes eye contact Smiles briefly 5. Psychosexual – Oral stage (0-1 year) Oral dependent or oral- passive: need for sucking pleasure 6.   Spiritual – Undifferentiated (0-1 year) Feelings of trust, warmth, and security form the foundation for the later development of faith.

8. C0NTD… 7. Intellectual – Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years) Primary circular reaction (1-4 months) : Begins to repeat actions of own body voluntarily( hand-to-mouth movement permits sucking ). 8. Moral – Preconventional Morality Stage 0 (0-2 years ) 9. Language – Receptive language: Responds to human voices Expressive language – Opens and closes mouth as adult speaks Utters small throaty sounds Utters sounds of comfort when feeding Cry patterns developing Cries when hungry or uncomfortable Begins to coo

9. 2 MONTHS 1. Physical – Posterior fontanel closes by 6-8 weeks. 2. Motor – Gross motor: Less fixed prone position: arms flexed, hips flat, legs extended, head in midposition or side. Fine motor: Hands open, grasps reflex fading. 3. Sensory – Turns head to side when a sound occurs at ear level. Eyes follow moving person nearby. 4. Psychosocial – Sense of trust Has learned that crying bring attention 5. Psychosexual – Oral stage(0-1) year 6. Spiritual – Undifferentiated(0-1 year)

10. CONTD… 7. Intellectual – Sensorimotor stage Substage 2: primary circular reaction 8. Moral – Preconventional morality stage 0 9. Language – Receptive language: Alert expression when listening Quietens by hearing caregivers voice Expressive language: Cry patterns differentiated- varies with reason. e.g. hunger, sleep etc.

11. 3 MONTHS 1. Physical – Length 60(+-) 2 cm Weight 5.7 kg Respiration 35(+-) 10 Blood pressure 80/50 (+-) 20/10 Primitive reflexes fading 2. Motor – Gross: Sits when supported in sitting position Raises chest, usually supported on forearms when in prone position Fine: Hands open or loosely Holds object, reaches for bright light

12. CONTD… 3. Sensory – Turns head to locate sound Blinks at objects brought near to eyes. Begins to have ability to coordinate stimuli from various sense organs. 4. Psychosocial – Sense of trust Recognizes and smiles in response to caregiver’s 5. Psychosexua l – Oral stage(0-1 year) 6. Spiritual – Undifferentiated(0-1 year)

13. CONTD… 7. Intellectual – Sensorimotor stage Substage 2: primary circular reaction 8. Moral – Preconventional morality stage 9. Language – Receptive language: Looks at others when they speak Expressive language: Coos, cries less, makes many sounds Laughs a loud Vocalizes in response to others

14. 4 MONTHS 1. Physical – Saliva production increases, which is indicated by drooling. As it is not swallowed , it comes out of mouth . Tonic neck, moro , sucking, rooting reflexes are absent . 2. Motor – Gross motor: No heads lag when pulled to sitting position Rolls from front to back Sits erect if propped up Fine motor: Hands kept clean Grasps objects with both hands Carries objects to the mouth

15. CONTD… 3. Sensory – Can follow a moving object with eyes Hand eye coordination Able to recognize familiar objects such as the feeding bottles 4. Psychosocial – Smiles in response to smiles of others or when they nearby Show eagerness when feeding bottle appears 5. Psychosexual – Oral stage (0-1 year)

16. CONTD… 6. Spiritual – Undifferentiated(0-1 year) 7. Intellectual – Sensorimotor stage Substage 2: primary circular reaction Substage 3: secondary circular reaction 8. Moral – Preconventional morality stage 0 9. Language – Receptive language: Different responses to pleasant or angry voices Does not cry when scolded Expressive language: Talkative, coos loudly, vocalizes b,g,h,m,p , laughs loudly

17. 5 MONTHS 1. Physical – Weight: twice the birth weight Can breathe through mouth if nose is obstructed Slow physical growth 2. Motor – Gross motor: While sitting, he is able to hold head well balanced and sits with support for longer period Can turn from back to front Is able to pull feet up to mouth in supine position Fine motor: Grasps objects voluntarily with his whole hand Play with toys, toes 3. Sensory – Localizes sounds made below the e ar Visualizes a dropped object

18. CONTD… 4. Psychosocial – Smiles at self in mirror Begins to discriminate family members from strangers Play with own feet 5. Psychosexual – Oral stage(0-1 year ) 6. Spiritual – Undifferentiated(0-1 year ) 7. Intellectual – Sensorimotor stage Substage 2: primary circular reaction Substage 3: secondary circular reaction

19. CONTD… 8. Moral – Preconventional morality stage 9. Language – Receptive language: Responds when his name is called or spoken Expressive language: Mimics sounds Vowels like cooing sounds interpose with consonant sound

20. 6 MONTHS 1. Physical – Weight 7.4(+-) 1 kg Length 65.5 (+-) 3 cm Head circumference 43 cm Pulse 120 (+-) 20 Respiration 31(+-) 9 Blood pressure 90/60(+-) 28/10 Begins to bite and chew 2. Motor – Gross motor: Lifts chest and upper abdomen off the table while in prone position Bears weight on hands Sits with back straight Fine motor – Grasps and manipulates smaller objects Feeds himself by holding the bottle

21. CONTD… 3. Sensory – He is able to locate sounds made above the ear Adjusts and moves to see an object 4. Psychosocial – Recognizes parents Recognizes strangers as different from family members Knows what is liked and disliked 5. Psychosexual : Oral stage(0-1 year) Spiritual : Undifferentiated(0-1 year)

22. CONTD… 7. Intellectual : Sensorimotor stage Substage 3: secondary circular reaction 8. Moral – Preconventional morality stage 9. Language – a. Receptive language : Recognizes familiar voice b. Expressive language: Infant gurgles coos and laughs aloud Imitates sounds

23. 7 MONTHS 1. Physical – Sucking and rooting reflexes disappear at 7-8 months when asleep Upper central incisors erupt 2. Motor – Gross motor: Sits learning on both hands Bears full weight on legs Fine motor: He is able to transfer objects from one hand to another Can imitate actions of others, holds the cup 3. Sensory – Has preferences in taste for foods Responds to own name

24. CONTD… 4. Psychosocial – Shows increasing fear of strangers Unhappy when caregiver, usually mother disappears 5. Psychosexual – Oral stage(0-1 year) 6. Spiritual – Undifferentiated(0-1 year ) 7. Intellectual – Sensorimotor stage Substage 3: secondary circular reaction 8. Moral – Preconventional morality stage 9. Language – Receptive language: Recognizes his own name Expressive language Talks in response to other talks Some jargon

25. 8 MONTHS 1. Physical – Establishes a regular pattern in bladder and bowel movements 2. Motor – Gross motor: Sits without support Stands without support Fine motor: Drinks from cup with help Reaches for toys which are out of reach 3. Sensory – Able to recognize familiar words and sounds 4. Psychosocial – Refuses to play with strangers Stretches arms to loved family members

26. CONTD… 5. Psychosexual – Oral stage(0-1 year ) 6. Spiritual – Undifferentiated(0-1 year ) 7. Intellectual – Sensorimotor stage Substage 3: secondary circular reaction Knows that object are separate from self Substage 4: coordination of secondary schemas 8. Moral – Preconventional morality stage(0-1 year ) 9. Language – Receptive language: Stops activity when own name is spoken Beginning to understand meaning of “no” Expressive language: Shouts for attention Imitates sound sequences, continues syllables: dada, mama

27. 9 MONTHS 1. Physical – Reflexes: plantar grasp absent Teething: upper incisors erupt 2. Motor – Gross motor: Crawls Stands with support Is able to stand by himself from sitting position Fine motor: Drinks from cup Holds own bottle with good hand mouth coordination Pokes objects with fingers 3. Sensory – Shows marked interest in very small objects and puts them in the mouth Localizes sound by turning head

28. CONTD… 4. Psychosocial – Caregiver, usually mother becoming more important as a person Beginning to play simple games with adult such as “so big, bye bye ” 5. Psychosexual – Oral stage(0-1 year ) 6. Spiritual – Undifferentiated(0-1 year ) 7. Intellectual – Sensorimotor stage Substage 4: coordination of secondary schemas Able to follow objects through transition from one place to another

29. CONTD… 8. Moral – Preconventional morality stage 9. Language – Receptive: Responds to commands says no-no Expressive language: Is able to understand if the caregiver gets angry Cries in response to anger or scolding

30. 10 MONTHS 1. Physical – Head circumference 45 cm Macula is well developed 2. Motor – Gross motor: Is able to change from prone to sitting position Creeps well Is able to stand from sitting position Fine motor: Grasp reflex fades Hands frequently open 3. Sensory – Is interested in very small objects Searches for a lost toy with greater persistence

31. CONTD… 4. Psychosocial – Improves in the ability to imitate others: imitate facial expressions Expresses several beginning recognizable emotions such as anger, sadness, jealousy, anxiety and affection 5. Psychosexual – Oral stage(0-1 year) 6. Spiritual – Undifferentiated(0-1 year ) 7. Intellectual – Sensorimotor stage Substage 4: coordination of secondary schemas 8. Moral – Preconventional morality stage 9. Language – Receptive language: Says dada, mama by understanding the meaning Expressive language: Imitates meanings used words such as bye, tata

32. 11 MONTHS 1. Physical – Lower lateral incisors erupt 2. Motor – Gross motor: Creeps with abdomen off the floor Fine motor: Hold pens to make mark on paper Explore objects thoroughly 3. Sensory – Tilts head backward 4. Psychosocial – Asserts self among family members seeks approval, avoids disapproval Shows pleasure when a desired act is accomplished 5. Psychosexual – Oral stage(0-1 year)

33. CONTD… 6. Spiritual – Undifferentiated(0-1 year ) 7. Intellectual – Sensorimotor stage Substage 4: coordination of secondary schemas 8. Moral – Preconventional morality stage 9. Language – Receptive language: Responds to simple questions Understands and looks at objects and points the objects when told about them Expressive language: Imitates definite speech sound

34. 12 MONTHS 1. Physical – Weight 10(+-)1.5 kg Length 74.5(+-)3 cm Head circumference 46 cm Pulse 115(+-)20 Respiration 30(+-)10 Blood pressure 96/66(+-) 30/24 2. Motor – Gross motor: Stands alone momentarily Sits down from standing position Walks with minimum support or takes 2-3 steps without support Fine motor: Neat pincer grasp Tries to put pellets in narrow neck bottle Turns pages of the book

35. CONTD… 3. Sensory – Listens for recurring sounds Follows fast moving objects with eyes 4. Psychosocial – Attachment developed to primary caregiver Infants emotion such as fear, jealousy, anger, can be more clearly interpreted 5. Psychosexual – Oral stage(0-1year ) 6. Spiritual – Undifferentiated(0-1 year)

36. CONTD… 7. Intellectual – Sensorimotor stage Substage 4: coordination of secondary schemas Has learned that objects continue to exist even when out of sight 8. Moral – Preconventional morality stage 9. Language – Receptive language: Is able to comprehend meanings of many words Expressive language: Recognizes object by names Obeys simple commands

37. REFERENCES 1. Marlow’s , textbook of Pediatric Nursing, published by Elsevier India Pvt.Ltd ., South Asian Edition, 2013, page no. 426-460 . 2. Dutta Parul , Pediatric Nursing, published by Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P)Ltd., Second edition, 2009, page no.115,125 . 3. https :// www.merriam-webster.com>infant 4. https ://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki>infant