Session no. 3.2. energy transformation cellular respiration

cellular respiration

1. Energy Transformation: Energy Transformation:
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
Leila A. Allado-Ombat, PhD
Biology Department
College of Arts and Sciences
Caraga State University, Butuan City

2. Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
At the end of this session, the learner be able to:
1.differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration
(STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-6).
2.explain the major features and sequence the chemical events
of cellular respiration (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-7).
3.distinguish major features of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron
transport system, and chemiosmosis (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-8).
4. describe reactions that produce and consume ATP
(STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-9).
5.describe the role of oxygen in respiration and describe
pathways of electron flow in the absence of oxygen
(STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-10).
6.compute the number of ATPs needed or gained in
photosynthesis and respiration (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-11).

3. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS TOPICREVIEW OF PREVIOUS TOPIC
1.What is ATP?
2.What does ATP do for you?
3.How do we get energy from ATP?
4.How ATP re-made?
5.When is ATP made in the body?

4. AnswerAnswer
•What is ATP?

5. AnswerAnswer
•What does ATP do for you?
It supplies you energy.

6. AnswerAnswer
•How do we get energy from ATP?
By breaking the high energy bonds between the
last two phosphates in ATP through hydrolysis
(adding of water)

7. •How the breaking of bond happens?
ATPase
With the aid of ATPase (enzyme)

8. AnswerAnswer
•How ATP re-made?
ADP uses energy and gain an extra
Phosphate and is recharged back to ATP
with the help of ATP synthetase (an
enzyme)

9. ATP-ADP CycleATP-ADP Cycle
ATPase
ATP
synthetase

10. AnswerAnswer
•When is ATP made in the body?
During a Process called Cellular Respiration
that takes place in both Plants & Animals

11. Physical exercise for 10 minutesPhysical exercise for 10 minutes

12. Question to Answer:Question to Answer:
1.What do you call the gas inside the bag?
2.Aside from the gas, what else inside the
bag?
3.What other things you observed in your
body after you exercise?
4.How those things are produce by your body?
5.What do you call the process of producing
carbon dioxide, water and energy in your
body?
6.What cell organelle is responsible for that
process?
7.Are all living organisms have mitochondria?

13. Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
•Includes pathways that require oxygen
•Glucose is oxidized and O
2
is reduced
•Glucose breakdown is therefore an
oxidation-reduction reaction
•Breakdown of one glucose results in 36 to
38 ATP molecules

14. Overall Equation of
Cellular Respiration
Raw Materials Product
6CO6CO
22
+ 6H + 6H
22
0 + e0 + e
--
+ +
36-38ATP’s36-38ATP’s
CC
66
HH
1212
OO
6 6
+ 6O+ 6O
22

15. What Type of Reaction is What Type of Reaction is
Cellular Respiration?Cellular Respiration?
•An Oxidation-Reduction Process or An Oxidation-Reduction Process or
REDOX ReactionREDOX Reaction
•Oxidation of GLUCOSE --> COOxidation of GLUCOSE --> CO
22
+ H + H
22
O (O (ee
--

removed from Cremoved from C
66HH
1212OO
66))
•Reduction OReduction O
22
to H to H
22
O (O (ee
--
passed to O passed to O
22))

16. What Carries the electron?What Carries the electron?
•NADNAD
++
((nicotinadenine nicotinadenine
dinucleotidedinucleotide) ) acts as acts as
the energy carrierthe energy carrier
•NADNAD
++
is a coenzymeis a coenzyme
•It’s Reduced to It’s Reduced to NADH NADH
when it picks up two when it picks up two
electrons and one electrons and one
hydrogen ionhydrogen ion

17. Are there any Electron Carrier?Are there any Electron Carrier?
Yes the FAD –
another co-enzyme
•FAD+FAD+ (Flavin (Flavin
adenine adenine
dinucleotide)dinucleotide)
•ReducedReduced to to
FADHFADH
22

18. Where Does Cellular Respiration Where Does Cellular Respiration
Take Place?Take Place?
It actually takes place in It actually takes place in
two parts of the cell:two parts of the cell:
•Glycolysis occurs in the Glycolysis occurs in the
CytoplasmCytoplasm
•Krebs Cycle & ETC TakeKrebs Cycle & ETC Take
place in the place in the MitochondriaMitochondria

19. Review of Mitochondrion AnatomyReview of Mitochondrion Anatomy
•Smooth outer
Membrane
•Folded inner
membrane
•Folds called Cristae
•Space inside cristae
called the Matrix

20. Cumulative Process of Cumulative Process of
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
•Glycolysis (Anaerobic)
–Breaks down glucose into two molecules of
pyruvate in cytoplasm
•The citric acid cycle (Aerobic)
–Completes the breakdown of glucose in the
matrix of mitochondrion
•Oxidative phosphorylation
–Is driven by the electron transport chain in
inner mitochondrial membrane
–Generates ATP

21. An Overview of Cellular An Overview of Cellular RespirationRespiration

22. Overall process of cellular respirationOverall process of cellular respiration
Video on cellular respiration

23. In the CytoplasmIn the Cytoplasm
•Glycolysis consists of two
major phases
–Energy investment
phase
–Energy payoff phase

24. Energy Investment Phase Energy Pay off Phase

25. FermentationFermentation
•In the absence of O
2
(e.g. in plant roots in flooded
soil), fermentation regenerates the NAD
+
needed for
glycolysis.
- glycolysis can then be the main source of energy

26. Transition between glycolysis andTransition between glycolysis and
Kreb’s CycleKreb’s Cycle
Before the citric acid
cycle can begin
–Pyruvate must
first be converted
to acetyl CoA,
which links the
cycle to glycolysis
in the
mitochondrion

27. Kreb’s Cycle/TCA/Citric Acid CycleKreb’s Cycle/TCA/Citric Acid Cycle
Reactions and enzymes of the Citric Acid Cycle

28. Electron Transport System (ETC)Electron Transport System (ETC)
•Catalyzes a flow of electrons from NADH to O
2
•Electron transport is coupled with formation of
proton gradient → used for ATP synthesis
•Consists of 5 complexes:
–Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase)
–Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase)
–Complex III (Cytochrome bc
1
complex)
–Complex IV (Cytochrome c oxidase)
–Complex V (ATP synthase)

29. Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain
•Plant mitochondria contain additional enzymes (in green),
which do not pump protons.

30. Number of ATPs produced per GlucoseNumber of ATPs produced per Glucose
•There are three main processes in this metabolic enterprise

31. Consumption of ATPConsumption of ATP
ATP powers most energy-consuming activities of cells, such as:
anabolic (synthesis) reactions, such as:
joining transfer RNAs to amino acids for assembly into proteins
synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates for assembly into DNA and RNA
synthesis of polysaccharides
synthesis of fats
active transport of molecules and ions
conduction of nerve impulses
maintenance of cell volume by osmosis
addition of phosphate groups (phosphorylation) to different proteins
(e.g., to alter their activity in cell signaling)
muscle contraction
 beating of cilia and flagella (including sperm)
bioluminescence

32. Extracellular ATP
•In mammals, ATP also functions outside of cells. ATP is
released in the following examples:
from damaged cells to elicit inflammation and pain
from the carotid body to signal a shortage of oxygen in the
blood
from taste receptor cells to trigger action potentials in the
sensory nerves leading back to the brain
from the stretched wall of the urinary bladder to signal
when the bladder needs emptying

33. THANK YOU….THANK YOU….