Session-2_Basic-Concept-of-DRR-and-its-Legal-Bases.pptx

basic concept of DRR management in the philippines

1. Education Safe from Disasters: Developing an Ecosystem for Comprehensive School Safety in the Philippines (CSSE) Basic Concept of DRR and its Legal Bases

2. Objective Demonstrate understanding of the basic terms and concepts on DRR and their legal bases 1 At the end of the Module, the participants should be able to:

3. DRR GUESSING GAME

4. World Risk Index 2022

5. PHILIPPINES RISK PROFILE The Philippines is located along the typhoon belt in the Western North Pacific Basin in the Pacific where 66 percent of tropical cyclones enter or originate. On the average, the country faces 20 tropical cyclones a year, of which 5 to 7 can be rather destructive.

6. PHILIPPINES RISK PROFILE Situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire where two major tectonic plates (Philippine Sea and Eurasian) meet which explains the occurrence of earthquakes and tsunamis as well as the existence of around 300 volcanoes of which 24 are classified as active.

7. A B

8. Hazard A hazard is a process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation . Hazards may be natural , anthropogenic (human-induced hazards) or socio-natural in origin (UNDRR) Hazards may be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects.

9. Hazard Credit: Dr. Roger Hutchison/ NGDC/Britannica Earthquake Drought Credit: UCS Disease outbreaks Credit: Kin Cheung /Business Insider Industrial Accidents Credit: Beirut Explosion, 2020 / Reuters Natural Hazards Oil Spills Credit: Exxon Oil Spill 1989, RGB Ventures / SuperStock / Alamy Stock Photo Anthropogenic Hazards

10. DISASTER Disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources (RA 10121). Some disasters can result from several different hazards or, more often, to a complex combination of both natural and human-induced causes and different causes of vulnerability.  Food insecurity, epidemics, conflicts and displaced populations are examples. “ There is no such thing as a natural disaster, but disasters often follow natural hazards” (UNDRR PreventionWeb)

11. PANGANIB VS KALAMIDAD Hazard Disaster

12. PANGANIB VS KALAMIDAD Hindi lahat ng panganib ay humahantong sa kalamidad . Ang panganib ay maaaring maging kalamidad lamang kapag ito ay nagdulot ng malaking pinsala at pagkagambala na higit sa kahandaan at kakayahan ng komunidad na tumugon .

13. Exposure Exposure is the situation of people, infrastructure, housing, production capacities and other tangible human assets located in hazard-prone areas (UNDRR, 2017) “People and economic assets become concentrated in areas exposed to hazards through processes such as population growth, migration, urbanization and economic development” (Prevention Web, UNDRR (2015)) Source: UNITAR (2014) / Prevention Web If a hazard occurs in an area of no exposure, then there is no risk. 

14. Exposure Elements at risk or who or what are exposed to hazards? People: men and women, children, elderly, PWDs, IP, poor & marginalized, students, professionals Sector: farmers, farm workers, fishermen, industries, schools, social services, government

15. WHAT IS VULNERABILITY? These are the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. Vulnerability may arise from various physical, social, economic, and environmental factors such as poor design and construction of buildings, inadequate protection of assets, lack of public information and awareness, limited official recognition of risks and preparedness measures, and disregard for wise environmental management (RA 10121). Residents do house chores outside their units in a slum area in Tondo, Manila, on May 4, 2020 during COVID-19 lockdown. Photo by Reuters

16. WHAT IS VULNERABILITY? Weak materials of school buildings Location of schools in lowlands and coastal areas Fire-prone materials/buildings Location of schools along faults Crowded schools due to high enrolment rate Unstable building structure Damaged or lacking facilities Location of the school near a body of water/dam, land mass or is a catch basin Incomplete/destroyed perimeter fence Absence of security personnel Example of vulnerabilities:

17. WHAT IS VULNERABILITY? Examples of school vulnerabilities to flood: Factors Vulnerabilities Physical/ Material School located in low lying area One floor school buildings that get easily flooded Poor drainage system in the school and community Social/ Organizational There is no SDRRMG No flood preparedness plan No EWS in place for flood Motivational/ Attitudinal Teachers & students not interested to reduce the effects of flood SDRRM Coordinator is not listening to the advise of her/his school head about the warning signals Majority of the students are not following the instructions of the their advisers on what to do before, during and after an emergency

18. CAPACITY It is a combination of all strengths and resources available within a community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk, or effects of a disaster. Capacity may include infrastructure and physical means, institutions, societal coping abilities, as well as human knowledge, skills and collective attributes such as social relationships, leadership and management. Capacity may also be described as capability (RA 10121).

19. CAPACITY Coping capacity   is the ability of people, organizations and systems, using available skills and resources, to manage adverse conditions, risk or disasters . The capacity to cope requires continuing awareness, resources and good management, both in normal times as well as during disasters or adverse conditions. Coping capacities contribute to the reduction of disaster risks (UNDRR). Adaptive capacity , i n the context of climate change, refers to the ability of ecological, social or economic systems to adjust to climate change including climate variability and extremes, to moderate or offset potential damages and to take advantage of associated opportunities with changes in climate or to cope with the consequences thereof (RA 9729).

20. CAPACITY Examples of capacities to reduce risk to flood: Institutions Capacities Teachers School leadership Students Have SDRRMG with flood preparedness plan Flood markers in place and functional Strong coordination of SDRRMG with MDRRMC Students/teachers know what to do Families Know risk of location to flood & know how to prepare for flood and when to evacuate Always have prepared evacuation bag with supplies Community LGUs Available transportation at pick up points to evacuate families Ready and safe evacuation centers EWS in place in all flood prone areas MDRRMC with disaster preparedness plan with adequate budget and supplies

21. CAPACITY Examples of Vulnerabilities and Capacity Assessment: Hazards Vulnerabilities Capacities Volcanic hazards (ash fall, lahar flow) The school is within the 8-km danger zone, and along the lahar path There is no funding for DRR measures in the event of volcanic hazards. Buildings are made of concrete and GI roofing. There is early warning system in place and disseminated to all Earthquake (destructive and non-destructive Two rooms are constructed with a LAPUS design; its walls and roofs are thus made of concrete and susceptible to damage. Each classroom has a circuit breaker so power can be shut down quickly during an earthquake. Children and teachers have knowledge on what to do when there is ground shaking Earthquake drills are conducted regularly.

22. DISASTER RISK Disaster risk is expressed as the likelihood of loss of life, injury or destruction and damage from a disaster in a given period of time (UNDRR, 2015) Source: GAR 2019, UNDRR Source: Local Government Academy Source: UNDRR PreventionWeb

23. DISASTER RISK Hazard, exposure and vulnerability are directly related to disaster risk. If any of these three—hazard, exposure or vulnerability are high, disaster risk is also high; or if hazard, exposure and/or vulnerability are low, disaster risk is also low. The opposite is true for the relationship between capacity and disaster risk. If capacity is high, disaster risk is low; if capacity is low, disaster risk is high.

24. RESILIENCE Resilience is the ability of a system , community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions (RA 10121) “Because risk and systems are dynamic, resilience should be thought of as a process rather than simply an outcome, involving learning, adaptation, anticipation and improvement in basic structures, actors and functions” (UNDRR PreventionWeb)

25. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT Focuses of 4 objectives: To save lives; To reduce human misery; To minimize damage to property and economic loss; and To facilitate recovery and rehabilitation toward development.

26. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT The systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster (RA 10121). Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through: analysing and management of their causal factors reducing exposure to hazards lessen the vulnerability of people and assets improving management of the land and environment preparing for adverse events “ Climate change and disaster risk reduction are closely linked . More extreme weather events in future are likely to increase the number and scale of disasters, while at the same time, the existing methods and tools of disaster risk reduction provide powerful capacities for adaptation to climate change” (ISDR, 2008).

27. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT What are the roles of the education sector in DRRM? Prevention and Mitigation Preparedness Response Recovery and Rehabilitation

28. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT Prevention and mitigation (DOST) can lessen the threat of hazards through long-term solutions intended to lower the vulnerability of a community. Involves 4 major phases/thematic areas:

29. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT Examples: dams or embankments that eliminate flood risks; no settlement in high risk areas; development of school DRR plan

30. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT Preparedness (DILG) the knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely, imminent, or current hazard events or conditions” Involves 4 major phases/thematic areas:

31. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT Examples: stockpiling of food, contingency planning, school-based EWS, risk assessment, hazard mapping, DRR training, school drills

32. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT Response (DSWD) the provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected.  Involves 4 major phases/thematic areas:

33. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT Examples: provision of food, water, clothing, temporary shelters, medical services, search and rescue, evacuation to safer place, temporary learning space Photo from https://www.mercycorps.org

34. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT Rehabilitation and Recovery (NEDA) The restoration, and improvement where appropriate, of facilities, livelihoods and living conditions of disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors. Involves 4 major phases/thematic areas:

35. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT Examples: Resumption of the provision of basic services, repair of physical damage and community facilities, revival of economic activities, and development/improvement of DRRM mechanisms.

36. Source: German Watch Climate Change is defined as a change in climate that can’ be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period typically decades or longer, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity (RA 9729). It can be characterized by the following among others: Changing Rainfall Patterns; and Increasing Temperatures; and Sea level rise Extreme weather events Additional reading material on Climate Change: https://climate.gov.ph/files/Climate_Change_Primer_Final.pdf Climate Change

37. Adaptation is action that helps people cope with the effects of climate change. For example, construction of barriers to protect against rising sea levels, or conversion to crops capable of surviving high temperatures and drought. (BBC, 2014) Mitigation is action that will reduce man-made climate change. This includes action to reduce GHGs or absorb GHGs in the atmosphere. (BBC, 2014) Examples of mitigation measures (CCC): Reducing GHG emissions by constructing bike lanes and green buildings; Increasing GHG sequestration through reforestation Protecting carbon sinks, for example, through Bantay Gubat (forest watch) or Bantay Bakawan (mangrove watch) Climate Change Adaptation & Mitigation

38. LEGAL BASES

39. LEGAL BASES Republic Act 10121: Philippine DRRM Act of 2010: Section 2: Mainstream DRR & CCA in development processes, budgeting & governance in sectors such as education. Section 14: Involve children and youth in DRR & Integration of DRR Education in the School Curricula 5% of IRA set aside as LDRRM Fund (70% for disaster preparedness/DRR and 30% for quick response)

40. LEGAL BASES DepEd Order No. 55 s 2007: Prioritizing the Mainstreaming of Disaster Risk Reduction Management in the School System & Implementation of Program and Projects Relative Therefor; Response of the Philippine Government to the Hyogo Framework for Action and now Sendai Framework for DRR 2015-2030

41. LEGAL BASES DepEd Order No. 55 s 2007: School Mapping Exercises Preparation of disaster preparedness modules through multi-media

42. LEGAL BASES Structural Component Construction of hazard resilient school building Assessment of School Building Structural Integrity and Stability DepEd Order No. 55 s 2007:

43. LEGAL BASES Integrate in the SIP the CCA, DRR and Environmental Education to E/S levels Operationalize the integration of concepts on DRR, CCA and Environmental Education into the curricula at all levels DepEd Order No. 276 s 2010: Consolidation of school plans on DRR and CCA

44. LEGAL BASES DepEd’s focal office in planning, implementing, coordinating and monitoring of DRRM, Education in Emergencies (EiE), and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) activities DepEd Order No.50 s 2011: Creation of DRR and Management Office (DRRMO)

45. LEGAL BASES DO 48, s. 2012 Quarterly Conduct of the National School-based Earthquake and Fire Drills DO 83, s. 2011 Disaster Preparedness Measures for Schools DO 72, s. 2012 Continuing Fire Safety and Awareness Program DO 21, s. 2015 Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Coordination and Information Management Protocol

46. LEGAL BASES DM 58, s. 2011 Creation of a Task Force on National Greening Program DO 23, s. 2014 Data Gathering Forms of the Enhanced Basic Education Information System for the end of School Year 2013-2014 DO 10, s. 2011 Implementation of the DepEd Provident Resolution No. 09, s. 2006 authorizing the regional board of trustees to grant calamity loans to teaching and non-teaching staff in areas/provinces declared under the state of calamity

47. LEGAL BASES DO 82, s. 2011 Guidelines on the Proper Recording of all Donated Properties DO 43, s. 2012 Guidelines on the Implementation of EO 66 (Prescribing Rules in the Cancellation or Suspension of Classes and work in Government Offices due to Typhoons, Flooding, Other Weather Disturbances and Calamities) DM 104, s. 2011 Guidelines for the Quick Response Fund

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