Sex hormones

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1. SEX HORMONE (MALE AND FEMALE)

2. Learning Outline: S ex Hormone ; Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone What are the Role Of SEX HORMONES in the body? What are their significance ? What are their Mode of action ? What are their Pathophysiology ? Method of estimation

3. sex hormone FEMALE It include; Estrogen progesterone MALE It include; Testosterone

4. 1. Estrogen : Importance Mediate formation of female secondary sex characteristics Turn a girl into woman Stimulate endometrial growth Increases uterine growth Increases HDL and TGC

5. Role of Estrogen Is a primary sex hormone in female body Is a responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics Regulate menstrual cycle Prepare uterus for pregnancy by in reaching and thickening the endometrium Growth of breast

6. MODE OF Action On sex organ: Bring about puberty changes in female including growth of uterus, fallopian tube, and vagina. Suppress the activity of FSH Stimulate the secretion of LH by direct action on pituitary Rhythmic contraction of fallopian tubes and uterus and induces alkaline watery secretion from cervix

7. P hysiological aspects Produced primarily by developing follicle in the ovaries, corpus luteum and placenta Synthesis start in the theca interna cells of ovaries Developing follicles leads to the LH that results in ovulation Estrogen along with progesterone prepare the endometrium for the possibility of an implanted embryo During pregnancy, majority of estrogen are produced by the fetal-placental unit Play a vital role in parturition

8. Pathophysiology of estrogen High (level of Estrogen) Causes breast stimulation Increases body fat Depression and headache Water and salt retention Joint pain Unstable blood sugar level Irregular period Low ( level of Estrogen) Hot flashes/ night sweats Memory and concentration problem Wight lose Insomnia Vaginal dryness Migraine headache Osteoporosis

9. Disease HYPERESTROGENISM Aromatase excess syndrome Ovarian tumor Endometrial cancer Breast cancer HYPOESTROGINISM In postmenopausal women Estrogen insensitivity syndrome Coagulation disorder Osteoclastic activity

10. Normal range of estrogen ( in menstruating women ) Normal level of E2 is 15-350 pg /mL (in postmenopausal women) It should be less than 10 pg / mL. High level of E2 suggest early puberty

11. 2. progesterone Role of progesterone I nhibit muscular contraction of uterus Prepare the uterus lining for the accept of fertilized egg Fertilized egg implanted to form placenta then progesterone secreted through placenta If fertilized egg not occurred progesterone level will increase Prepare the breast for mil production

12. MODE OF Action Produced by the ovaries, adrenal, and placenta Progesterone stimulate the endometrium to receive and nourish an implanted fertilized egg If implantation does not occur, progesterone level occur , the endometrium breakdown and menstruation occur If pregnancy occur, progesterone is produced in the placenta throughout the pregnancy

13. Physiological aspects Effect on ovaries and release oocytes Facilitate of implantation Maintenance of pregnancy Effects on mammary gland Suppression of milk protein synthesis during pregnancy Effect on brain and mediation of sexual responsiveness Regulation on bone mass; prevention of bone loss

14. Pathophysiology High Depression Anxiety Less or absence of period High body temperature Vaginal dryness Low Insomnia Infertility Irregular period No ovulation Cramps during menses

15. Pathophysiology OF PROGESTERONE High Progesterone Disease Ovarian cysts Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Adrenal cancer Ovarian cancer Treatment Improve dietary content Lifestyle changes Reduced stress Low progesterone Disease Ectopic pregnancy Fibrocystic breast Fibroid Gall bladder problem Treatment Tropical or vaginal cream Oral medication (Provera) Suppositories Hormonal therapy

16. Normal range OF PROGESTERONE In beginning of menstrual cycle and postmenopausal , range, is 1ng/mL Under middle of menstrual cycle , range, is 5-20ng/mL

17. Testosterone Role of testosterone play a role in development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate Promoting sexual characteristic Increase muscle, bone mass Deeping of the voice and growth of facial hair

18. MODE OF Action Testosterone itself act on a receptor on a cell of brain, muscles In other tissue such as seminal vesicle, prostate, and epididymis testosterone is converted into Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) DHT bind with the receptor of that tissue After that it show their effect like secondary characteristic

19. Pathophysiology High High energy level High sex derive Increase muscle mass Decrease body fat Sharp mental focus Strong errection Low Joint pain Low sex derive Lesser energy level Depression Hair loss Abdominal fat

20. PathoLOGICAL ASPECTS HIGH (HYPERTESTOSTERONE) DISEASES : Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Testicular or adrenal tumor Liver disease Low sperm count Thyroid disorder Cardiac disorder TREATMENT Medication Glucocorticosteroid Metformin Oral contraceptives LOW (HYPOTESTOSTERONE) DISEASES: Failure of testicles Kidney disease Severe obesity Hypogonadism Delayed puberity Klinefelter syndrome Risk of Alzheimer disease TREATMENT Gel applied on your skin Pellets implanted under your skin Injection A Patch

21. Normal range OF TESTOSTERONE Normal range of Testosterone in males is 270-1070ng/ dL