sex reversal.pdf

Sex reversal refers to the process by which an organism undergoes a change
in its sexual phenotype. Typically involving the transformation of primary
and/orsecondary sexual characteristics from one sex to another. This can
occur through genetic, hormonal, or environmental influences, leading to
the development of reproductive organs and features that are atypical
for the organism's genetic sex

1. UniversityofChakwal,Pakistan

2. HormonalSexReversal
DepartmentOfZoology
Presentedby:HinaTariq
REG.NO:20M-UOC/ZOL-36
BS Zoology
Session2020-24
Subject:Endocrinology
Submittedto:DrSyedaNadiaAhmad

3. HormonalSex
Reversal
•Introduction
•Hormonalsexreversal
•Sexreversal
•Typesofsexreversal
•Artificialsexreversal
•Naturalsexreversal
•Significanceofhormonalsexreversal
•Disordersof hormonalsex reversal
•Androgeninsensitivitysyndrome
•Congenitaladrenalhyperplasia
•Conclusion

4. Introduction:
Sexreversalreferstotheprocessbywhichanorganismundergoesachange
initssexualphenotype.Typicallyinvolvingthetransformationofprimary
and/orsecondarysexualcharacteristicsfromonesextoanother.Thiscan
occurthroughgenetic,hormonal,orenvironmentalinfluences,leadingto
thedevelopmentofreproductiveorgansandfeaturesthatareatypical
fortheorganism'sgeneticsex.(Higuchi,etal.,2019)

5. •Example:
•Inclownfishgroups,whenthedominantfemaledies,thelargest
maleundergoesaphysiologicaltransformation,becomingafemale.
•Thissexreversalensuresthecontinuationofthesocialgroup's
reproductivecycle.(Higuchi,etal.,2019)

6. Typesofsexreversal
Artificial
sex
reversal
Naturalsex
reversal

7. Content Naturalsexreversal Artificialsexreversal
Initiatingfactor Internalfactorsor
environmental
Humanintervention
Commonmethods Geneticswitches
Sequential
hermaphroditism
Hormonesgenetics
modifications,
temperaturecontrol
Control Limitedhumancontrol Controlledbyspecific
intervention
Purpose Naturaladaptation
Populationdynamics
Aquatic,research,
conservation

8. ExampleofNaturalSexReversal
Gobyfishareknownfortheirabilitytoundergonaturalsexreversal,changingfrommaleto
female.Initially,socialandenvironmentalfactors,suchaspopulationdensity,social
structure,orchangessocialhierarchy,cantriggerthetransformation.
Undertheinfluenceofthesesocialandenvironmentalfactors,theendocrinesystemof
thegobyfishrespondsbyalteringtheproductionandregulationofvarious
hormones,includingandrogens(e.g., testosterone)andestrogens(e.g.,17β-estradiol).
Theshiftinhormonalbalanceultimatelyaffectsthedevelopmentanddifferentiationofthe
gonads,leadingtothetransformationoftestesintoovary.(Smith,J.A.,2019)

9. Mechanismsofhormonesinnaturalsex
reversal
Gonadal
Development
Hormonal
Signaling
Pathways
Gene
Expression
Regulation
Cellular
Differentiation
and
Proliferation

10. Significanceofhormonalsexreversal
Aquaculture
Production
Population
management
PopulationControl
Researchand
Development
Conservation
Efforts

11. 1. Androgeninsensitivitysyndrome
Androgeninsensitivitysyndrome(AIS)isaconditionthataffectssexualdevelopment
beforebirthandduringpuberty.IndividualswithAISaregeneticallymale,withoneX
andoneYchromosome(46,XY),buttheirbodiesareunabletorespondtomalesex
hormones(androgens).Thisresultsinvaryingdegreesoffeminizationoftheexternal
genitaliaandtheinabilitytodeveloptypicalmalesecondarysexualcharacteristics.
Symptom
Underdevelopedorabsentmalegenitaliaatbirth,Developmentoffemale
secondarysexualcharacteristicsduringpuberty,suchasbreastdevelopmentanda
femaledistributionofbodyfat,Absenceofmenstruation,Infertilityduetotheabsenceof
auterusandovaries.(Nishimura,T.,&Tanaka,M.,2018)

12. Fig1.1:Androgeninsensitivitysyndrome
https://image.app.goo.gl/wQQRQfs3cLpJY6Cf8

13. • Congenitaladrenalhyperplasia
Congenitaladrenalhyperplasia(CAH)referstoagroupofgeneticdisordersthataffect
theadrenalglands'abilitytoproducehormones.Thisconditiontypicallyarisesduetoa
deficiencyofcertainenzymesinvolvedintheproductionofcortisolandaldosterone.
Innewborns,symptomsmayincludeambiguousgenitaliainfemales,whichcanmakeit
difficulttodeterminethebaby'ssexatbirth.Inolderchildrenandadults,symptomsmay
includeearlyonsetofpuberty,rapidgrowth,excessivebodyhair,menstrual
irregularitiesinfemales,andinfertility.
Treatmenttypicallyinvolveshormonereplacementtherapytocorrectthehormonal
imbalancesandmaintainnormalgrowthanddevelopment.(Speiser.P,W&WhiteP.C.,2002)

14. 5Alpha ReductaseDeficiency:
5-alpha-reductasedeficiencyisageneticconditionthataffectsthedevelopmentofthe
externalsexorgansbeforebirth.
Thisconditionisalsoknownas5-ARDor5-alpha-reductase2deficiency.
Itisatypeofdisorderofsexdevelopment(DSD)thataffectsindividualswithamale
genotype(XY)outmayhaveambiguousorfemaleexternalgenitaliaatbirth.
Symptoms
Symptomscanincludevaryingdegreesofundervirilization,suchasambiguousgenitalia,
micropenis,orhypospadias(aconditionwheretheopeningoftheurethraisontheunderside
ofthepenis).
Someindividualsmayalsodevelopmalesecondarysexualcharacteristicsatthetimeof
puberty,butwithvaryingdegreesofvirilization.(Okeigwe,I.,&Kuohung,W.,2014)

15. Fig1.2:5AlphaReductaseDeficiency&Congenitaladrenalhyperplasia
https;//images.app.goo.gl/nPM311KjeFmZKiM9A

16. •Treatment
Treatmentoptionsofteninvolvehormonetherapytohelp
stimulatevirilizationandpromotethedevelopmentofmale
secondarysexualcharacteristics.
Psychologicalsupportandcounselingarealsocrucialtohelp
individualsandtheirfamiliesnavigatethechallengesassociated
withthecondition.
Earlydiagnosisandappropriatemanagementareimportantfor
ensuringoptimalphysicalandpsychologicalwell-being.
(Okeigwe,I.,&Kuohung,W.,2014).

17. Conclusion:
Hormonalsexreversalreferstothephenomenonwherethesexual
characteristicsofanorganismarealteredduetochangesin
hormone levels.Itcanoccurnaturallyincertainspeciesorbeinduced
throughvariousenvironmental.Theconclusiveunderstandingisthathormonal
sexreversalisacomplexprocessinfluencedbygenetic,hormonal,and
environmentalfactors,anditsimplicationscanvarywidelydependingon
thespecificcontextandspeciesinvolved.

18. References:
1.Okeigwe,I.,&Kuohung,W.(2014).5-Alphareductasedeficiency:a40-yearretrospectivereview.
Currentopinion inendocrinology,diabetesandobesity,21(6), 483-487.
2.Nishimura,T.,&Tanaka,M.(2018).Hormonalsexreversal:Understandingthesignificancefor
reproductivebiologyandaquaculture.ReviewsinFisheriesScience&Aquaculture,26(4),431-442.
3.Smith,J.A.(2019).Understandingsexreversalinamphibians.JournalofHerpetology,35(2),123-135
4.Higuchi,M.,Hiramatsu,N.,Sato,T.,Fukami,H.,&Morohashi,K.(2019).Effectsofanandrogenic
steroid,17α-methyltestosterone,ongonadalsexdifferentiationandgermcelldevelopmentinthe
medaka,Oryziaslatipes.AquaticToxicology,213,105221.
5.Hattori,R.S.(2016).Sexdeterminationandsexdifferentiationinfish:anoverviewofgenetic,
physiological,andenvironmental influences.Aquaculture,450, 4-20.

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