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1. WELCOME
Pesticides and fertilizers pollution in Agriculture
Master’s seminar II
PRESENTED BY,
SHIVANANDAGOWDA G R
PAMB 0154
Sr.Msc

2. INTRODUCTION
•Agricultureisanimportantpracticetosustainthelife-supportsystemsofhuman
civilizationssinceancienttimes.
•Modernagriculturehasincludedseveralinnovativeideastoenhancecropproduction
andproductivity,suchasapplicationofchemicalfertilizersandpesticidesetc.,in
farmingsector.
•Additionofchemicalfertilizerandpesticideshasbecomethefundamentalpartof
today’sagriculturalsystemstofulfillthehugedemandoffoodgrainsofthewhole
world.
•However,excessiveapplicationofagro-chemicals(fertilizersandplantprotection
chemicals)isdeterioratingthequalityofsoilaswellasthegroundwaterduetothe
additionofnitrogen,phosphorous,andpersistentpesticides.

3. Recentdataindicatesthattheconsumptionofchemicalfertilizersinthe
countryhasincreasedbyaround16percentfrom2015-2016(510LMT)to2020-
2021(590MLT)(Anonymous2021)
Thereisalsoanincreaseintheconsumptionofthepesticidesby8.78percent
from 2015-16 (56,720 Mt) to2019-2020 (61,702 MT)
(https://news.agropages.com).

5. THE SECTOR –WISE PRODUCTION UREA, DAP AND COMPLEX
FERTILIZER DURING 2020-2021 AND ESTIMATED PRODUCTION
DURING 2021-22

6. •Haryana ,Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are
the major fertilizer consuming states in India.
•Punjab alone consumes about 9 % of total fertilizers in India.
•Comparing the per hectare consumption Punjab(184 kg),Haryana (167 kg),Andhra
Pradesh(138 kg), Uttarakhand (127 kg) and west Bengal (122 kg).
Source:Anonymous 2021

7. •Maharashtra tops the list in the consumption
of pesticides.
•Whenweseethroughperhectare
consumptionPunjab(0.74kg)isinfirstplace
followedbyHaryana(0.62kg)and
Maharashtra(0.57kg).
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers
welfare

8. Inthisbackdrop,thepresentstudyhasbeenconceptualizedwiththefollowing
objectives:
1.Tounderstandtheconceptofpollution,pesticidesandfertilizerspollution
2.Toknowtheeffectsofpesticidesandfertilizerspollution
3.Toreviewtherelatedresearchstudies

9. CONCEPT OF POLLUTION, AND PESTICIDES AND FERTILIZERS POLLUTION
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause
adverse change.(https://www.nationalgeographic.org).
Types of pollution
•Air pollution
•Water pollution
•Land pollution
•Noise pollution
POLLUTION

10. •Air pollution: Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of
substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living
beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials.
•Water pollution:Water pollution isthe contamination of water sources by substances
which make the water unusable for drinking, cooking, cleaning, swimming, and other
activities.
•Landpollution:Landpollutionisthedegradationoflandsurfacesoftencausedby
humanactivitiesandtheirmisuseoflandresources.
•Noise pollution: Noise pollution is considered to beany unwanted or disturbing sound
that affects the health and well-being of humans and other organisms.
DEFINITION

11. •Pesticide pollution refers to the pollution due to the usage of pesticide on human health
and environment
•Pesticides are organic and inorganic chemicals originally invented and first used to
better the human environment by controlling undesirable life forms such as bacteria,
pest and foraging insects
•They are normally applied to private gardens, agricultural land, and other public
areas to kill undesirable organisms.
PESTICIDE POLLUTION

12. Fertilizerpollutionreferstothecontaminationbyexcessiveinputs
ofnutrients.(https://en.wikipedia.org)
Itisaprimarycauseofeutrophicationofsurfacewaters(lakes,rivers
andcoastalwaters),inwhichexcessnutrients,usuallynitrogenorphosphorus,
stimulatealgalgrowth.
Highapplicationratesofnitrogen-containingfertilizerscombinedwiththe
highwater-solubilityofnitrateleadstoincreasedrunoffintosurfacewateraswell
asleachingintogroundwater,therebycausinggroundwaterpollution.
FERTILIZER POLLUTION

13. •Afertilizer is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to plant tissues
to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.
(https://en.wikipedia.org).
Types of fertilizer
•Natural fertilizers
•Artificial or chemical fertilizers
FERTILIZER

14. EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES
The positive effect of these substances only lasts for a certain time since the soil is likely to
suffer from an excessive use of these chemical fertilizers resulting in low crop yield.
Decrease in crop yields

15. •Amendmentofsoilwithfertilizersandpesticidesstronglyinfluencesarange
ofsoilfunctionsandpropertieslikesoilorganiccarbon,pH,moisture,activities
ofsoilenzymesandmanyothers.
•Theover-useofchemicalfertilizerscanleadtosoilacidificationandsoilcrustthereby
reducingorganicmattercontent,humuscontent,beneficialorganisms,stuntingplantgrowth,
canchangethesoilpH,increasepests,andevencontributetothereleaseofgreenhouse
gases
•Nitrogenappliedtofieldsinlargeamountsdestroysthebalancebetweenthethree
macronutrients,N,PandKovertimewhichwouldresultinlackofmicronutrients;italso
damagestopsoil,resultinginreducedcropyields.Sandysoilsaremuchmorepronetosoil
acidificationthanareclaysoils.
Soil pollution

16. •Repeatedapplicationsofchemicalfertilizermayresultinatoxicbuildupofheavymetals
suchasarsenic,cadmium,anduraniuminthesoil.Thesetoxicheavymetalsnotonlypollute
thesoilbutalsogetaccumulatedinfoodgrains,fruitsandvegetables.
•Fertilizerapplicationwithouttheusingsoiltestingrecommendationcanleadtoimplications
suchassoildegradation,nutrientimbalance,destructionofsoilstructure,increasingbulk
density.
•Fertilizers,morethantherecommendedamountscausesformation,accumulationand
concentrationofmineralsaltsoffertilizerswhichleadstocompactionlayerandsoil
degradationinthelong-term.

17. •Heavytreatmentofsoilwithpesticidescancausepopulationsofbeneficialsoil
microorganismstodecline.
•AccordingtothesoilscientistDr.ElaineIngham,“Ifwelosebothbacteriaand
fungi,thenthesoildegrades.
•Overuseofchemicalfertilizersandpesticideshaveeffectsonthesoilorganismsthat
aresimilartohumanoveruseofantibiotics.
•Indiscriminateuseofchemicalsmightworkforafewyears,butafterawhile,there
aren'tenoughbeneficialsoilorganismstoholdontothenutrients”(Savonen,1997).
Effect on soil fertility

18. •Excessiveuseofagrochemicalsleadtohabitatlossandclimatechange.
•Theycanhaveshort-termtoxiceffectsondirectlyexposedorganisms,andlong-
termeffectscouldresultfromchangestohabitatsandthefoodchain.
Destruction of biodiversity
Air Pollution
•Highapplicationratesofchemicalfertilizerandpesticidesforenhancingcropproductionis
generatingnumerousharmfulgreenhousegases,depletingtheprotectiveozonelayerhence
exposingthehumanstoharmfulultravioletrays.
•Nitrogenfertilizerwhoseexcessuseresultsinanemissionofnitrogenoxides(NO,N2O,
NO2)isresponsibleforsevereairpollution[24].Othergasesalsoresponsiblefortheozone
depletionarewatervapour,carbondioxide,methane,hydrogensulphideandchloro-fluoro
hydrocarbons.

19. •Pesticidescanreachsurfacewaterthroughrunofffromtreatedplantsandsoil.
Contaminationofwaterbypesticidesiswidespread.
•TheresultsofacomprehensivesetofstudiesdonebytheU.S.GeologicalSurvey(USGS)
onmajorriverbasinsacrossthecountryintheearlytomid-90syieldedstartlingresults.
•Morethan90percentofwaterandfishsamplesfromallstreamscontainedone,ormore
often,severalpesticides(Koleetal;2001).
•Pesticideswerefoundinallsamplesfrommajorriverswithmixedagriculturalandurban
landuseinfluencesand99percentofsamplesofurbanstreams(BortlesonandDavis,1987-
1995).
Water pollution

20. •Nitrogen-basedfertilizersproducepotentgreenhousegasesandcanoverloadwaterways
withdangerouspollutants.
•Chemicalpesticideswithvaryingtoxicologicaleffectscancontaminatetheairandwateror
residedirectlyonfood.
•Asthenutrientuseefficiencyofthechemicalfertilizerisverylesshencetheseareappliedin
quantitiesmuchmoreactuallyrequiredandwhentheseareappliedinunfavorable
environmentalconditionthenthesegetlostintheenvironmentbydifferentways.
•Thesecanbeleaching,drainageorsurfaceflow,forexample,inmostcultivatedupland
soils,mineralNislikelytobeoxidizedtonitrateduetomicrobialactivity.
•Asaresult,relativelyhighfractionsoftheappliedNmaypotentiallybeleachedorremoved
fromtherootzoneintothesurfaceandgroundwater.

21. •Evenwhenthesechemicalsareappliedinidealconditions,plantsuseonlyupto50%ofthe
Nfertilizerapplied,2-20%getsvolatilized,15-25%reactswithorganiccompoundsinthe
claysoilandtheremaining2-10%interferesurfaceandgroundwater.
•Oneofthemostimportantparametersofthepollutionofwaterisnitratewhichisthebasic
componentoffertilizer.
•Nitrateisthemostcommonformofdissolvednitrogenpresentingroundwaterorother
waterbodies.

22. •Pesticidespoisoningisdirectlyresponsibleforthedeathofatleast10,000peopleeveryyear
inIndia.
•ThereishigherincidenceofbreastcanceramongwomenresidingintheGangeticplain.
Exposureofchildrentotoxinswillleadtovariousdevelopmentalproblemsincluding
impairedcognitivefunctions.
•InOctober2017,about40farmersdiedandmorethan700werehospitalizedinMaharashtra
duetopesticidepoisoning.
•Thisisthesamepesticides(Monocrotophos)chemicalthatwasresponsibleforthedeathof
23childrenwhoconsumedthetoxicmid-daymealinBiharduring2013.
Human health

23. cancer
13%
poisoning
8%
reproductive
disruption
6%
genotoxicity
6%
respiratory
problems
7%
chronic
kidney
diseases
5%
other health
effects
14%
neurological
disorder
41%
Source: https://byjus.com

24. •Pesticidescancontaminatesoil,water,turf,andothervegetation.
•Inadditiontokillinginsectsorweeds,pesticidescanbetoxictoahostofotherorganisms
includingbirds,fish,beneficialinsects,andnon-targetplants.
•Insecticidesaregenerallythemostacutelytoxicclassofpesticides,butherbicidescanalso
poseriskstonon-targetorganisms.
Impactonenvironment

25. •Thechemicalsnotonlycankillwildanimals,butcanalsodisrupthormonesinanimals,
affectingbehaviorandtheabilitytoreproduce.
•Somepersistentpesticidescanbuildupinthebodiesofanimals,includinghumans.
•Thenaturalenemiesofpestinsectscanalsobekilledbypesticides.
Effects on animals

26. OTHER ALTERNATIVES BESIDES USING THE CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
•Excessiveuseofthechemicalfertilizerforalongtimeonthesamesoilmayleadtosoil
degradationandlossofbeneficialsoilmicroorganisms.
•Therefore,toensureboththeenhancedandsustainableagriculturalproductionandto
safeguardtheenvironmentintegrateduseofdifferenttypesofnutrientsuppliantsuchas
organicmanures,biofertilizersandotherslowreleasedorcontrolledreleasedchemical
fertilizersshouldoptimum.
•Theuseoforganicfertilizerstogetherwithchemicalfertilizers,comparedtotheadditionof
organicfertilizersalone,hadahigherpositiveeffectonmicrobialbiomassandhencesoil
health.

27. •Biofertilizerisdefinedasasubstancewhichcontainsliving
micro-organismsandisknowntohelpwiththeexpansionofthe
rootsystemandbetterseedgermination.Ahealthyplantusually
hasahealthyrhizospherewhichshouldbedominatedby
beneficialmicrobes.
•Biofertilizersdifferfromchemicalandorganicfertilizersinthe
sensethattheydonotdirectlysupplyanynutrientstocropsand
areculturesofspecialbacteriaandfungi.
•Theproductiontechnologyforbiofertilizersisrelativelysimple
andinstallationcostisverylowcomparedtochemicalfertilizer
plants.
Biofertilizer

28. •Slowreleasefertilizersinvolvesthereleaseofthenutrientinaslower
mannerthancommonfertilizers.However,therate,pattern,andduration
ofreleasearewellcontrolled.
•Differenttypesofsloworcontrolledreleasefertilizersare:
1.Organic-NLow-SolubilityCompoundsfore.g.Urea-formaldehyde
1.FertilizersinWhichaPhysicalBarrierControlstheReleasefore.g.,
thecoatedfertilizerscoatedwithorganicpolymercoatingsthatare
eitherthermoplasticorresinsandfertilizerscoatedwithinorganic
materialssuchassulfur-ormineral-basedcoatingsetc.
2.InorganicLow-SolubilityCompounds:Fertilizerssuchasmetal
ammoniumphosphatesandpartiallyacidulatedphosphatesrock.
Slow-Release Fertilizers

29. •Nanofertilizersaresynthesizedormodifiedformoftraditionalfertilizers,fertilizersbulk
materialsorextractedfromdifferentvegetativeorreproductivepartsoftheplantbydifferent
chemical,physical,mechanicalorbiologicalmethodswiththehelpofnanotechnologyused
toimprovesoilfertility,productivityandqualityofagriculturalproduce.
•Nanoparticles can be made from fully bulk materials.
Nano fertilizers
Application Efficiency
•Applicationofanyfertilizershouldbedoneataneconomicrateotherthanoptimumrate.
Alsoapplicationfromrightsource,rate,placement&timewillreducetheadverseeffecton
boththecropandtheenvironment.
•Varioustechniquesthatmaintainandenrichthesoilfertility&thesoilhumuscontent
shouldbeusedlikeusingcompost,manure,agro-forestry,greenmanure,mulchmanureetc.

30. OTHER ALTERNATIVES BESIDES USING THE PESTICIDES
•Culturalcontrolisthedeliberatealterationoftheproductionsystembytargetingthepest
itselfthroughagronomicpracticestoavoidorreducepestinjuriestocrops.
•Thesemethodsareutilizedmostfrequentlytocontrolpestrelatedissues.
•Croprotation,intercropping,sanitation,trapcropsandpestresistantcropplantsarefew
examplesofculturalcontrol.
•Theseindividualtacticsofculturalcontroltendtobepestandcropspecific.
Cultural Control

31. •Physicalandmechanicalcontrolseitherkillinsectsandsmallrodents,or
maketheenvironmentunsuitableforthembyattacking,orsettingupbarriers.
Thesemethodsareusedforcropgrowingandhouseholdpestmanagement.
Physical andMechanical Control
The Biological Alternatives
•Biologicalalternativescanbeusedasareplacementofchemicalpesticidestoleavetheecosystem
undisturbed.Biologicalalternativeoptionscanbebroadlyclassifiedas:(a)BiologicalControl,(b)
Biopesticides,(c)Semichemicals,and(d)TransgenicOrganisms.
•Biologicalcontrol,alsoknownasbiocontrol,istheuseofnaturalenemies(predators,parasitoids,
insectsorotherarthropodspecies)toreducethedamagecausedbypests.
•Biopesticides,alsoknownasbiologicalcontrol,arebasedonpathogenicmicroorganismsornatural
productswhichusuallykillpests.

32. •Thetermbiopesticidemayalsobeused,morewidely,todescribetheapplicationofbiologicalagents,
pathogens,predators,orparasitoids.Inaddition,botanicals,semichemicalsandtransgenicplantssometimes
bedescribedasbiopesticides.
•BiologicalControl
Biologicalcontrolinvolvesthesuppressionofreproductiveorganismsthroughtheactionsofparasites,
predators,orpathogenstorestrictpestpopulationataloweraveragedensity.
•Biopesticides
Biopesticidesarecertaintypesofpesticidesderivedfromnaturalmaterialssuchasanimals,plants,bacteria,and
certainminerals.Forexample,canolaoilandbakingsodahavepesticidalapplicationsandareconsideredas
biopesticides.

33. •TransgenicOrganisms
Genesofonespeciescanbemodifiedorcanbetransplantedtoanotherspecies.
Organismsthathavealteredgenomesareknownastransgenic.Genetic
modificationwithrecombinantDNAtechniquesisthenewestwayofgenerating
pestresistantplants.
Themostsuccessfulcommercialtransgeniccropsresistanttoinsectsinclude
cotton,maizeandpotato.
Themostsuccessfulcommercialtransgeniccropsresistanttoinsectsinclude
cotton,maizeandpotato.
ThesecropspossesstransgenesfromtheinsecticidalbacteriumBacillus
thuringiensis(Bt)andherbicide-resistantsoybea

34. CASE STUDY/RESEARCH STUDY

35. 1. OVERDOSE OF FERTILISERSTHREAT TO
SOIL HEALTH-Article in HindusthanTimes
RanbirSingh Brar(2013)

36. Report says that most farmers apply fertilizers on their own without getting their soil tested to
compete with other farmers or on the advice of input dealers, who have vested interests.
Instead of going by expert recommendation, they increase the dosage of these fertilizers to get
more yield and allegedly apply unnecessary supplements on the advice of shopkeepers.
The excessive dosage of fertilizers is a threat to soil health and environment, says Charanjeet
Singh Pooni, a farmer from Chainavillage of Jouradistrict in Madhya Pradesh, who practice
natural farming.

37. •Against an application of 110 kg of urea, many farmers apply up to 150 kg of urea to paddy. As far as
the phosphorus fertilizer is concerned, the farmers have been ignoring the recommendations of Punjab
Agricultural University.
•According to the recommendations, if the DAP fertilizer has been applied to rabicrops before the
sowing of wheat, it is not required for the paddy and cotton crops. But farmers can be seen applying
up to two bags of the fertilizer to BT cotton, says Pooni.
•"It is spoiling the soil health as well as environment. Private companies have been running a campaign
to sell their products.
•The farmers are not educated to understand them and such companies succeed in selling their products
to the farmers. Instead of selling recommended fertilisers, selling sub-standard supplements is a
profitable business for sellers too,"

38. 2. THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDES ON FARMER'S HEALTH: A
CASE STUDY OF FRUIT BOWL OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
ShantaKumariet al., (2014)

39. METHODOLOGY
The study was based on the primary survey of farmers of Kulluand Theogdistricts of
Himachal Pradesh.
One hundred farmers were interviewed in each district, using pretested questionnaire.
Total sample consisted of 200 farmers.

40. Symptoms Per cent of respondents(n=200)
Kulludistrict Theogdistrict
Eye irritation 86.00 77.50
Headache 59.00 77.00
Dizziness 22.00 9.00
Vomit 56.00 41.00
Back pain 59.00 77.50
Skin irritation 66.00 41.00
Eye flu 1.00 31.00
Fatigue 81.00 77.30
Table 1 :Pesticide poisoning: symptoms of pesticides

41. 3. EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES
ON HUMAN HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT: A REVIEW
Sharmaet al., (2017)

42. •ThestudywasconductedinBhopal,MadhyaPradesh
•Sixtyfarmerswhosprayedpesticidestothecropwereinterviewed
•Thefarmersreportedmaximumacutesignsandsymptomslikeburning/stingingofeyes
(18.42%),blurredvision(23.68%),skinredness/itching(50%),excessivesweating/shortness
ofbreath(34.2%),drysorethroat(21.05%)andburningofnose(28.90%).
•Thereisneedforcreatingmoreawarenessamongthefarmersregardingthehandlingof
pesticides.
EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES ON
HUMAN HEALTH

43. 4.THE IMPACT OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS ON OUR
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOSYSTEM
Chandiniet al., (2019)

44. Chemicalfertilizersleadstoseveralproblemslike:
•Environmentpollution(soil,water,airpollution),
•Reducedinputefficiency,
•Decreasedfoodquality,
•Resistancedevelopmentindifferentweeds,diseases,insects,soildegradation,micronutrient
deficiencyinsoil,toxicitytodifferentbeneficiallivingorganismpresentaboveandbelow
thesoilsurface,lessincomefromtheproduction,etc.
•Despitethesemanyproblems,thereisalsoachallengetomeetthefooddemandsofthe
world’sgrowingpopulation.
IMPACT OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS ON NATURAL RESOURCES

45. 5. AN AGRICULTURAL POLLUTANT: CHEMICAL FERTILIZER
Serpil Savci(2019)

46. •Eveninidealconditions,Plantsuse50%ofnitrogenousfertilizersappliedtosoil,2-20%
islostthroughevaporation,15-25%reactstoorganiccompoundsintheclaysoiland
theremaining2-10%leechesintosurfaceandgroundwater
•Majorityofnitrogenousfertilizersaren'tabsorbedproductsandtheyinterferewithboth
undergroundandsurfacewater.Groundwaternitrateproblemshouldbeconsideredina
globalcontext.
EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS ON WATER POLLUTION

47. 6. FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES: THEIR IMPACT
ON SOIL HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT
Baweja et al.,(2020)

48. •Theoverusageoffertilizersandpesticidesisimposingpossiblerisksandadverseeffectsonthesoil
health,cropproductivity,environment,andhumanhealth.
•ThechemicalfertilizersarerichinN,P,Kwhicharehighlywatersolubleandchangebiochemical
propertiesincludingorganiccarboncontent,nitrogencontent,pH,moistureetc
•Thedisproportionateuseoffertilizerscauseschemicalburnstocrops.
•Theuseofsyntheticchemicalfertilizersleadstoimperfectlysynthesizedproteininleaves,whichis
responsibleforpoorcropsandinturnforpathologicalconditionsinhumansandanimalsfedwith
suchdeficientfood.
IMPACTS OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES

49. 7.GLOBAL PESTICIDE CONSUMPTION AND POLLUTION : WITH CHINA AS A FOCUS
Zhanget al., (2021)

50. Age Total
Cases Deaths %
0-15 6291 244 3.88
15-35 47447 2641 5.57
35-60 43710 2823 6.46
60-65 3951 435 11.01
65-70 2633 435 14.81
70-100 4322 903 20.89
Unknown 18 01 5.56
Total 108372 7437 6.86
Table 2:Age distribution and causes of human pesticide poisonings during 1997 and 2003

51. CONCLUSION
•Greateruseofmoderninputslikechemicalfertilizersandplantprotectionchemicalsdoes
notnecessarilyresultinincreasedsoilfertilityandcropproductivity.
•Theadverseeffectsofthesyntheticchemicalsonhumanhealthandtheenvironmentcanbe
reducedoreliminatedbyadoptingagriculturalpracticessuchasuseoforganicinputs
(manure,bio-fertilizers,bio-pesticides,slow-releasefertilizersandnanofertilizersetc.)and
movingawayfromchemicalintensivecultivation.
•Therefore,theextensionagencyshouldmotivatethefarmerstoadopttheintegratedpestand
nutrientmanagementpracticesinagriculturetoavoidtheilleffectsoffertilizersand
pesticidesonsoilandhumanhealth.

52. THANK YOU