SETK4824 Seminar_How to write journal paper.pptx

Seminar

1. PSM2 BRIEFING & SEMINAR Assoc Prof Dr Nadia Adrus Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor, Johor Bahru , Malaysia How to Write a Journal Paper

2. PSM 2 Working Schedule 19/1/2023 (Thursday) Full Paper Submission (URC 2022) 6/2/2023 (Monday) 8.30-1.00 pm-Final Presentation 2.30-5.00 pm-Award ceremony 12/2/2023 (Sunday) Week 18: Final submission. ST Submit final dissertation, log book & journal to SV (to get SV signature) 16/2/2023 (Thursday) ST Submit final dissertation, log book & journal to CO (via Google Drive) and to Library (via Google Form)

3. Grading No. Assessment Number % total Evaluator 1 Interim 1 5 2 Oral presentation 1 35 Panel 3 Dissertation 1 35 Supervisor 4 Attending seminar 4 5 Coordinator 5 Log book 1 5 Coordinator 6 Journal paper 1 5 Coordinator 7 Format 5 Coordinator Overall total 100

4. Publishing Journal Paper Authors Writing a draft of manuscript Submission of manuscript Publisher (Editor, Journal A) Reviewing process Publisher (Editor, Journal A) Authors Major correction Minor correction No correction Rejected Guide for Authors Suggest reviewers name Publisher (Editor, Journal A) Reviewers Corrected proof ( pdf ) Correction process Publisher (Editor, Journal A) In Press Published Correction and Revision Select other journals (B) Submission of manuscript Route A-B A B C

5. Selection of Results 3 6 7 n 2 2 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 4 n 10 Data/ results Eliminate  10 Tables & figures  10 Supplementary materials Selection of data within the story line Unnecessary data n n

6. Where to start? Your findings form the basis of your manuscript First organize your findings Logic, then English language Figure 1 Table 1 Figure 2 ? Figure 3 Is anything missing ? Logical flow Chronology Most to least important General to specific Whole+part Additional analyses? Start With Your Illustrations

7. Prepare an Outline I ntroduction General background Related studies Problem in the field Aims Methods Subject/Samples/Materials General methods Specific methods Statistical analyses Results Key points about Figure 1 Key points about Table 1 Key points about Figure 2 Key points about Figure 3 Key points about Figure 4 Discussion Major conclusions Key findings to published studies Limitations Unexpected results Implications Future directions List information from your reading in the appropriate section: Paraphrase with citations! Write down key ides in bullet points, as IMRaD (=Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) No need for sentences or correct English yet Then, draft the title / abstract

8. Template for ‘ Jurnal Teknologi’ Link: https://jurnalteknologi.utm.my/index.php/jurnalteknologi/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions

9. Guide for Authors Link: https://jurnalteknologi.utm.my/index.php/jurnalteknologi/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions

10. Outline The ‘write’ order Title Abstract Keywords Introduction Materials and Method Results Display items Discussion Conclusions References Language

11. The ‘Write’ Order Write during the research Write after selecting your target journal For maximum clarity and consistency, write in this order: Method Results Introduction Discussion Title Conclusion Abstract Title Abstract Introduction Methodology Results & Discussion Conclusion Experimental book

12. The ‘Write’ Order Title/Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Write Title/Abstract Methods Results Discussion Introduction Abstract /Title

13. Title Authors name Corresponding author (email, phone number) Affiliations (*)Corresponding author Authors Name, Affiliations, Corresponding Author

14. Title The important of your title Hook to catch reader Sells your manuscript to the editor Relevant readers increase citations

15. A good title Convey the main findings of the research. Be specific and concise without focusing on only one part of the content. Avoid jargon, non-standard abbreviations and unnecessary detail. Comply with character limits. Some journals also require a short running title ( e.g. holzforschung ).

16. A good title (Examples) Poor Degeneration of neurons in the CA3 and DG following OA administration: involvement of a MAPK-dependent pathway in regional-specific neuronal degeneration Better Region-specific neuronal degeneration after okadaic acid administration MAP kinase -dependent neuronal degeneration after okadaic acid administration

17. Selection of Title (Examples) Roles of uronic acid moiety in xylan pyrolysis (DRAFT)  The effect of uronic acid moieties on xylan pyrolysis (PUBLISHED) Pyrolysis and Secondary Reaction Behaviors of Ten Hardwood and Softwood Species (DRAFT)  Characteristics of softwood and hardwood pyrolysis in an ampoule reactor (PUBLISHED)

18. Selection of Title (Examples) Stabilization of wood hemicellulose against thermal pyrolysis-Packing effects by lignin suggested with delignified and ball-milled woods Hemicellulose reactivity in wood cell wall during pyrolysis-Packing effects by lignin suggested with delignified and ball-milled woods Influence of lignin removal on thermal degradation of softwood and hardwood-Lignin packing effect and cellulose activation Influence of lignin removal on thermal reactivity of hemicellulose and cellulose in cedar and beech cell walls Cellulose (and hemicellulose) pyrolytic reactivity and the influence of lignin removal in cedar and beech cell walls

19. Abstract Must be able to ‘ stand alone ’ — Many researchers will only read the abstract . Must give an accurate summary of your research , enough information so that readers can understand: What you did Why you did it What your findings are Why your findings are useful and important

20. Abstract (Cont.) Within the word limit (≈ 200 words). Tense should use - Past simple/ Present simple (Present perfect/ Present perfect continuous) Avoid technical jargon. Avoid abbreviations unless necessary. Avoid references. General rules for abstracts: Always consult the target journal’s Guide for Authors to determine allowable length, style and abbreviations.

21. Graphical Abstract Wang et al.(2018) Materials. 11(10): 1997 Sabegh et al., (2018) Bioresource Technology. 249: 473

22. Abstract ( Jurnal Teknologi) Graphical abstract Abstract (English) Abstrak (Bahasa Melayu)

23. Keywords Abstracts are often followed by a list of keywords selected by the authors. Choosing appropriate keywords is important for indexing purposes . Your manuscript can more easily identified , read and cited . Keywords should be specific to your manuscript . General terms should be avoided.

24. Keywords (Cont.) Poor keywords: biomass, model compound, G/S (as an abbreviation), thermal reactions of guaiacol and syringol, nuclei Better keywords: lignin, aromatic ring, thermal decomposition, pyrolysis, gasification, coking Manuscript title: Thermal Reactions of Guaiacol and Syringol as Lignin Model Aromatic Nuclei

25. Keywords ( Jurnal Teknologi) Keywords (English & Bahasa Melayu)

26. Introduction Must give the reader enough background information to put your work into context. Enough information to understand the rationale for your study is all that is required. Do not write a comprehensive literature review of the field. Do cite reviews that readers can refer to if they want more information.

27. Introduction (Cont.) Define technical and non-familiar terms. Present “ the problem ”, research question and/or hypotheses to explain the rationale for the study. Briefly explain how you addressed this problem and what was achieved ( 1–2 sentences for each ). Citations must be balanced, current and relevant.

28. 1. Introduction Wood lignins include two types of aromatic nuclei, guaiacyl (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) and syringyl (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) units. Their compositions are quite different in softwood and hardwood lignins; softwood lignins have only guaiacyl -type, while both types are included in hardwood lignins….. …... Model compound studies, especially with dimers [9–15], are useful for understanding the molecular mechanisms of these two types of lignins. However, the model compounds used to date are mostly the guaiacyl types. …………Based on these results, guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) and syringol (2,6-dimethoxyphenol) derivatives with various >C=C<, >C=O and saturated alkyl side-chains at the p -positions of their OH groups are formed from hardwood lignins [16–21]. These results have been applied to the determination of the syringyl / guaiacyl ratio [18,22–24]. Thus, the primary volatile products are expected to be produced from both syringyl and guaiacyl units in hardwood lignins. In our previous study [25], we compared the pyrolysis behaviors of some softwood ( Cryptomeria japonica ) and hardwood ( Fagus crenata ) samples under N 2 at 600 °C in a closed ampoule reactor. Although the compositions of GC/MS-detectable lignin-derived products from these samples were quite different at a short heating time of 40 s, the compositions suddenly became similar when the heating time was increased. The final products were mostly those expected from the guaiacyl unit. ………….. Introduction (Example) Statement of the problem Background Rational What was done Asmadi M , Kawamoto H, Saka S (2011) Thermal reactions of guaiacol and syringol as lignin model aromatic nuclei. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 92: 88-98.

29. Zainol M M , Amin N A S, Asmadi M (2018) Optimization studies of oil palm empty fruit bunch liquefaction for carbon cryogel production as catalyst in levulinic acid esterification. Jurnal Teknologi. 80(2): 137-145. Introduction ( Jurnal Teknologi) References in the text Objectives

30. Materials and Methods (What You Did?) Clear subheadings for methods/materials. Describe methods in the past tense . Novel methods must be described in sufficient detail for a capable researcher to reproduce the experiment. Give manufacturers/suppliers and their locations . Established methods can be referenced.

31. Materials and Methods (Example) 2.1. Materials Guaiacol, syringol, 3-methoxycatechol, 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol and other authentic compounds were mainly purchased from Nacalai Tesque Inc., Kyoto. as guaranteed grades ………. 2.2. Pyrolysis Guaiacol or syringol (10 mg) was placed at the bottom of a Pyrex glass ampoule (internal diameter: 8.0 mm; length: 120 mm: thickness: 1.0 mm). The glass ampoule was closed after exchanging the inside air with N 2 by using an aspirator. The ampoule was heated for 40–600 s in an upright setting by inserting the ampoule into a muffle furnace preheated at 600 °C through a small hole at the top. After pyrolysis, the ampoule was immediately cooled by flowing air for 1 min and opened with the gas collecting apparatus attached to the ampoule according to the previous paper [35]. The non-condensable gases were analyzed by GC as described later……. 2.3. Product analysis Non-condensable gases were determined with Micro GC by using a Varian CP-4900 under the following conditions; channel 1) column: MS5A 10 m; carrier gas: argon; column temperature: 100 °C; column pressure: 170 kPa ; detector: thermal conductivity detector (TCD); retention times (s): H 2 (26.4), N 2 (45.7), O 2 (35.4), CH 4 (60.6) and CO (86.9); channel 2) column: PoraPLOT Q 10 m; carrier gas: helium; column temperature: 80 °C: column pressure: 190 kPa ; detector: TCD; retention time (s): CO 2 (19.9). Low molecular weight (MW) products in the MeOH -soluble fractions were determined by GC-MS analysis. Identification of the products was conducted by comparing the retention time and mass fragmentation pattern with those of authentic compounds or literature data according to our previous papers [1,25,36] …….. Materials described first References to save space Clear subheading Suppliers Detailed information given Asmadi M , Kawamoto H, Saka S (2011) Thermal reactions of guaiacol and syringol as lignin model aromatic nuclei. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 92: 88-98.

32. Materials and Methods ( Jurnal Teknologi) Zainol M M , Amin N A S, Asmadi M (2018) Optimization studies of oil palm empty fruit bunch liquefaction for carbon cryogel production as catalyst in levulinic acid esterification. Jurnal Teknologi. 80(2): 137-145.

33. Results (What Did You Find?) Assemble your findings in a logical order to ‘make a story’ . Present your findings in subsections (the same as those in your methods section). Present complementary evidence when possible. Describe results in the past tense . Refer to figures and tables in the present tense . Do not discuss implications —do that in the discussion section. Do not duplicate data among figures, tables and text.

34. Results (Example) 3.1. Structure - reactivity relationship Reactivities suggested by the recoveries of compounds 1 , 2 , 4 – 8 , 10 – 14 during pyrolysis (N 2 / 600 °C/ 80–600 s) are shown in Fig. 2 . Lower recovery means higher decomposition reactivity and vice versa . Although phenol ( 1 ) was fairly stable, the reactivity was found to increase with the number of substituent groups (OH and CH 3 ) as follows: phenol ( 1 , 1 OH) < catechols 2 , 4 and 5 (2 OH) < pyrogallols 6 and 7 (3 OH) for catechols / syringols ; phenol < o -cresol ( 8 , 1 CH 3 ) < 2,3-xylenol ( 10 , 2 CH 3 ), 2,4-xylenol ( 11 , 2 CH 3 ) < 2,6-xylenol ( 12 , 2 CH 3 ), 2,4,6-trimethylphenol ( 13 , 3 CH 3 ) for cresols/ xylenols . The influence of OH was generally greater than that of CH 3 . Thus, the O-CH 3 homolysis products 2 , 4 – 7 with OH substituents were more reactive than the OCH 3 rearrangement products 1 , 8 , 10 – 14 with CH 3 . We found in previous studies that the GC/MS-detectable tar became a mixture of cresols, phenol and PAHs after a long heating time during the pyrolysis of softwood/hardwood [19] and guaiacol/syringol [20]. 3.2. Two stage coking At 600 s, all compounds except phenol ( 1 ) and 2-ethylphenol ( 14 ) formed significant amounts of coke (2nd stage coke). Accordingly, these pyrolysis intermediates are suggested to be precursors of 2nd stage coking. It should be noted that the coking reactivity is quite dependent on the alkyl structure in alkyl phenols. From the comparison between phenol ( 1 ), 2-ethylphenol ( 14 ) and cresols/ xylenols 8 , 11 – 13 , only cresols/ xylenols with methyl substituents were reactive in the 2nd stage coking. Interestingly, the coke yield increased with an increase in the number of methyl groups ( Fig. 3 ): o -cresol (6.1 wt%) < 2,4-xylenol(12.8 wt%), 2,6-xylenol(9.2 wt%) < 2,4,6-trimethylphenol (23.5 wt%).…… Clear subheadings Graphics used to show data It is clear what was compared with what Number used instead compounds name Asmadi M , Kawamoto H, Saka S (2011) Thermal reactivities of catechols / pyrogallols and cresols/ xylenols as lignin pyrolysis intermediates. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 92: 76-87. .

35. Results (Example) 3.1. Chemical composition The contents of ash, Klason lignin, acetyl group, hydrolysable sugars including uronic acids are listed in Table 1 . The contents of holocellulose [wood – (ash + Klason lignin)] and lignin range from 68.7 ± 1.7 wt% and 30.7 ± 2.0 wt% for the hardwoods and 64.4 ± 4.0 wt% and 35.3 ± 3.9 wt% for the softwoods, respectively. The hardwoods normally exhibit higher holocellulose but lower lignin contents than the softwoods, and these trends agree with the literature data [22,71-75]. The ash contents range from 0.1 to 0.5 wt% except for Japanese zelkova (1.3 wt%) as expected from the literature data [72,73,76]. The contents of acetyl group, …. The S/G/H molar compositions of lignin aromatic nuclei and the individual metal cation contents are summarized in Table 1S . The hardwood lignins included 56.3–74.6 mol% of S-units along with G-units, whereas the softwood lignins consisted predominantly of G-units with small amounts of H-units. The major detected cations were Ca 2+ , K + , Mg 2+ , and Na + with other minor components including Fe 3+ and Cu 2+ ( Table 1S ). The contents of cations in the hardwoods (0.10–0.20 wt%, oven-dry basis) were normally greater than those (0.01–0.12 wt%) in the softwoods. Because Douglas-fir exhibited a rather small metal cation content of 0.01 wt%, the metal contents varied significantly within the taxonomical groups. The metal composition also varied, particularly in the softwood samples. For example, the contribution of Na + in the Japanese cypress was rather large, whereas Na+ in the other…. Clear subheadings Tables used to show data Supplementary Materials Describe consistencies with other papers Asmadi M , Kawamoto H, Saka S (2017) Characteristics of Softwood and Hardwood Pyrolysis in an Ampoule Reactor. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 124: 523-535. .

36. Display Items (Tables and Figures) Some readers will only look at the figures and their legends. Figures and tables are the best way to present your results . Data shown in figures and tables must be easy to interpret . Avoid redundancies or duplication. Clearly label all components. Legends must be able to ‘stand alone’ – write them in the present tense (except when describing methods). Comply with journal guidelines on display items.

37. Display Items (Example-Tables) Data divided into categories for clarity Tables are a great way to present large amounts of necessary data with minimal description required Clear concise heading Percentages Table 1 Gas yields and compositions in pyrolysis of guaiacol and syringol, and re-pyrolysis of the coke fractions obtained by 80 s pyrolysis (N 2 / 600 °C). Gas yield (wt%) H 2 CO CH 4 CO 2 Total Guaiacol 40 s 0.002 (2.1) a 0.4 (30.2) 0.3 (35.7) 0.7 (32.0) 1.3 80 s 0.010 (1.1) 5.5 (42.7) 3.8 (51.5) 0.9 (4.6) 10.2 120 s 0.04 (2.3) 15.4 (60.0) 5.1 (34.5) 1.3 (3.2) 21.8 600 s 0.15 (6.4) 18.0 (56.6) 6.2 (33.9) 1.6 (3.1) 25.9 Syringol 40 s 0.002 (1.1) 0.4 (18.9) 0.6 (49.9) 1.0 (30.1) 2.0 80 s 0.012 (0.8) 8.5 (41.3) 5.9 (49.8) 2.6 (8.1) 17.0 120 s 0.04 (2.0) 15.0 (50.6) 6.7 (39.9) 3.5 (7.4) 25.2 600 s 0.17 (5.8) 20.4 (49.1) 9.2 (38.9) 4.0(6.2) 33.8 Guaiacol coke (80 s) b 520 s 0.02 (25.0) 0.5 (52.9) 0.0 (0.0) 0.4 (22.2) 0.9 c Syringol coke (80 s) b 520 s 0.04 (15.6) 2.0 (58.4) 0.2 (9.4) 0.9 (16.6) 3.1 c a Value in parenthesis: gas composition mol% b Coke fraction obtained by pyrolysis of guaiacol or syringol in N 2 at 600 °C for 80 s and subsequent tar extraction and drying. c Based on the amount of guaiacol or syringol used for coke preparation. Footnote Part of table in a paper published in: Asmadi M , Kawamoto H, Saka S (2011) Thermal reactions of guaiacol and syringol as lignin model aromatic nuclei. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 92: 88-98.

38. Display Items (Example-Figures 1) Complicated data Separated into simpler components Part of figure presented in The 54 th Lignin Symposium, October 29-30, 2009, Shizuoka and The 60 th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, March 17-19, 2010, Miyazaki, Japan.

39. Display Items (Example-Figures 2) Fig. 12. GPC chromatograms of methanol-soluble fractions obtained from guaiacol and syringol. ( a ) guaiacol/ 600 °C/ 40–600 s; ( b ) syringol/ 600 °C/ 40–600 s; ( c ) guaiacol/ 400–600 °C/ 120 s; ( d ) syringol/ 400-600°C/ 120 s; ( I ) catechols and pyrogallols (compounds: 6 – 11 ); ( II ) cresols and xylenols (compounds: 12 – 15 and 17 ): ( III ) benzofuran , xanthene and PAHs (compounds: 19 – 25 ); * , retention time of guaiacol or syringol; detector: UV 254 . Clear ‘stand alone’ legend Clear lines (straight, dash, dot etc..) Asmadi M , Kawamoto H, Saka S (2011) Thermal reactions of guaiacol and syringol as lignin model aromatic nuclei. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 92: 88-98.

40. Display Items (Example-Figures 3) Chemical Reaction Engineering Group (CREG), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 100 200 300 400 500 600 10 20 30 40 Pyrolysis time (s) : Syringol : Guaiacol Yield (wt%) Clear trend lines Scale number (not to much) Clear major/minor thick Part of figure in a paper published in: Asmadi M , Kawamoto H, Saka S (2011) Thermal reactions of guaiacol and syringol as lignin model aromatic nuclei. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 92: 88-98.

41. 10 20 30 40 50 60 Cedar Beech IS O O H O H O H O H Retention time (min) O Display Items (Example-Figures 4) Grouping using different color Part of figure presented in The 60 th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, March 17-19, 2010, Miyazaki, Japan.

42. Display Items (Example-Primary Data) Asmadi M , Kawamoto H, Saka S (2017) Characteristics of Softwood and Hardwood Pyrolysis in an Ampoule Reactor. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 124: 523-535. .  :  :  :

43. Display Items (Example-Secondary Data) Table 3. Yields (wt%, oven-dry basis) of aliphatic tar components and demineralization effects evaluated as yield ratios [demineralized (Dem.)/original (Org.)] in wood pyrolysis     Original wood   Demineralized wood   Yield ratio (Dem./Orig.)     Hardwood   Softwood   Hardwood   Softwood   Hardwood   Softwood 40s Levoglucosan 2.1±1.0* 2.5±1.3 4.9±1.1 5.2±1.4 2.5±0.6 2.9±2.1 Glycolaldehyde 7.1±1.6 7.1±4.1 4.8±1.3 4.7±0.6 0.7±0.3 0.9±0.5 Hydroxyacetone 1.8±0.4 1.3±0.6 0.9±0.4 0.5±0.1 0.5±0.2 0.5±0.2 Acetaldehyde 2.7±0.7 2.7±1.3 3.5±1.4 2.8±0.7 1.3±0.2 1.2±0.6 Formaldehyde 6.8±1.6 7.9±2.7 10.0±2.4 10.4±2.0 1.5±0.3 1.5±0.6 Furfural 0.3±0.1 0.3±0.1 0.5±0.1 0.3±0.1 1.8±0.7 1.3±0.7 5-HMF 0.2±0.1 0.3±0.1 0.3±0.1 0.4±0.1 2.3±0.5 1.3±0.7 Acetic acid** 4.5±0.8 0.8±0.4 2.2±0.2 0.4±0.2 Formic acid 0.4±0.1 0.3±0.1 0.3±0.1 0.3±0.1 0.8±0.5 0.9±0.4 Methanol 0.5±0.2 0.3±0.1 0.7±0.2 0.7±0.1 1.5±0.4 3.0±1.1 600s Acetic acid** 0.7±0.2 0.3±0.1 1.1±0.4 0.5±0.2 Methanol 0.3±0.2 0.1±0.1 0.4±0.1 0.4±0.2 2.1±1.3 2.9±1.4                                 * Mean value ± standard deviation; ** Some of the acetyl groups were removed during the demineralization process. The values in box represent the statistical significance between hardwoods and softwoods. The values in blue italics and bold red represent the statistically significance between original and demineralized wood samples. Asmadi M , Kawamoto H, Saka S (2017) Characteristics of Softwood and Hardwood Pyrolysis in an Ampoule Reactor. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 124: 523-535.

44. Results & Display Items ( Jurnal Teknologi) Zainol M M , Amin N A S, Asmadi M (2018) Optimization studies of oil palm empty fruit bunch liquefaction for carbon cryogel production as catalyst in levulinic acid esterification. Jurnal Teknologi. 80(2): 137-145.

45. Discussion (What does it all mean?) Restate your research question and/or any hypotheses presented in the introduction. Summarize your main findings —make it clear how your study has advanced the field. Begin with your most important finding. Past tense to describe results (current and published). Present tense to describe their implications. Minimize repetition with other sections. Describe inconsistencies with other papers. Describe the limitations of your study.

46. Discussion Be humble Don’t overstate the importance of your results Our findings prove that… Our findings show that… Our findings suggest that…

47. Discussion (Example) 3.1 Tar, water, coke and gas formation behavior Under the present conditions, both guaiacol and syringol were quite reactive and completely disappeared at a relatively short pyrolysis time, less than 120 s. During this period, significant amounts of tar, water, coke and gas were formed. After that, the conversion rates slowed down. Such reactivities were different for guaiacol and syringol. The most significant difference was observed in the coke yields at relatively short pyrolysis times of 80 and 120 s, which in syringol were almost double. Thus, coking (first stage) is much more effective in syringol. Syringol also has a tendency to form more gas and water. o - Ethylphenol ( 18 ) would be produced by the coupling of the methyl radical with the benzyl radical formed by abstraction of the methyl hydrogen from o -cresol ( 12 ). Compound 18 may form 2,3-benzofuran ( 19 ). Hosoya et al. [32] reported the formation of 2,3-benzofuran from 2-ethoxyphenol and they explained the formation via cyclization of an o - quinonemethide type intermediate formed in the course of the rearrangement pathway. The same intermediate compound can be formed by abstraction of the benzyl hydrogen from o - ethylphenol ( 18 )….. ……The GC/MS analysis also showed the formation of guaiacol ( 1 , 0.1wt%) and o -vanillin ( 3 , 0.1wt%) as well as the O-CH 3 bond homolysis product [3-methoxycatechol ( 8 , 0.9wt%)] and the rearrangement product [2-methoxy-6-methylphenol ( 5 , 1.2wt%)] from syringol. Similarly, pyrocatechol ( 6 , 1.2wt%), o -cresol ( 12 , 0.3wt%) and 2-ethylphenol ( 18 , 0.1wt%) were identified from guaiacol. These results suggest that the O-CH 3 bond homolysis, rearrangement and demethoxylation occur at 400 °C. Restate main findings Small conclusion Put in context of previous work Use ‘suggests’ Asmadi M , Kawamoto H, Saka S (2011) Thermal reactions of guaiacol and syringol as lignin model aromatic nuclei. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 92: 88-98.

48. Discussion (Example-Summary) 3.5. Roles of cell wall structure and metal uronates (uronic acids) Figure 6 shows a schematic diagram of the characteristic features of hardwood and softwood pyrolysis and the influences of minerals, focusing on the wood cell wall structure. The wood cell wall (1–10 μm thickness) has a heterogeneous layered structure that consists of quite large number of cellulose microfibrils (16–20-nm-wide) surrounded by a hemicellulose-lignin matrix [111-114] . Thus, it should be noted that the matrix pyrolysis occurs in small surrounded space inside the cell walls, which may inhibit the removal of volatile products from the matrix. Then, the matrix pyrolysis may affect the cellulose crystallite pyrolysis when the pyrolysis temperature increases to > 300°C. The minerals and acetic acid formed through hydrolysis of acetyl groups of hemicellulose may play a role in PP stage. Some of the minerals (metal cations) were suggested to form salts with the uronic acid moieties in wood. Particularly, 4-O-MeGlcA and the salts in xylan (hemicellulose) may affect the matrix pyrolysis through their acid and base characters, respectively, ….. Fig. 6. Summary of characteristic features of hardwood and softwood pyrolysis with mineral influences, focusing on wood cell wall structure that consists of cellulose microfibrils and lignin-hemicellulose matrix. Arrow with solid line : primary pyrolysis stage; arrow with broken line : secondary reactions stage; + : mineral enhancing; – : mineral suppressing. Asmadi M , Kawamoto H, Saka S (2017) Characteristics of Softwood and Hardwood Pyrolysis in an Ampoule Reactor. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 124: 523-535.

49. Conclusions Restate key findings and their significance. Propose future studies that might follow on from your current study. Give the reader a ‘ take-home ’ message. Based on these lines of evidence obtained in this study, the following pyrolysis features were clarified. The O-CH 3 bond homolysis occurring at >400 °C was the rate-determining step. The radical induced rearrangement ( ipso -substitution), demethoxylation and radical coupling reactions to form higher MW products and methylated aromatics were the subsequent reactions. Then, coking and gas formation occurred in this order. Such stepwise conversions could be explained by the temperature-dependent reactions during heating up process. Coking occurred in two stages. These results will give useful information in understanding the vapor-phase secondary reactions in fast pyrolysis and gasification of softwood and hardwood lignins. Restate main findings Useful findings Asmadi M , Kawamoto H, Saka S (2011) Thermal reactions of guaiacol and syringol as lignin model aromatic nuclei. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 92: 88-98.

50. Acknowledgments Your chance to acknowledge anyone who has helped with the study: Individuals who did not qualify for authorship based on International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria. Any researchers that supplied materials or reagents. Anyone who provided technical assistance . Anyone who helped with the preparation of the manuscript or provided a critical assessment of it. Funding bodies . State why each individual is being acknowledged.

51. Acknowledgments: Useful Phrases This work was carried out / performed within the framework of an XX project and was partly sponsored by … This research was made possible by / benefited from a grant from … We thank / would like to thank the following people for their support, without whose help this work would never have been possible: We gratefully acknowledge the help provided by Dr. X / constructive comments of the anonymous referees. We are indebted / particularly grateful to Dr. XX for … We thank / are grateful to / gratefully acknowledge Dr. Y for her help / valuable suggestions and discussions.

52. Acknowledgments (Examples) The authors are grateful to Zainab Salleh from the Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for conducting catalyst analyses. This work was supported by Research Energy Alliance of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia under Grant GUP05J02 . One of the authors is gratefully acknowledged to the Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education for the scholarship during his study period. The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) , Malaysia and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for the financial support under the Research University Grant (vote 04H69), Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (vote 4F160) and for sponsoring one of the authors, M.M. Zainol under MyBrain15-MyPhD programme . This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) via a KAKENHI grant (no. JP15F15101, 2015.9-2017.8) and a Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research (B) (no. 16H04954, 2016.4-2019.3) . We thank Michael D. Judge, MSc , from Edanz Group (www.edanzediting.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript.

53. References Always format your references – Check your target journal’s . Guide for Authors for the appropriate format. Harvard style or Vancouver style or APA Formatting is required both in text and in the references section. Use a reference manager like Endnote – Makes it easy to edit, reformat, add or remove references . Some journal limit the number of references – Check your target journal’s Guide for Authors .

54. References ( Jurnal Teknologi)

55. Language Avoid: Spelling and grammatical errors Insufficient detail/vagueness Repetition Redundancy Ambiguity Inconsistency They annoy editors, peer reviewers and readers Scientific writing - common problem

56. Language (Hyphen or dash) En dash (–): means “through.” October 28–29; pp. 2–5. (don’t use ~ ) Em dash (—): Used to break a sentence, introduce something, or introduce an afterthought. These two metals—that is, titanium and magnesium—are very light. Hyphenation: for joining usually separate words. Incorrect use can lead to ambiguity. twenty-four hour reactions twenty four-hour reactions is different to

57. Language (Asian fonts) Be careful of Asian fonts such as MS Mincho and SimSum . Do not use Asian fonts in your manuscripts. For example: Because they look like this on some computers: □ or ? 、 ，；（）× ％ ＜ ＞ ℃

58. Language (Asian fonts) Check the journal’s Guide for Authors . Generally, American journals require US spelling and British journals require British spelling, but many accept either form as long as the spelling used is consistent . Be consistent fibre centre labelling colour or or or or fiber center labeling color

59. Language (Comparisons) Frequently made in the results sections of papers. Compare “like” with “like”. Do not be vague. Use with , not to . The material from the river bank was compared with the landfill. The material from the river bank was compared with that from the landfill.