Serratia

1. REISS A. PEREZ BSMT 3L

2. REISS A. PEREZ SERRATIA :-D Scientific classification Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobacteria Class: Gamma Proteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Serratia

3. REISS A. PEREZ Serratia   i s a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family.   This is a Gram negative rod that thrives in moist environments. It frequently contaminates solutions and hospital equipment and the human reservoirs are the urinary and respiratory tracts as well as the gastrointestinal tract of children.

4. REISS A. PEREZ The genus is named after  Serafino Serrati , an Italian physicist .

5. REISS A. PEREZ The most common species in the genus,   S. marcescens , is normally the only pathogen   and usually causes  nosocomial infections. However, rare strains of  S . plymuthica ,   S . liquefaciens ,   S. rubidaea , and  S. odoriferae  have caused diseases through infection .

6. REISS A. PEREZ * Members of this genus produce characteristic red pigment , prodigiosin , and can be distinguished from other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae by its unique production of three enzymes:  DNase , lipase, and gelatinase . * In the hospital,  Serratia  species tend to colonize the respiratory and urinary tracts, rather than the gastrointestinal tract, in adults.

7. REISS A. PEREZ Serratia infection is responsible for about 2% of nosocomial infections of the bloodstream, lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, surgical wounds, and skin and soft tissues in adult patients. Outbreaks of  S. marcescens  meningitis, wound infections, and arthritis have occurred in pediatric wards. Serratia  infection has caused endocarditis and osteomyelitis in people addicted to heroin. Cases of  Serratia  arthritis have been reported in outpatients receiving intra- articular injections.

8. REISS A. PEREZ S . marcescens was once thought to be a non-pathogenic bacteria. Because of the red pigment it produces, it was widely used to trace bacterial transmission and to study settling and drifting of bacteria in air currents. In 1950 the US Navy conducted a secret experiment called “Operation Sea-Spray” to study wind currents that might carry biological weapons. They filled balloons with S. marcescens and burst them over San Francisco. Shortly thereafter, doctors in the area noted a drastic increase in pneumonia and urinary tract infections.

9. REISS A. PEREZ Some strains of  S. marcescens  are capable of producing a pigment called prodigiosin , which ranges in color from dark red to pale pink, depending on the age of the colonies.  S. marcescens  has a predilection for growth on starchy foodstuffs, where the pigmented colonies are easily mistaken for drops of blood.

10. REISS A. PEREZ In 1819, Bartolomeo Bizio , a pharmacist from Padua, Italy, discovered and named S. marcescens  when he identified the bacterium as the cause of a miraculous bloody discoloration in a cornmeal mush called polenta. Bizio named  Serratia  in honor of an Italian physicist named Serrati , who invented the steamboat, and Bizio chose  marcescens  (from the Latin word for decaying) because the bloody pigment was found to deteriorate quickly.

11. REISS A. PEREZ Bartolomeo , Bizio

12. REISS A. PEREZ Since 1906, physicians have used  S marcescens  as a biological marker for studying the transmission of microorganisms because, until the 1950s , this bacterium was generally considered a harmless saprophyte. Only since the 1960s has  S marcescens  been recognized as an opportunistic pathogen in humans. Derivatives of prodigiosin have recently been found to have immunosuppressive properties and antitumor activity in vivo.

13. REISS A. PEREZ International The yearly incidence of  Serratia   bacteremia is 1.03 per 100,000 population, with 47% of episodes having their onset in the community. The prevalence of  Serratia  species as a cause of nosocomial infections is diminishing, but these bacteria are still able to cause hospital outbreaks, especially in intensive care units.

14. REISS A. PEREZ Significance in endoscopy If more evidence is required ofthe pivotal role of adequate mechanical cleaning in endoscope reprocessing then it is provided by Serratia marcescens . Several outbreaks of S. marcescens infection have been tracked to bronchoscopic transmission. In an outbreak involving three fatalities, the instrument had been inadequately cleaned but then subjected to a full ethylene oxide sterilising process, underlining the fact that any attempts at sterilisation or disinfection are likely to be ineffective in the presence of inadequate cleaning.

15. REISS A. PEREZ Mortality/Morbidity In a population-based study of  Serratia   bacteremia , the 7-day and 6-month mortality rates were 5% and 37%, respectively . Serratia  meningitis and  Serratia   endocarditis carry a high mortality rate . Serratia  species cause less than 6% of cases of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia . S marcescens  causes 11% of burn-related surgical wound infections .

16. REISS A. PEREZ Disease Significant cause of health care associated pulmonary, urinary, and surgical site infections . Mode of transmission The organism is usually transmitted from person to person via the nahds of HCW's or from environmental reservoirs to patients.

17. REISS A. PEREZ Sex Most (68%) episodes of  Serratia   bacteremia occur in males . Age Outbreaks of  Serratia  infection occur in neonates and infants. In adults, most Serratia  infections are isolated, but occasional nosocomial outbreaks occur.

18. REISS A. PEREZ

19. REISS A. PEREZ http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228495-overview#showall http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serratia http://www.health.qld.gov.au/EndoscopeReprocessing/module_1/1_3d.asp REFERENCES:

20. REISS A. PEREZ THANK YOU, MAM TESALONA :-D