Sequences Stratigraphy Prof. Kendall 1.pdf

Sequence Stratigraphy Concept and methodology

1. Sequence Stratigraphy - introduction

November 2008

Professor Christopher G. St. C. Kendall

[email protected]
803 — 777 2410

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
C. G. St C. Kendall

2. A framework of genetically related
Stratigraphic facies geometries and
their bounding surfaces used to
determine depositional setting

3. A framework of genetically related
Stratigraphic facies geometries and
their hounding surfaces used to
determine depositional setting

ORIGINAL THREE-TRACT MODEL ote vo (1967), Posamenter & Val (1988)
> D
a

lowstandwedge

slope
rotah On:
ESTI SEIUND)
Se yucuce.viratigraphy — Basics”
C. 6. St C. Kendall

basin-floor fan

4. Usejatramework of genetically related
staturaniMiciaciesgeomeiries and thelr
DOUNTING | SiMAaces tO eiermimneritheit
NENDSIHONAISEIUNG

5. Use a framework of genetically related
Stratigraphic facies geometries and their
hounding surfaces to determine their
depositional setting

1, Data: vertical profiles and paleo-environments

Braided system

Delta front

Fluvial system |] Fluvial system |] Fluvial system
(meanderin; (meandering) (meandering) Tua oem

(meanderi (meandering) || (meandeme [| Fluvial system |

meanderng) Fluvial system

(meandering)

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
C. G. St C. Kendall

6. Use a framework of genetically related
Stratigraphic facies geometries and their
hounding surfaces to determine their

ssive surfaces 10m dE
ai 10 Km

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
C. G. St C. Kendall

7. B

emphasizing

8. EStablisiia framework O1genetically,
telaten SiratiGrapiic facies GeDMeIneES:
ANT THEN DOMNTING SirAaces 10)

leiermineenositionallseiung

9. storm
washover

shoreface

© GG. St C. Kendall

10. PROGRADING BARRIER SHORE

TIDAL DELTA LOBES, &
«— Coastal Plain — + Shoretace + —— Shelf ———e DISCONTINUOUS BEACH SAND SHEETS
COASTAL PLAIN
‘SWAMP
‘SANDSTONE &

NESTED OFFSET STACKED ‘WINGED’ EBB CHANNELS,

AMALGAMATED
ESTUARINE

SHINGLED STACKING
COASTAL PLAIN
BREACHED BEACH
RIDGE WASHOVER
SPLAY SANDSTONE
& MUDSTONE

CONTORTED BEDS

LOWER SHOREFACE &

DELTA-FRONT SANDSTONES
HUMMOCKY BEDS

CURRENT RIPPLE BEDS|
cross BEDS [SJ WAVE RIPPLE BEDS

Christopher G. St. C. Kendall 2007

11. Y)

en suhdiiting" a

Ss" enveloping discrete
es” of sedimentary section.
geometries from oldestio youngest

ie these inorder of formation, using
subdividing surfaces geometry, lithofacies & fauna to
interpret the evolving character of depositional setting
Remember:-

“Each stratal unitis defined and identified only hy
physical relationships of the strata, including lateral
Continuity and geometry of the surfaces hounding the
units, vertical stacking patterns, and lateral geometry
of the strata within the units.” Wan Wagoner etal,
1990).

12. fundamental 10 sequence stratigrantic interpretation

As understanding of sedimentary systems & interpretation
improves nomenclature of each surface can change
Changes in nomenclature often confuse a scientific
methodology over laden with complex multi-syllable terms
Surface can be given names used before for different
Surface

Innocent geologists, not Knowing terminology has been
changed & lacking understanding of reason for change,
may feel they are going stark staring mad

13. SENNENLEDIAUGTANNY

Suhansıon& interpretation ofsenimentary

Tecordisingaitameworksuniacessseenin

outcrons, Welll0gs,82-D and 3-0 Seismic:

Include:

> Surfaces Of erosión & non-denosition (Sequence
Boundaries, Forced Regression Erosion Surface;
Regressive Surface of Marine Erosion)

> Hooding (Trangressive Surfaces ITS or Max Regressive
Surfacel8/or. maximum flooding surfaces Imís]
Ravinement Surfaces IRS- transgressive}

This framework used to predict the extent of
sedimentary facies geometry, lithologic character,
grain size, sorting & reservoir quality

14. Sennence SAMA

Subdivision & interpretation of sedimentary
record using a framework surfaces seen in

outcrons, well logs, & 2-D and 3-D seismic.
Include:

> Surfaces of erosion & non-denosition (sequence
boundaries)

> Hooding lirangressive surfaces [TS] &/ormaximum
flooding surfaces mis)

This framework used to predict the extent of
sedimentary facies geometry, lithologic character
Bs grain size, sorting & reservoir quality

‘Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
©. 6. St C. Kendall

15. |

90193943 019101191

> Sequence stratigraphy & stratigraphic surfaces
> Basics: Ideal sequence’ of Vailet al 1977
associated terminology
> Clastic system response to changing sealevelan (fi
rates of sedimentation- with movie
> Carbonate systems response to changing sea
level/and rates of sedimentation- with movie
> Exercises — Sequence stratigraphy of carbonates
and clastics from chronostratigranhy, seismic,
outcrop and well log character,

ZA)?
Sun

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
©. 6. St C. Kendall

ES

16. Sennence SAMA

Subdivision & interpretation of sedimentary
record using a framework surfaces seen in

outcrons, well logs, & 2-D and 3-D seismic.
Include:

> Surfaces of erosion & non-denosition (sequence
boundaries)

> Hooding lirangressive surfaces [TS] &/ormaximum
flooding surfaces mis)

This framework used to predict the extent of
sedimentary facies geometry, lithologic character
Bs grain size, sorting & reservoir quality

‘Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
©. 6. St C. Kendall

17. Lecture Points to Note

> Sequence are subdivided hy
= Maximum Flooding Surfaces (mis)
= Transgressive Surfaces (1S)
= Sequence Boundaries (SB)
> Arrangement of vertical succession or stacking
patterns of unconfined sheets
= Prograde [sten seaward)
= Reirograde [sten landwarid)
= Aggrade (build vertically)
> Sheets and uncontined lobes containing
= Non-amalgamated bodies
> Incised topographic fill
= Amalgamated) multi-storied hodies (e.g. incised valleys)
= Within unconfined lobes

18. ah

mietnire mine)

> Principles of Steno

> Belding Planes - How they form and significance
With respect to time

> Branches of Stratigraphy - Lithostratigraphy,
Allostratigragranhy, and Sequence Stratigraphy

> Events

> Sequence stratigraphic subdividing boundaries
> Clastic Sequence Stratigraphic Hierarchy

> Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphic Hierarchy

ae > “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
eS C. G. St C. Kendall

19. ee
PHNGIDIESOISTEND

> Superposition: asuccession of undeformed strata, oldest
Stratum its at hase, with successive younger ones above.
Establishes relative ages of all strata & their contained
fossils

> Original horizontality - stratification originally horizontal
when sedimentary particles settled from fluids under
influence of gravity, so if steeply inclined must have
suffered subsequent disturbance

> Original lateral continuity-strata originally extended in all
directions until they thinned to zero or terminated against
eilges of original basin of deposition

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics” E
©. 6. St C. Kendall /

20. “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
C. G. St C. Kendall

21. Steno's Three Principles
(Nicholas Steno 1669)

Conceptual starting points: Structures observed in layered rocks

Original
lateral
continuity

Original
horizontality

Youngest of layers shown

Superposition
(younger
over der)

Oldest of layers shown

So how do the things on the left become the things on the right?
After Bruce Railshack, 2002

22. |
a —

ivitling surfaces

| introduction 1093111)
Range from

> High frequency surfaces define heils

> Lower frequency surfaces define
parasequences (genetically related cycles
or packages of sediment)

> Lowest frequency major subdivisions in
sedimentary section - the sequence

& > “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
ES | ©. G. St C. Kendall

23. Internal and external surfaces of any

> Bel LL
> Parasequence
> Stratigranhic Sequence

Products of unique associations of processes.

BA
| “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
| ©. G. St. C. Kendall

24. I

. ire

> Bells are enclosed or hounded by sharply defined
upper & lower surfaces or bedding planes.

> These surfaces are easiest physical features of
sedimentary rocks to identify in outcrop

> Subdivide successions of sedimentary rock into
beds

> User to determine relative order & timing of
accumulation of sediments forming beds

> Character of bedding planes, he they eroded,
cemented, bored, bioturbated, or depositional
Surfaces used to aid in interpretation of
sedimentary rocks.

& > “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
ES C. G. St C. Kendall

25. Bending Planes
> Most probably formed by erosion of
unconsolidated sediment collected at sediment
Surface. Weight of sediment, just heneath
sediment surface, causes sediment to dewater,
compact & become cohesive
> Less cohesive sediment of surface truncated &
expose surface of firmer cohesive sediment
helow at bedding plane surface inresponse to:
= Storm waves
= Fast flowing currents of water (sayin tidal or fluvial

channels)
= Turbid flow of a density current

& > “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
sy ©. G. St C. Kendall

26. ©. 6. St C. Kendall

27. “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
C. G. St C. Kendall

28. Tkhetween tiie sacos olayers un:

> Sedimentary layering of a stratigraphic
section has a vast array of dimensional
hierarchies

> Range from units millimeters thick that might
he formed over seconds to thousands of feet
thick and formed of millions of years

> Each layer no matter its dimension and
whatever the time involved in its deposition, is
hounded by surfaces that transgress time

29. Imerudallan
HASENSIHILIUTES
ACCIMIMNALeH

MISSISSIMANOWnsiOne In Minıes

FAN 30318 21811031)
NOUS MTSE CuO
ls
DIANDNSANISOIVEATS

Crosshenlen

Jrlyiskli

Beachbarinnates
ACCION
SUENE AIS

y

K ner “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics
eke C. G. St. C. Kendall

30. Basics”

E
E
Le}
5
©
©

>
;
3
|
8

31. Tkhetween tiie sacos olayers un:

> Foreshore swash units millimeters thick might
have formed over seconds but preserve events
the collectively formed over weeks to months

> Each layer no matter its dimension and
whatever the time involved in its deposition, is
hounded by surfaces that transgress time

33. Internal and external surfaces of any

> Bell
> Parasequence <a:

> Stratigraphic Sequence

Products of unique associations of processes.

BA
| “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
| ©. G. St. C. Kendall

34. E

E races 8 thelr Fiermtion

Parasequence is a relatively conformable
succession of genetically related beds or
hedsets (within a paraseguence set) hounded
by marine flooding surfaces or their
correlative surfaces (Van Wagoner, at SEPM's
1985 Midyear Meeting).

& > “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
ES ©. G. St.C. Kendall

35. BOUNCING SUMACeS a 11914 lalo)

LOSTONE/MUDSTONE RATIO DECREASES UPWARD
GRAIN SIZE DECREASES UPWARD

BIOTURBATION INCREASES UPWARD TO THE PARASEQUENCE
BOUNDARY

PADS SEQUENCE BOUNDARY MARKED BY.
[ABRUPT CHANGE IN LITHOLOGY FROM MUDSTONE OR COAL

[ABRUPT DEEPENING IN DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT ACROSS
THE BOUNDARY

Saxostone |

CROSS BEDS

7 | “Marine Flooding Surface

y) Stratal characteristics of two upward-fining parasequences. These parasequence are interpreted to form
in a tidal flat to subtidal setting on a muddy, tide-dominated shoreline (after Van Wagoner et al, 1990).

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics
©. 6. St C. Kendall

36. ME

> Facies adjacent to one another in a continuous
vertical sequence also accumulated adjacent to one
another laterally”.
= Applies only to a section with no unconformities.
= Applies to a section without subdividing diachronous
houndaries, including transgressive surfaces (TS) and the
maximum flooding surfaces (mis).
The interpretation of depositional setting fora section

cut hy diachronous surfaces must contravene Walthers
law

37. nn, EEE

Vertical
Association
Accumulated
Laterally

38. ARABIA

Major coastal provinces of United Arab Emirates a bathymetry of Southern Arabian
Gulf in fathoms (modified from Purser, 1973).

39. Western Coast of the United Arab emirates

40. * Islands Nucleated
about outcrops

Deeply incised of Pleistocene

Tidal Channel
& Ebb Scais

Low Intertidal

Hardgrounds WM

a Gypsum to

-Anhydrite
ft

mt
Cyanonacıe
= ats

Wy

))

DNS

Halite Encrust
Coastal Sal

SN

=y

41. Cyanobact val Isitzetickil
Flats Czirooneite
dis:

Suoraitiehil
SEIOKUE]

EVE ¿uo tas

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”

C. G. St C. Kendall

42. Intertidal Sand
& Mud Flats

Tidal Channels
Sand Flats
Hardgrounds
Algal Flat
Sabkha

Beach Ridges
Roads

¡1008000

C.G. SLC. Kendall 2003

43. Ue WEY 09 |) Gd

44. —— i

——

"Tink between time, surfaces a layers

> Each layer no matter its dimension and whatever the
time involved in its deposition, is hounded by
surfaces that transgress time
> The interpretation of depositional setting fora
Section cut hy diachronous surfaces must contravene
Walther’s Law
> However we simplify this by assuming the
= Bounding surfaces &
= Layers of sediment
have the same age

45. "Tink beiween lime, surfaces a layers

> Application of Steno's principles and Walther's
Law provide powerful and useful
simplifications that assume the sediments
packaged by surfaces accumulated within
discrete moments of time.

> If one thinks about this, these simplifications
don't contravene logic [which is literally Fuzzy)
and it aids in the interpretation ofthe
sedimentary section.

46. Internal and external surfaces of any

> Bed
> Parasequence
> Stratigraphic Sequence <a 1

Products of unique associations of processes.

BA
| “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
| ©. G. St. C. Kendall

47. Sequence <q si

> Arelatively conformable succession of genetically
related strata hounded at their upper surface and base
hy unconformities and their correlative conformities
(Vail etal, 1977

> Sequence is composed of a succession of genetically
linked deposition systems [systems tracts) andis
interpreted to he deposited hetween eustatic-fall
inflection points (Posamentier etal, 1986).

> The sequences and the system tracts they enclose are
subdivided and/or hounded by a variety of "key"
surfaces that hound orenvelone these discrete _
geometric bodies of sediment. They mark changes ia

= enositional regime “thresholds” across that S )

GRH “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics” /
@oboundary, ©. G. St C. Kendall y

48. <= offlap
=> downlap
e onlap
— — basal surface of forced regression - - - correlative conformity

— subaerial unconformity -. -. maximum flooding surface

—— maximum regressive surface

A SEQUENCE & SYSTEMS TRACTS
A Sea Level Cycle and the Responding

Sediment Geometry

Movie Animation by C. G. St. C. Kendall. 2003

©. 6. St C. Kendall

49. CE AA

oli hy: Maps lithofacies independent

of subis external & internal boundaries
bounding discontinuities
including erosion surfaces, marine flooting
surfaces, tufís, tempestite, and/or turbidite
LES pic aS ME markers
Ll ¡higher level

alostratigraphic model which interprets
depositional origin of sedimentary strata as
products of “relative sea level change”

Dk

2!

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
©. 6. St C. Kendall

=,
=v)

i
aS

50. Chemung Group

A AS

A nese Sh Onondága Ls Tullyls HamiltonGroup Marcellus Sh
Catskill
Chautauqua re Seneca Chenango Mountains
e Vall
Lake cs + Catskill
Post-Devonian s Chemung facies

Conewango Conneaut Canadaway

Tully Ls
Onondaga Ls Genesee

8 Hamilton Group

51. nn AAA

oli hy: maps lithofacies independent

of subis external & internal boundaries
bounding discontinuities
including erosion surfaces, marine flooting
surfaces, tufís, tempestite, and/or turbidite
LES pic aS ME markers
Ll ¡higher level

alostratigraphic model which interprets
depositional origin of sedimentary strata as
products of “relative sea level change”

Dk

2!

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
©. 6. St C. Kendall

=,
=v)

i
aS

52. 10% 107 107 10° 10' 10? 10% 104 105 10% 107 10% 10°

years

a leid
Win Ele Hi

tae oe
ene nes auras
er
QUASI-PERIODIC ms ue ls
NON a GLOBAL
NN EUSTASY
PERIODIC ar O AROS
——— TECTONICS
e
BETT EEE
— “omo AA OCEANOGRAPHIC
EL NINO RR an PROCESSES
VARIATIONS 8"C, 8° 5 SJ 8r
BIOLOGICAL
Hela. eB
OZONE ONSET MASS bnnenons
recunwence rue cen on
AOR Turmes
EVENTS — en men
DEPOSITIONAL
RT FRiRSoressons femmes Wows EVENTS
Fe Gago" LE E
a eee
os roo LAO
Pose za FB Esa ERUPTIONS
rocumrence Tat
Es oo CRA RP EBEN o> EARTHQUAKES
WAnEARMOUNES © 0 ue O
Goma
——
METEORITE ‘SHOWERS. 51 km DAMETER 210 km DAMETER IMPACTS

Major recurrence time of quasi-periodic and nonperiodic processes as well as events.

Einsele, Ricken, & Seilacher (1991)

53. nn AAA

oli hy: maps lithofacies independent

of subis external & internal boundaries
bounding discontinuities
including erosion surfaces, marine flooting
surfaces, tufís, tempestite, and/or turbidite
LES pic aS ME markers
Ll ¡higher level

alostratigraphic model which interprets
depositional origin of sedimentary strata as
products of “relative sea level change”

Dk

2!

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
©. 6. St C. Kendall

=,
=v)

i
aS

54. EVENT DEPOSITS

Allostratigraphic
Events'&

Surfaces

55. CE AA

oli hy: Maps lithofacies independent

of subis external & internal boundaries
bounding discontinuities
including erosion surfaces, marine flooting
surfaces, tufís, tempestite, and/or turbidite
LES pic aS ME markers
Ll ¡higher level

alostratigraphic model which interprets
depositional origin of sedimentary strata as
products of “relative sea level change”

Dk

2!

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
©. 6. St C. Kendall

=,
=v)

i
aS

56. Viste à

Higher level
allostratigraphic model
that enables

interpretation of
sedimentary strata as
products of “relative sea
level change”

Most10yr00y

Correlations based on Lithology
- Lithostratigraphic

Correlations based on Bounding
Surfaces - Ema cad

HA
Shale Unit
A

—— mfs (Maximum Flooding surface)
TS (Transgressive Surface)
SB (Sequence Boundary)
LST Lowstand System Tract
TST Transgressive System Tract
HST Highstand System Tract

57. A SEQUENCE & SYSTEMS TRACTS
A Sea Level Cycle and the Responding
Sediment Geometry

Movie Animation by C. G. St. C. Kendall. 2003

Higher level allostratigranhic model that interprets
sedimentary strata in terms of bounding surfaces
that are the products of “relative sea level change”

58. dina Suriaces
Subdivide sedimentary rock. Best understood
hy iteratively applying conceptual models

that link processes that formed them.
Provide:-

> Relative time framework to sedimentary
succession

> Better understanding inter-relationship of
depositional settings & their lateral correlation

& > “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
ES | ©. G. St C. Kendall

59. — |

= ————

SEINE Stratugranmy

> Study of rock relationships within a time-
stratigraphic framework of repetitive, genetically
related strata bounded by surfaces of erosion or
non-deposition, or their correlative conformities
(Posamentier et al, 1988; Van Wagoner et all,
1988).

> Implicit but sometimes unstated connection
between the external and internal surfaces ofa
sequence and hase level change.

& > “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
ES | ©. G. St C. Kendall

60. Suraces

> Sequence stratigraphy is based on the
application of the systematic subdivision of
the section by well defined surfaces

> These surfaces are used to provide a frame
work to the interpretation of the depositional
settings of the sedimentary section

> This interpretation is then is used to predict
the extent and character of the component
sedimentary facies

MEA 4 N N
N i" “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics” SS
Je | ©. 6. St C. Kendall À

61. AAA

Sequence Boundary [SB]

> Envelope Sequence

> Significant erosional unconformity & correlative
disconformity formed hy drop in base level (sea
level?)

> Erodes subaerially exposed sediment surface of
earlier Sequence oF Sequences

> Diachronous boundary between underlying
Highstand System Tract (HST) & overlying Falling
Stage System Tract (FSST) or Early Lowstant
System Tract (ELST)

> Erode surface of downstenping sediments

= deposited during accompanying forced

& | regression associated with sea levelfall

62. FALLING STAGE SYSTEMS TRACT

Falling Sea Level & High Sedimentation Cause
Forced Regression & Prograding Clinoforms
Enveloped by Sequence Boundary

& Transgressive Surface
Movie Animation by C. G. St. C. Kendall. 2003

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
C. G. St C. Kendall

63. miGhiaracteristics of Sequence =
Boundary (SE) irom Seismic

> Defined hy erosion or truncation of underlying
reflectors or the correlative conformity

> Can he inferred from onlapping reflectors
overlying a surface

> Should the upper surface of a falling stage
system tract he eroded when ashorelineis
forced seaward (a forced regression!) hy a drop
sea level (or base level) the interpretation ofa
sequence houndaryis ambiguous

& > “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
ES C. G. St C. Kendall

64. Onlap

from Mitchum et al, 1977)

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
©. 6. St C. Kendall

65. > Detined by erosion or incision of underlying flooding
surfaces (mis and TS)

> Inferred from interruption in the lateral continuity of
these surfaces

Accomodation below sediment surface

==.

Incision in SB and below TS

Wy
NN

WS

2)

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
©. 6. St C. Kendall

eh

&
¢

66. > Detined by erosion or incision of underlying flooding
surfaces (mis and TS)

> Inferred from interruption in the lateral continuity of
these surfaces

67. RE |

> Prodict of rise in hase levellsealevel?]

> Lies at boundary between underiying Late Lowstand
System Tract (LST) and the overlying Transgressive
system tract (TST)

> Marine-fooding surface that forms first significant
flooding surface in a sequence - often marking hase of
most prominent onlap.

> Formed when rate of creation of accommodation space
is greater that the rate of sediment supply:

> Inrimmed carbonate platforms, the rate of sediment
Supply may keep pace with the rate of relative sea-level
rise and this TS marks change from a progradational to
anaggradational parasequence stacking patterns:

68. TRANGRESSIVE SYSTEMS TRACT
Rapid Sea Level Rise & Low Sedimentation
Produce Retrogradational Onlapping

Parasquences Enveloped by Transgressive
Surface and Maximum Flooding Surface (mfs)
Movie Animation by C. G. St. C. Kendall. 2003

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
C. G. St C. Kendall

69. Characlenetice ent ANS UT ES STE o
Surface (1S) irom Seismic

> Defined by onlapping reflectors over and ontoa
Surface [SB

=
Be

| à “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
Je | C. G. St C.

St. C. Kendall

70. > Defined by erosion or incision of underlying
onlapped sediment (Ravinement)

> Inferred from presence of Glossifungites in this
surface

> Inferred from presence of nick or neck on
resistivity logs caused by presence of carbonate
cements probably derived from the carbonate
fauna eroded during the Ravinement

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
€. 6. St C. Kendall

bay
FAN

71. > Defined by erosion or incision of underlying
onlapped sediment (Ravinement)

TRANGRESSIVE SYSTEMS TRACT

Rapid Sea Level Rise & Low Sedimentation

Produce Retrogradational Onlapping
Parasquences Enveloped by Transgressive
Surface and Maximum Flooding Surface (mfs)
Movie Animation by C. G. St. C. Kendall. 2003 =

EN
y)

SNA
YN

N | “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
> C. 6. St C. Kendall

rs
€:

72. ne AAA |

SUTIACE TSI Wen 1095; cores ONICTON

> Inferred from presence of Glossifungites in this
surface]

Glossifungites

(after Benton & Harper, 1997)

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
C. G. St C. Kendall

73. > Inferred from presence of nick or neck on
resistivity logs caused by presence of carbonate
cements probably derived from the carbonate
fauna eroded during the Ravinement Y

— E Pa. y N
“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics” SS
©. 6. St C. Kendall A

74. At

an
| |
al!
ITU

les)

T Hp

75. FAN SOI E SS WE SITACE TS) Pavel
IOUS COE 2 OUICTO]

KEY
DD Derbyshire
Dome

SB Staffordshire
Basin

WG Widmerpool
Gulf men

Dinantian
syn-rift faults

N
4 N
71, MIDLAND LANDMASS N,

a

77. Meee

> Product of maximum flooding or transgression of
shelf or stillstand in base level (sea level?)
> Lies at the boundary between the underlying
Transgressive system tract (TST) and the
overlying High stand system tract (HST)
> Often expressed as a downlap surface.
> Marine shelf and basinal sediments associated
with this surface product of slow rates of
deposition of pelagic-hemipelagic sediments
> Make un condensed section and are usually thin

78. HIGHSTAND SYSTEMS TRACT
Sea Level Still Stand & Low Sedimentation
Produce Prograding Onlapping

Clinoforms Enveloped by Maximum Flooding
Surface (mfs) & Upper Sequence Boundary

Movie Animation by C. G. St. C. Kendall. 2003

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
C. G. St C. Kendall

79. > Often expressed as a downlan surface.

Downlap
trom Mitchum et al. 1977)

80. = Defined as lying immediately below the
downlapping reflectors prograding reflectors of
the HST

81. ClaraclensucsOnmantinumriOoning
Suriace (mis) trom well logs) cores; €
OUICrON
> Defined by organic often radioactive (hig kicks on
gamma ray logs) black shales

> Not infrequently overlain by coarser sediments
{often sand sized)

> Inferred from presence of condensed faunal
association

> Inferred from presence of finest grain size

82. DEPOSITIONAL .
ENVIRONMENT Gamma Ray Neutron-Density

ESTUARINE

FLUVIAL

After Hanford

83. Gamma Ray m H
sa An Lo GRU OOTY
welllogs, core &

84. After Hanford

85. After Coe etal

86. Meee

> Product of maximum flooding or transgression of
shelf or stillstand in base level (sea level?)
> Lies at houndary between underlying
Transgressive system tract (TST) and overlying
High stand system tract (HST)
> Often expressed as a downlap surface.
> Marine shelf and basinal sediments associated
with this surface product of slow rates of
deposition of pelagic-hemipelagic sediments
> Often associated with condensed sections, high
gamma ray signals and are usually thin

87. Den nitions

Sediment wnconsolitated’ material that is produced on
Earth's surface by the disaggregation of pre-existing
rocks

Sedimentary rock-a consolidated body formed from
sediments or so/afesthat are transported and
denosited hy gravity, biologic activity, ora //7///and
then //2///8/bythe combined effects of Compaction
and cementation

Seiimentology the study of the “roduction transport and
Wepositionot sediment

1
i in À a “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
L | |" some exceptions apply C.G. St © Kendall

88. mn == O

Den nitions

Strata: layers of usually sedimentary) rock

Stratigraphy:

1. the description, study, and/or application of the
ll of layered (usually sedimentary)
FOCKS

2.a SUecessionol \ayeret rocks; 2.9, the stratigraphy
of South Carolina

basin:
1. aregion of potential sediment accumulation
generally caused hy suvsidence
2. the largest possible body of related and once-
contiguous’ strata; 2.9, the Appalachian basin

* some exceptions apply

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
©. 6. St C. Kendall

89. en nitions

faciere:1o send, to put to place, fomake
> facies. outward appearance, sight, form, shape

facies. he face; the general aspect of any group
Of 0rganisms OF OF FOCKS /Wwensters 19457

/acies;a rock distinguished from others by its
appearance OF COMPOSICIÓN www wc roman com

Mass
Ik

| a “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
a Shan

©. 6. St C. Kendall

90. mn == O

Den nitions

Strata: layers of usually sedimentary) rock

Stratigraphy:
1. the description, study, and/or application of the
ll of layered (usually sedimentary)
FOCKS
2. a SUccession ol layered rocks; 2,7, the stratigraphy
of South Carolina

basin:
1. aregion of potential sediment accumulation
generally caused hy suvsidence
2. the largest possible body of related and once-
contiguous’ strata; 2.9, the Appalachian basin

* a “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
some exceptions apply C.G. St © Kendall

91. SSS

— Fu

"C.6.St.C. Kendall

92. > facies:the total textural, compositional and structural
characteristics of a sedimentary deposit resulting from
accumulation and modification in a particular environment.

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
C. G. St C. Kendall

93. > /acies:ihe total textural, compositional and structural

characterisücslof a sedimentary deposit resulting from
accumulation and modification in a particular environment.

+ grain size, sorting, rounding
- lithology
- sedimentary structures

- bedding type

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
C. G. St C. Kendall

94. CHIMEentary Facies

> facies:the total textural, compositional and structural
characteristics of a sedimentary deposit resulting from
accumulation and modification in a particular environment.

> EX: well-sorted moderately rounded trough cross-stratified horizontally
burrowed & normally grated arkosic coarse sandstone

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
€. 6. St C. Kendall

95. Se AAA

lithofacies 2 Lihoracies Cones

> Sedimentary facies often get reduced to //i#ofacies which
detail grain-size, composition, and dominant sedimentary
structures only

= EX: planar cross-stratified gravel, inversely graded massive sandstone
> This has led to lithofacies codes (after Miall, 1978).

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
€. 6. St C. Kendall

96. rs

eee ET APA

facies:the total textural, compositionalland structural
characteristics of a Sedimentary deposit resulting from
accumulation and modification in a particular environment.

faciles assemb/age:collection of multiple facies resulting
from genetically related accumulation and modification.

EX: lenticularly bedded stratified pebble conglomerate with
subordinate planar cross-stratified sandstone

OR: fluvial channel lithofacies assemblage

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
©. 6. St C. Kendall

97. SSS

— Fu

"C.6.St.C. Kendall

98. Depositional Systems

> denositionalsystem:assemhlage of multiple process-related
sedimentary facies assemblages, commonly identified hy the
geography in which deposition occurs.

= EX: nearshore depositional system, deen marine depositional system,
glacial depositional system, fluvial depositional system

> Aé6depositional systems are:
= modern features
= used to interpret ancient sedimentary successions

& > “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
sy ©. G. St C. Kendall

99. = =

SENUENGESIAUUTANNICH

alysis

This analysis involves

> Subdivision of section into sequences,
parasequences and beds.

> Link conceptual models with mix of components
Of the individualsequence, parasequence or bets

> Use these to explain the depositional setting in
terms of their lithology, grain size, sedimentary
structures, contacts character (gradational,
abrupt) etc

& > “Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
sy ©. G. St C. Kendall

100. Creation of stratigraphic cross sections & geologic models of carbonates
The use of sequence stratigraphy to
correlate & interpet carbonates from well logs & cores

Depositional setting of the carbonates determined from:

model provided by literature

Graphic column that characterizes
lithology
grain size
sedimentary structures
fossils
surfaces subdividing parasequenc

Subdivision by these surface into parasequence stacking patterns reflecting
Grain size
Thickness
Facies architecture & trajectory caused by changes in
rates of change of sea level, sediment accumulation,
and sea floor slope affec
‘Sequence boundaries (SB)
Flooding surfaces (TS & mfs)
& determining direction of shoreline motion; namely
Progradati
Aggradation
Retrogradation

PU Sewvence Boundary

Creation of stratigraphic cross
sections & geologic models of

101. > ALLOCHEMS - Lihological components, their
cementation & diagenesis

> BEDDING - Internal character including lithology,
geometry, sedimentary structures, & fauna

> STACKED CYCLES OF BEDS — Vertical character of betis
from varying depositional settings

> MARGIN COMPLEX — Shelf, shelf margin & adjacent
basin facies evolving inresponse toa cycle in
changing base level

> SHELFCOMPLEX— Mix of shelf, shelf margin & adjacent
basin facies evolving inresponse to complete &
complex cycles of changing base levels
paleogeogranhy

103. Carbonate Stacking Patterns - Generalized Variations in Grain Size

Cylindrical
<-Size

A

Aggrading

Hetergeneous
facies accumulated
in shalllow water

Keep-up
Carbonate shelf

Prograding

Shoreline, Build ups
change from clastics
to carbonates.
Catch-up
Carbonates

Bell
<-Size

Retrograding

Tidal channel-fil,
Tidal flat, Trangressive
shelf.
Give-up
Carbonates

Symmetrical
<-Size

Prograding &
Retrograding

Reworked offshore
buildup, regressive to

Serrated
<-Size

Te

Aggrading

Storm-dominated
shelf, and distal
deep-marine slope
interbedded

with shaley
intervals.

CGS. Kendall 2003

104. Grain Size & Depositional Setting

PROGAKORTONALARNESHELF

‘COASTAL & SHELF CARBONATE SETTINGS]

paca ERRATA
a Porn | SG SREUAAGOON

> Er
E

[DEEP SEA SETTINGS] DISTAL]
[era 1 Em A oT
ms | [ami

105. TS 301100930) 115% EINES)

PROGRADATIONAL TRAJECTORY - KEEP-UP RESPONSETO STILL-STAND AT LOW SEA LEVEL POSITION DISTAL]

1H] [INNER SHELF/LAGOON REEFS] (HIGH ENERGY SHELF GRAIN SHOAL ‘SHELF MARGIN REEF ‘SHELF MARGIN SLOPE]

DEEPER BASIN SETTINGS} DISTAL) soLaTeD BASIN

OUSTOUTHS E TRNERFAN| [MODLEFAR RB non LOWSTAND
| SLOPE CHANNEL | a EVAPORITES

LOWSTAND
CARBONATE STACKING

106. ast SEMUENCE StaliOrannicnicrarciies

PROXIMAL RETROGRADATIONAL TRAJECTORY - GIVE-UP RESPONSE TO LATE LOWSTAND & TRANSGRESSIVE SEA LEVEL RISES DISTAL |

RESTRICTED LAGOON or SHELF] [INNER SHELF/LAGOON REEFS] [HIGH ENERGY SHELF GRAIN SHOAL] (SHELF MARGIN REEF SHELF MARGIN SLOPE
gie onde ine Sn

E san

TRANSGRESSIVE E veces

CES

CARBONATE nr
STACKING per

107. [CARBONATE COASTAL, SHELF & MARGINAL SETTINGS |
PROXIMAL PROGRADATIONAL TRAJECTORY - KEEP-UP RESPONSE TO STILL-STANDS AT HIGH & LOW SEA LEVEL POSITIONS | [DISTAL

[TIDAL FLATS, CHANNELS & BEACH | [INNER SHELF/LAGOON REEFS] [HIGH ENERGY SHELF GRAIN SHOAL] [SHELF MARGIN REEF] SHELF MARGIN SLOPE
CIC =
gains gain Sansa mint
+ + E

q

SEALEVEL & SYSTEM TRACT

HIGHSTAND wee
CARBONATE m reer
STACKING past

BASEMENT

108. ’ E SETENCE STANOPANNICHICrATC IE SE

<Sequence Boundary
Accomodation less
than sediment supply Progradation under SB, Basin
Starvation beyond Shelf Break

<mfs
Accomodation greater
TST than sediment supply Retrogradation
= Above TS

SSS

Accomodation below ==

shelf break
LST RG Progradation above SB
SS
<Sequence Boundary

Christopher G. St. C. Kendall- 2004

109. WISTSENMIENCE SiratigranmcHierarctnesge

<Sequence Boundary

Accomodation less .
than sediment supply Progradation below SB
Basin Starvation & Give Up

Accomodation greater Retrogradation &
than sediment supply Catch Up above TS

Accomodation below
shelf break je
LST Progradation above SB

Christopher Kendall 2003 <Sequence Boundary

110. EStablisiia framework O1genetically,
telaten SiratiGrapiic facies GeDMeIneES:
ANT THEN DOMNTING SirAaces 10)

leiermineenositionallseiung

111. PROGRADING BARRIER SHORE

TIDAL DELTA LOBES, &
«— Coastal Plain — + Shoretace + —— Shelf ———e DISCONTINUOUS BEACH SAND SHEETS
COASTAL PLAIN
‘SWAMP
‘SANDSTONE &

NESTED OFFSET STACKED ‘WINGED’ EBB CHANNELS,

AMALGAMATED
ESTUARINE

SHINGLED STACKING
COASTAL PLAIN
BREACHED BEACH
RIDGE WASHOVER
SPLAY SANDSTONE
& MUDSTONE

CONTORTED BEDS

LOWER SHOREFACE &

DELTA-FRONT SANDSTONES
HUMMOCKY BEDS

CURRENT RIPPLE BEDS|
cross BEDS [SJ WAVE RIPPLE BEDS

Christopher G. St. C. Kendall 2007

112. is FR 5 e i = > nun
GIASICSENIENGESTTAUGTANNICHIETATLINIES
Sequence Boundary
Accomodation less

than sediment supply Progradation below SB

Accomodation greater
than sediment supply

Accomodation below
sediment surface

Incision in SB

Sequence Boundary

113. IMPORTANT BOUNDARY
SURFACES

SB - Sequence Boundary

TS - Transgressive Surface

114. GIASICSENTENGESTrAHDFANNICHIETATCHIES:

General Gamma Ray Response to Variations in Grain Size

Symmetrical Serrated
GR-> GR->

a. | y

Cylindrical Funnel
GR->

| with ised
{sharp / Fine Le =
u

ip &
sharp
ba:
ee
Í \

Retrograding Prograding &
Retrograding

AA a und

115. BCIMGTICSEOUENCEMIERANU Yn

> SHELF & MARGIN COMPLEX — Mix of shelf, coastal
(harrier & deltaic) & adjacent basin fan facies
evolving in response to complete & complex cycles of
changing hase level & paleogeogranhy

> STACKED CYCLES OF BEDS — Vertical character of heds
from varying depositional settings

> BEDDING - Internal character including lithology,
geometry, sedimentary structures, 8 fauna

> ALLOCHEMS — Lihological components, their
cementation & diagenesis

116. Gamma Ray Log Response & Depositional Setting

DELTAIC & FLUVIAL SETTINGS
CRARRELPONTSAB] romo] (SAPOS

[CLASTIC MARINE SETTINGS] [PROXIMAL] DISTAL

PROGRADING MARINE SHELF TRANSGRESSIVE MARINE SHELF]

ee

=
=
1

DEEP SEA SETTINGS DISTAL
PROXIMAL} INNERFAN] (MIDOERN] ©» (SUPRAFAN) [BASIN]
[HOPE CHANNEL] | CHANNEL CHANNEL Coses | [pm

Glastic
Senuence

stratigraphic
Hierarchies

117. [FLUVIAL, DELTAIC & SHELF MARGIN SETTINGS |
CHANNEL FONNTEAR] —_[PROGRADIN LAIN) [PROGRADING DELTA MARGIN

LOWSTAND
CLASTIC
STACKING

Clastic
SEHLIENCE

stratigraphic
Hierarchies

118. CLASTIC MARINE Si
PROXIMAL

Clastic
SEHLIENCE

stratigraphic
Hierarchies

119. [FLUVIAL DELTAIC & SHELF MARGIN SETTINGS |
HIGHSTAND can in] [PROGRADING COASTAL PLAIN) [PROGRADING DELTA MARGIN
CLASTIC

STACKING

Clastic
SEHLIENCE

stratigraphic
Hierarchies

120. >And so to lunch

“Sequence Stratigraphy — Basics”
C. 6. St C. Kendall