sensation, attention and perception need

behavior science

1. Unit: 4 Sensation, Attention & Perception Prepared By: Nilam Joshi BNS 1 st Year BHNC 2081/2/22

2. General objective: At the end of teaching learning session, PCL 2 nd year students will be able to explain about factors affecting perception.

3. Specific Objectives At the end of teaching learning session, PCL 2 nd year student will be able to : list the factors affecting perception state the characteristics of the perceiver

4. Factors Affecting Perception Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret the sensory perceives in order to give meaning to their environment.

5. Factors Affecting Perception Contd …. It is necessary to study about perception by nurses because people's behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself .

6. 1. Characteristics of the perceiver. a . Attitudes b. Moods c. Motives d. Self-Concept e. Interests f. Cognitive Structure g. Experience h. Expectations i . Physical health

7.   2. Characteristics of the target a. Novelty b. Motion c. Sounds d. Size e. Background f. Proximity g. Similarity h. Physical Appearance

8. 3. Characteristics of the situation a. Time b. Work setting c. Social setting

9. C haracteristics of the Perceiver: Several characteristics of the perceiver can affect perception. When an individual looks at a target and attempts to interpret what he or she stands for, that interpretation is heavily influenced by personal characteristics of the individual perceiver .

10. The major characteristics of the perceiver influencing perception are :. a) Attitudes: The perceiver's attitudes affect perception. For eg . suppose Mr. X is interviewing candidates for a very important position in his organization a position that requires negotiating contracts with suppliers, most of whom are male.

11. Contd …. Mr. X may feel that women are not capable of holding their own in tough negotiations. This attitude will doubtless affect his perceptions of the female candidates he interviews.

12. b) Moods: Moods can have a strong influence on the way we perceive someone. We think differently when we are happy than we do when we are depressed.

13. Contd …. When in a positive mood, we form more positive impressions of others. When in a negative mood, we tend to evaluate others unfavorably.

14.   c) Motives: Unsatisfied needs or motives stimulate individuals and may exert a strong influence on their perceptions.

15. For eg , in an organizational context a boss who is insecure perceives a subordinate's efforts to do an outstanding job as a threat to his or her own position Personal insecurity can be translated into the perception that others are out to "get my job", regardless of the intention of the subordinates. Contd ….

16.   d) Self-Concept: Another factor that can affect social perception is the perceivers self concept. An individual with a positive self-concept tends to notice positive attributes in another person.

17. Contd …. In contrast, a negative self- concept can lead a perceiver to pick out negative traits in another person. Greater understanding of self allows us to have more accurate perceptions of others.

18. e) Interest: The focus of our attention appears to be influenced by our interests. Because our individual interests differ considerably, what one person notices in a situation can differ from what others perceive.

19. Contd …. For Eg , the supervisor who has just been reprimanded by his boss for coming late is more likely to notice his colleagues coming late tomorrow than he did last week. If you are preoccupied with a personal problem, you may find it hard to be attentive in class.

20. f) Cognitive Structure: cognitive structure, an individual's pattern of thinking, also affects perception. Some people have a tendency to perceive physical traits such as height, weight, and appearance, more readily.

21. Contd …. Others tend to focus more on central traits, or personality dispositions. Cognitive complexity allows a person to perceive multiple characteristics of another person rather than attending to just a few traits .

22. g) Past Experiences and Memory: Memory images help us in the comprehension of the objects or stimulus before us. Generally perception involves the integration of sensory experience in light of past experience and present psychological condition.

23. Contd …. For example, if you have previously had a negative experience with a dog, you might perceive dogs as threatening in the future.

24. h) Physical Health: Perception depends upon the sense organs or receptors, on which the stimuli act and sensory neurons. For example, if cone cells are not developed in retina, color cannot be perceived.

25. Similarly, perception depends upon the functioning capacity of sensory area and the association areas of the brain . For example, if the auditory area of brain is destroyed, we cannot have auditory perception. Poor physical health leads to poor perception. CONTD….

26.   i ) Expectations: Finally, expectations can distort your perceptions in that you will see what you expect to see. If we are waiting for somebody, we will hear the sound of footstep from far, but if we not expecting anybody's arrival, we may not notice even coming very close to us.

27. Contd …. Knowing oneself makes it easier to see others accurately. One's own characteristics affect the characteristics one is likely to see in others.

28. summary

29. Refrences : Dhami , J. (2021). A Textbook of Behavioural Science & Mental Health Nursing, (3 rd Ed.). Samiksha Publication, Jamal, Kathmandu, Nepal. Saini , P. (2019). A Text Book of Behavioural Science, (2 nd  Ed.). Lotus Publication, India. Sharma, R., & Bhatrai , T. (2019). A Text Book Of Behavioral Science & Mental Health Nursing, Medhavi Publication, Kathmandu, Nepal. Sharma, P. (2021). A Text Book Of Behavioral Science & Psychiatric Nursing , (3 rd Ed.). Heritage Publication, Kathmandu, Nepal.

30. assignment 1) List the factors affecting perception.(5)

31. 2. Characteristics of the Target: Characteristics in the target that is being observed can affect what is perceived. a. Novelty : There is a tendency to perceive better the new things or old thing presented in a new way than the things which are old. Perceivers tend to notice physical appearance characteristics that contrast with the norm, that are intense, or that are new or unusual.