Shale Rocks
emilyjoneswashington
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78 slides
Nov 19, 2023
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About This Presentation
✍️
Slide Content
Shale Rocks
Shale is the most common sedimentary rock. It was deposited and formed by squeezing excess
formation water and mineralogical transformations at different temperatures and pressures.
Caprocks are essentially defined as low permeability formations, and sometimes, but not
necessarily, with low porosity. More than 60% of effective seals for geologic hydrocarbon bearing
formations as natural hydraulic barriers constitute of shale rocks. Shale rocks are predominantly
composed of clay such as kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. They might also have other silica and
carbonate based minerals that contribute to their geomechanical strength. In 1965, D. Shaw and C.
Weaver documented the average mineralogical composition of shale from three hundred ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Caprock integrity failure can cause leakage and containment incidents. Currently, there are more
than 400 underground storage sites in the United States, including natural gas storage, oil and gas
waste disposal, industrial hazardous and non–hazardous waste disposal, and municipal sanitation
waste disposal. So far, there are no documented cases of fully remediating a leak in a caprock in
either a natural gas storage or waste injection project. This makes preventing the leakage becomes
essential, because most of the time, leaks could have been avoided through proper and thorough
geologic characterization of the caprock [Bruno, et al, 2014]. The integrity of shale caprock relies on
the geomechanical properties of the rock, and it has effects on the quality and quantity of the
gas/hydrocarbons beneath and within it. Potential loss of caprock integrity is commonly due to
tensile fracturing, fault activation, and wellbore failure in the caprock. Understanding the
microstructure and mechanical properties of the shale caprocks helps to maintain its integrity,
predict the potential risk and prevent the failures from
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Shale is the most common sedimentary rock. It was deposited and formed by squeezing excess
formation water and mineralogical transformations at different temperatures and pressures.
Caprocks are essentially defined as low permeability formations, and sometimes, but not
necessarily, with low porosity. More than 60% of effective seals for geologic hydrocarbon bearing
formations as natural hydraulic barriers constitute of shale rocks. Shale rocks are predominantly
composed of clay such as kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. They might also have other silica and
carbonate based minerals that contribute to their geomechanical strength. In 1965, D. Shaw and C.
Weaver documented the average mineralogical composition of shale from three hundred ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Caprock integrity failure can cause leakage and containment incidents. Currently, there are more
than 400 underground storage sites in the United States, including natural gas storage, oil and gas
waste disposal, industrial hazardous and non–hazardous waste disposal, and municipal sanitation
waste disposal. So far, there are no documented cases of fully remediating a leak in a caprock in
either a natural gas storage or waste injection project. This makes preventing the leakage becomes
essential, because most of the time, leaks could have been avoided through proper and thorough
geologic characterization of the caprock [Bruno, et al, 2014]. The integrity of shale caprock relies on
the geomechanical properties of the rock, and it has effects on the quality and quantity of the
gas/hydrocarbons beneath and within it. Potential loss of caprock integrity is commonly due to
tensile fracturing, fault activation, and wellbore failure in the caprock. Understanding the
microstructure and mechanical properties of the shale caprocks helps to maintain its integrity,
predict the potential risk and prevent the failures from
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Fracking Is Not The Cleanest Alternative For Oil...
Fracking The term, "fracking" has existed for nearly a half century and has always had the negative
connotations of being unclean and the source for many environmental issues and adverse health
effects. The massive oil deposits recovered by modern hydraulic fracturing can be considered as the
oil boom of the twenty–first century and with new methods, safety procedures, and technology,
potential hazards can be reduced or even eliminated. Due to the many possible hazards of the
fracking process, it has initiated much political discussion at the state and federal levels of
government, while inciting concern of local citizens. Fracking is not the cleanest alternative to oil
reclamation, but has improved drastically with the introduction of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, fracking fluid is not the only questionable aspect of fracking, included is land and
infrastructure degradation, physiological harm to local citizens, utilization of legislation loopholes,
and the secrecy of fracking fluid formulas within the industry. Nonetheless, the negative attributes of
fracking, such as fracking fluid dispersal and other environmental issues are outweighed by the vast
economic gains and can be mitigated by a system of regulations and development of new
technologies for the industry. The fracking industry will only increase in size, so much so that
reclamation of shale gas is called "eminent shale gas revolution. British Petroleum [BP], for
instance, expects global shale gas production to grow six–fold from 2011 to 2030. Shale gas
production in the United States already accounts for roughly 30 percent of the nationwide total a
growth rate up from only 4 percent in 2005" (Sovacool, 251). It has also been estimated that more
than "80 percent of the natural gas wells developed in the United States over the next ten years are
expected to require fracking and it is projected that by 2035 natural gas wells will represent more
than a 75 percent share of the domestic supply" (Bleiwas, 68). Natural gas exploration began in the
late 1940s' to extract the natural gas located in underground reserves. The process consisted of
digging a vertical well into the ground to release gas trapped in relatively
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Fracking The term, "fracking" has existed for nearly a half century and has always had the negative
connotations of being unclean and the source for many environmental issues and adverse health
effects. The massive oil deposits recovered by modern hydraulic fracturing can be considered as the
oil boom of the twenty–first century and with new methods, safety procedures, and technology,
potential hazards can be reduced or even eliminated. Due to the many possible hazards of the
fracking process, it has initiated much political discussion at the state and federal levels of
government, while inciting concern of local citizens. Fracking is not the cleanest alternative to oil
reclamation, but has improved drastically with the introduction of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, fracking fluid is not the only questionable aspect of fracking, included is land and
infrastructure degradation, physiological harm to local citizens, utilization of legislation loopholes,
and the secrecy of fracking fluid formulas within the industry. Nonetheless, the negative attributes of
fracking, such as fracking fluid dispersal and other environmental issues are outweighed by the vast
economic gains and can be mitigated by a system of regulations and development of new
technologies for the industry. The fracking industry will only increase in size, so much so that
reclamation of shale gas is called "eminent shale gas revolution. British Petroleum [BP], for
instance, expects global shale gas production to grow six–fold from 2011 to 2030. Shale gas
production in the United States already accounts for roughly 30 percent of the nationwide total a
growth rate up from only 4 percent in 2005" (Sovacool, 251). It has also been estimated that more
than "80 percent of the natural gas wells developed in the United States over the next ten years are
expected to require fracking and it is projected that by 2035 natural gas wells will represent more
than a 75 percent share of the domestic supply" (Bleiwas, 68). Natural gas exploration began in the
late 1940s' to extract the natural gas located in underground reserves. The process consisted of
digging a vertical well into the ground to release gas trapped in relatively
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Burrator Quarry
Burrator is a large rocky peak in Dartmoor National Park, Devon. It can be located at grid reference
553 679 (Stewart, I. 2016) at the southern end of the reservoir and is a designated SSSI. The
physical characteristics of the Upper Burrator Quarry exposes the contact between the Permo–
Carboniferous Dartmoor Granite and the surrounding Devonian rocks. The Lower Burrator Quarry
shows granite intersected by a series of joints.(Devon County Council, 2016) Burrator is currently
used for recreation with its cycling routes, hiking trails and trout fishing.
GIS Map
Burrator Quarry (Site 1)
Rock Types at Burrator
One of Burrator's main rock types is granite; an igneous rock made from biotite, feldspar and quartz.
It had visible, interlocking and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Granite contains uranium 238 crystals within it which over time decays and becomes radon 222.
Radon is a gas and can escape the granite rock and travel into the atmosphere. (Lugg and Probert,
1997) It is odourless and tasteless so human's do not know when they are inhaling it; this is highly
dangerous as radon is alpha radiation so is carcinogenic. Once it enters a human it can cause lung
cancer, and because it has a half life of 3.8 days it becomes plutonium, then lead which leads to
heavy metal poisoning. (Darby, 2005) Radon causes over 1,100 deaths from lung cancer each year
in the UK
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Burrator is a large rocky peak in Dartmoor National Park, Devon. It can be located at grid reference
553 679 (Stewart, I. 2016) at the southern end of the reservoir and is a designated SSSI. The
physical characteristics of the Upper Burrator Quarry exposes the contact between the Permo–
Carboniferous Dartmoor Granite and the surrounding Devonian rocks. The Lower Burrator Quarry
shows granite intersected by a series of joints.(Devon County Council, 2016) Burrator is currently
used for recreation with its cycling routes, hiking trails and trout fishing.
GIS Map
Burrator Quarry (Site 1)
Rock Types at Burrator
One of Burrator's main rock types is granite; an igneous rock made from biotite, feldspar and quartz.
It had visible, interlocking and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Granite contains uranium 238 crystals within it which over time decays and becomes radon 222.
Radon is a gas and can escape the granite rock and travel into the atmosphere. (Lugg and Probert,
1997) It is odourless and tasteless so human's do not know when they are inhaling it; this is highly
dangerous as radon is alpha radiation so is carcinogenic. Once it enters a human it can cause lung
cancer, and because it has a half life of 3.8 days it becomes plutonium, then lead which leads to
heavy metal poisoning. (Darby, 2005) Radon causes over 1,100 deaths from lung cancer each year
in the UK
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Shale Gas Argumentative Essay
To make a good article, you are supposed to have a good claim, evidence, and reasoning. You have
to make a stronger article that is better than all the others. Out of these two articles, The Benefits of
Shale Gas" and "Stop the Fracking!", "Stop the Fracking" presents the stronger argument because of
their evidence, claim, and reasoning. The Benefits of Shale gas uses relevant evidence to support his
topic. Mostly in the article, he talks about what shale gas is. It says things such as Shale gas is a type
of natural gas found under a Shale rock." That has nothing to do with the benefits of it.It talks about
this nonsense for about 3 to four paragraphs. In the last paragraph, it talks about the benefits of
Shale Gas. Also, we do not know
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
To make a good article, you are supposed to have a good claim, evidence, and reasoning. You have
to make a stronger article that is better than all the others. Out of these two articles, The Benefits of
Shale Gas" and "Stop the Fracking!", "Stop the Fracking" presents the stronger argument because of
their evidence, claim, and reasoning. The Benefits of Shale gas uses relevant evidence to support his
topic. Mostly in the article, he talks about what shale gas is. It says things such as Shale gas is a type
of natural gas found under a Shale rock." That has nothing to do with the benefits of it.It talks about
this nonsense for about 3 to four paragraphs. In the last paragraph, it talks about the benefits of
Shale Gas. Also, we do not know
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
World 's Increasing Demand For Energy Essay
World's increasing demand for energy is fulfilled by different sectors (like Oil, Coal, Natural Gas,
Hydro, Nuclear and others). Fossil fuels remain the dominant source of energy powering the world
economy, supplying 60% of the energy increase out to 2035. Within that, gas looks set to become
the fastest growing fossil fuel, spurred on by ample supplies and supportive environmental policies.
1.1 BACKGROUND
From the advert of the modern oil and gas industry, petroleum geologists and engineers have
followed a conventional route for exploration; look for hydrocarbon source rocks, find reservoir
quality rocks where hydrocarbons can accumulate, identify a trapping mechanism and then drill a
well. But a revolution is taking place in the exploration and production (E&P) industry. Rocks that
in the past were of little interest, other than as potential source rocks, are today being actively
pursued as potential reservoirs. When considering unconventional resource plays, the focus is on
finding organic shale's. This development represents a fundamental shift in the way exploration
companies consider resource plays. Engineers and geologists studying shale gas resources find that
reservoir can lead to process adaptation and refinement of techniques. It is important to integrate
data from many sources and at many scales to optimally drill, complete and stimulate wells to
produce hydrocarbons from their source rocks. The two other type of existing unconventional gas
resources are
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
World's increasing demand for energy is fulfilled by different sectors (like Oil, Coal, Natural Gas,
Hydro, Nuclear and others). Fossil fuels remain the dominant source of energy powering the world
economy, supplying 60% of the energy increase out to 2035. Within that, gas looks set to become
the fastest growing fossil fuel, spurred on by ample supplies and supportive environmental policies.
1.1 BACKGROUND
From the advert of the modern oil and gas industry, petroleum geologists and engineers have
followed a conventional route for exploration; look for hydrocarbon source rocks, find reservoir
quality rocks where hydrocarbons can accumulate, identify a trapping mechanism and then drill a
well. But a revolution is taking place in the exploration and production (E&P) industry. Rocks that
in the past were of little interest, other than as potential source rocks, are today being actively
pursued as potential reservoirs. When considering unconventional resource plays, the focus is on
finding organic shale's. This development represents a fundamental shift in the way exploration
companies consider resource plays. Engineers and geologists studying shale gas resources find that
reservoir can lead to process adaptation and refinement of techniques. It is important to integrate
data from many sources and at many scales to optimally drill, complete and stimulate wells to
produce hydrocarbons from their source rocks. The two other type of existing unconventional gas
resources are
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
The Impact Of Shale Gas Revolution On Natural Gas From...
A crisis in global energy consumption has been increasingly discussed in many world energy forums
which concern in the diminishing of fossil fuel and natural gas. Consequently, the US government
has attempted to seek a new resource to serve the global energy demand (SHAFIEE, 2009). The
natural gas from shale formation, abundant resources in US, has been discovered for a long time but
there is no efficient method to extract the natural gas from this formation. Moreover, the route to
convey the large amount of shale gas is one of our challenge that must be safe for human and
environment, and it should be a low cost technique as well (ARMOR, 2013). Furthermore, the
impact of shale gas revolution should be realized in a consequence of local protesters at the drilling
sites or people who are directly affected from the extraction projects. Therefore, the aims of this
project are to describe the most feasible technique and the future prospects in natural gas from shale
formation.
Background and Significance
In a few decades, global natural gas demand has still sharply grown up every year. The world's
crude oil and natural gas reserves are usually the main resources for energy consumptions in our
world. Consequently, the total amount of these reserves has been significantly regarded by the
leading industrial countries (WANG, 2014). US government, especially, is the first leader who has
attempted to seek the new energy resources for the American energy consumption (Fig. 1). Although
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
A crisis in global energy consumption has been increasingly discussed in many world energy forums
which concern in the diminishing of fossil fuel and natural gas. Consequently, the US government
has attempted to seek a new resource to serve the global energy demand (SHAFIEE, 2009). The
natural gas from shale formation, abundant resources in US, has been discovered for a long time but
there is no efficient method to extract the natural gas from this formation. Moreover, the route to
convey the large amount of shale gas is one of our challenge that must be safe for human and
environment, and it should be a low cost technique as well (ARMOR, 2013). Furthermore, the
impact of shale gas revolution should be realized in a consequence of local protesters at the drilling
sites or people who are directly affected from the extraction projects. Therefore, the aims of this
project are to describe the most feasible technique and the future prospects in natural gas from shale
formation.
Background and Significance
In a few decades, global natural gas demand has still sharply grown up every year. The world's
crude oil and natural gas reserves are usually the main resources for energy consumptions in our
world. Consequently, the total amount of these reserves has been significantly regarded by the
leading industrial countries (WANG, 2014). US government, especially, is the first leader who has
attempted to seek the new energy resources for the American energy consumption (Fig. 1). Although
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Essay on New Albany Shale
Illinois Basin Structure
The Illinois Basin lies across Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky, and it has a oval like structural
depression in southeastern Illinois. The Illinois Basin is classified as an intracratonic basin (Bois and
Pelet 1982). The Illinois Basin began as a rift complex which eventually failed, the New Madrid
fault is associated with this rifting (Hasenmueller and Comer 1994). The depositional thickness of
the New Albany Shale was strongly affected by the regional down–warping in southeastern Illinois
(Lineback 1980). The Illinois basin is separated from the Michigan basin by the Kankakee arch,
which is located primarily in Indiana (Nelson 1995). To the South East lies the Cincinnati arch
(Nelson 1995). In central and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Genevieve Fault Zone (Hasenmueller and Comer 1994). During the Devonian while the New
Albany Shale was being deposited, the Sangamon Arch was active causing the New Albany Shale to
thin out (Hasenmueller and Comer 1994). The Media Anticline was also active during the time of
deposition, this can be seen by the thinning across the structure while there is no thinning on older
strata (Hasenmueller and Comer 1994). The Mount Carmel Fault is a normal fault that trends
northwest and has seismic data that indicates it reaches the basement (Hasenmueller and Comer
1994).
(Barrows and Cluff 1980)
Stratigraphy
The New Albany Shale is a body of rock in the Illinois Basin that is mostly shale that ranges from
brownish black shale that is organic rich to gray or greenish–gray organic poor shale (Linback
1980). There are thirteen main strata that comprise the New Albany shale and that includes the
Blocher Shale, the Sylamore Sandstone, The Selmier Shale, the Sweetland Creek Shale, the Grassy
Creek Shale, the Morgan Trail member, the Morgan Trail member, the Camp Run member, the
Clegg Creek member, the Saverton Shale, the Louisiana Limestone, The Horton Creek Shale, and
the Hannibal Shale (Lineback 1980). These sub groups that range lithologies of calcareous shale or
dolomitic (Lineback 1980).
The Blocher Shale is characterized by its calcareous and dolomitic black shales texture that grades
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Illinois Basin Structure
The Illinois Basin lies across Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky, and it has a oval like structural
depression in southeastern Illinois. The Illinois Basin is classified as an intracratonic basin (Bois and
Pelet 1982). The Illinois Basin began as a rift complex which eventually failed, the New Madrid
fault is associated with this rifting (Hasenmueller and Comer 1994). The depositional thickness of
the New Albany Shale was strongly affected by the regional down–warping in southeastern Illinois
(Lineback 1980). The Illinois basin is separated from the Michigan basin by the Kankakee arch,
which is located primarily in Indiana (Nelson 1995). To the South East lies the Cincinnati arch
(Nelson 1995). In central and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Genevieve Fault Zone (Hasenmueller and Comer 1994). During the Devonian while the New
Albany Shale was being deposited, the Sangamon Arch was active causing the New Albany Shale to
thin out (Hasenmueller and Comer 1994). The Media Anticline was also active during the time of
deposition, this can be seen by the thinning across the structure while there is no thinning on older
strata (Hasenmueller and Comer 1994). The Mount Carmel Fault is a normal fault that trends
northwest and has seismic data that indicates it reaches the basement (Hasenmueller and Comer
1994).
(Barrows and Cluff 1980)
Stratigraphy
The New Albany Shale is a body of rock in the Illinois Basin that is mostly shale that ranges from
brownish black shale that is organic rich to gray or greenish–gray organic poor shale (Linback
1980). There are thirteen main strata that comprise the New Albany shale and that includes the
Blocher Shale, the Sylamore Sandstone, The Selmier Shale, the Sweetland Creek Shale, the Grassy
Creek Shale, the Morgan Trail member, the Morgan Trail member, the Camp Run member, the
Clegg Creek member, the Saverton Shale, the Louisiana Limestone, The Horton Creek Shale, and
the Hannibal Shale (Lineback 1980). These sub groups that range lithologies of calcareous shale or
dolomitic (Lineback 1980).
The Blocher Shale is characterized by its calcareous and dolomitic black shales texture that grades
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Extracting Natural Gas From Shale And Other Rock Formation
Resulting of recent technological innovations improving the ability of extracting natural gas from
shale and other rock formation. The popularity of hydraulic fracturing remains leading in the
direction of new venture opportunities and increasing growth for the natural gas and oil production
industry. With the development, comes risk and scrutiny. According to Robert W. Howarth and
Anthony Ingraffea natural gas extracted from shale comes at too great a cost to the environment, and
must be illegal. Natural gas from shale remains vastly proposed as clean, comparable with oil and
coal that can decrease the outpouring while still satisfying rich fossil fuel over coming decades until
a switch to renewable energy sources exists. However shale gas being clean remains false, and it
used as bridge fuel stays a terrible idea. Shale rock formation can hold large quantities of natural
gas, however that gas remains mostly made up of methane. (Natural Gas:Should fracking stop?) For
a long period of time a majority of this gas was not economically reachable. However over the past
decade, two new technological advancements recently combined allowing extracting of the gas. This
process is known as hydraulic fracturing, in which extremely high pressured water with additional
chemicals forced two to three kilometers in the ground is extracting the gas. The manufacturing
sources claim that fracking has produced over one million natural gas wells since the 1940 's. Only
2% of these wells
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Resulting of recent technological innovations improving the ability of extracting natural gas from
shale and other rock formation. The popularity of hydraulic fracturing remains leading in the
direction of new venture opportunities and increasing growth for the natural gas and oil production
industry. With the development, comes risk and scrutiny. According to Robert W. Howarth and
Anthony Ingraffea natural gas extracted from shale comes at too great a cost to the environment, and
must be illegal. Natural gas from shale remains vastly proposed as clean, comparable with oil and
coal that can decrease the outpouring while still satisfying rich fossil fuel over coming decades until
a switch to renewable energy sources exists. However shale gas being clean remains false, and it
used as bridge fuel stays a terrible idea. Shale rock formation can hold large quantities of natural
gas, however that gas remains mostly made up of methane. (Natural Gas:Should fracking stop?) For
a long period of time a majority of this gas was not economically reachable. However over the past
decade, two new technological advancements recently combined allowing extracting of the gas. This
process is known as hydraulic fracturing, in which extremely high pressured water with additional
chemicals forced two to three kilometers in the ground is extracting the gas. The manufacturing
sources claim that fracking has produced over one million natural gas wells since the 1940 's. Only
2% of these wells
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Organic Petrology and Maturation of the Bakken Formation...
This document describes in detail the organic petrology and maturation of the Bakken Formation
located in the Williston Basin. This report is organized into five sections. Section I will introduce the
Bakken Formation in reference with the Williston Basin. It will also address sedimentary and
structural aspects of the Bakken Formation. Section II outlines the processes that formed the Bakken
Formation that occurred during the Devonian/Mississippian age. Section III will summarize organic
components and influence within the Bakken Formation. Furthermore Section IV will address the
nature of inorganic constinuents that influence the Bakken Formation. Section V will discuss
production history and current production of oil and gas found within ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The middle member of the Bakken Formation is a calcareous sandstone that formed offshore in a
regressional environment that formed with a rapid lowering of sea level.
One of the primary structures in the Bakken Formation is the Nesson Anticline which lies in the
northwestern part of North Dakota (Schieber, 2001). The Nesson Anticline in North Dakota trends
North for 176 km. The Williston Basin as a whole is a sedimentary basin that is located west on the
North American craton that dates Paleozoic in age, making the Bakken Formation an intracratonic
formation. The Williston Basin is located in North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Saskatchewan,
and Manitoba. However, the Bakken Formation is not the only formation within the Williston Basin,
however it will be the only formation discussed in this paper.
II. Formation of the Bakken
The Bakken Formation is a Late Devonian to Early Mississippian formation within the Williston
Basin as seen below in Figure 1. To understand the process that formed the Bakken it is necessary to
understand the formation of the Williston Basin as a whole. Figure 1 represents the stratigraphy of
the Williston Basin. The Bakken Source Rock can be seen between the Devonian and the
Mississippian contacts in this diagram. This figure also shows that the Williston Basin began
subsiding in the Late Cambrian and continued to subside since then (Peterson, 1995). Also seen in
Figure 1 is the Nesson Anicline that
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
This document describes in detail the organic petrology and maturation of the Bakken Formation
located in the Williston Basin. This report is organized into five sections. Section I will introduce the
Bakken Formation in reference with the Williston Basin. It will also address sedimentary and
structural aspects of the Bakken Formation. Section II outlines the processes that formed the Bakken
Formation that occurred during the Devonian/Mississippian age. Section III will summarize organic
components and influence within the Bakken Formation. Furthermore Section IV will address the
nature of inorganic constinuents that influence the Bakken Formation. Section V will discuss
production history and current production of oil and gas found within ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The middle member of the Bakken Formation is a calcareous sandstone that formed offshore in a
regressional environment that formed with a rapid lowering of sea level.
One of the primary structures in the Bakken Formation is the Nesson Anticline which lies in the
northwestern part of North Dakota (Schieber, 2001). The Nesson Anticline in North Dakota trends
North for 176 km. The Williston Basin as a whole is a sedimentary basin that is located west on the
North American craton that dates Paleozoic in age, making the Bakken Formation an intracratonic
formation. The Williston Basin is located in North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Saskatchewan,
and Manitoba. However, the Bakken Formation is not the only formation within the Williston Basin,
however it will be the only formation discussed in this paper.
II. Formation of the Bakken
The Bakken Formation is a Late Devonian to Early Mississippian formation within the Williston
Basin as seen below in Figure 1. To understand the process that formed the Bakken it is necessary to
understand the formation of the Williston Basin as a whole. Figure 1 represents the stratigraphy of
the Williston Basin. The Bakken Source Rock can be seen between the Devonian and the
Mississippian contacts in this diagram. This figure also shows that the Williston Basin began
subsiding in the Late Cambrian and continued to subside since then (Peterson, 1995). Also seen in
Figure 1 is the Nesson Anicline that
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
The Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing
The impacts of hydraulic fracturing can be hard to analyze due to a lack of data available. The
following case studies explored the effects of fracking on animals and humans within areas of
hydraulic fracking sites. The case studies were completed in six states in which hydraulic fracturing
sites has increased in recent years. These six states are Colorado, Louisiana, New York, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, and Texas. The studies focus on the effects of animals because they "may serve as
sentinels for human exposure, with shorter lifetimes and more opportunity for data collection from
necropsies" (Bamberger & Oswald, 2012, p.52). The case studies also take into account human
exposure within the same area as the animals affected. The first case study in the article observed
two homes within a short distance of 25 shale wells. These two homeowners both had farm animals
on their property and used well water for their personal water source. Both homeowners reported
incidents relating to wastewater exposure for both their animals and humans. One incident was
when a "truck carrying wastewater drove away from the impoundment site with an open valve,
releasing approximately 20 gallons of wastewater onto the impoundment access road"(62). The
water that was released was also spilled onto a road near one of the homeowners property. Another
incident occurred when the barriers for the wastewater impoundment failed causing a spill into a
creek. It is believed that this occurrences could have
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
The impacts of hydraulic fracturing can be hard to analyze due to a lack of data available. The
following case studies explored the effects of fracking on animals and humans within areas of
hydraulic fracking sites. The case studies were completed in six states in which hydraulic fracturing
sites has increased in recent years. These six states are Colorado, Louisiana, New York, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, and Texas. The studies focus on the effects of animals because they "may serve as
sentinels for human exposure, with shorter lifetimes and more opportunity for data collection from
necropsies" (Bamberger & Oswald, 2012, p.52). The case studies also take into account human
exposure within the same area as the animals affected. The first case study in the article observed
two homes within a short distance of 25 shale wells. These two homeowners both had farm animals
on their property and used well water for their personal water source. Both homeowners reported
incidents relating to wastewater exposure for both their animals and humans. One incident was
when a "truck carrying wastewater drove away from the impoundment site with an open valve,
releasing approximately 20 gallons of wastewater onto the impoundment access road"(62). The
water that was released was also spilled onto a road near one of the homeowners property. Another
incident occurred when the barriers for the wastewater impoundment failed causing a spill into a
creek. It is believed that this occurrences could have
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Should Shale Gas Controversy
Shale gas controversy has been ongoing in New Brunswick for a number of years now, when the
outgone Congressive premier: David Alward refused to stop the commencement of shale fracking in
the region, there was an upsurge by the residents. Fracking is a form of natural gas extraction, where
millions of gallons of pressurized and chemical–treated water are pumped into shale to extract gases
embedded in the deposits. Most of the residents of Richibuto New Brunswick are arguing that,
although economic growth is important, it should not be at the detriment of the environment.
However, the government and some residents are of the opinion that, because the province is poor,
prioritizing economic growth over environmental concern is paramount. If fracking is allowed in the
province, it will create more jobs, attract private investors Another major concern raised was the
issue of water pollution and wastage . Shale is a dense rock found two miles underground, if
fracking isn't done correctly, chemicals used in fracking can leak to the surface making water
undrinkable. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Currently a moratorium has been placed on all typed of hydraulic fracking to get shale gas until
more information is known on its risks to health, water, and the environment. Companies can
continue research activities, bt while moratorium is on, they are not allowed to frack test wells
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Shale gas controversy has been ongoing in New Brunswick for a number of years now, when the
outgone Congressive premier: David Alward refused to stop the commencement of shale fracking in
the region, there was an upsurge by the residents. Fracking is a form of natural gas extraction, where
millions of gallons of pressurized and chemical–treated water are pumped into shale to extract gases
embedded in the deposits. Most of the residents of Richibuto New Brunswick are arguing that,
although economic growth is important, it should not be at the detriment of the environment.
However, the government and some residents are of the opinion that, because the province is poor,
prioritizing economic growth over environmental concern is paramount. If fracking is allowed in the
province, it will create more jobs, attract private investors Another major concern raised was the
issue of water pollution and wastage . Shale is a dense rock found two miles underground, if
fracking isn't done correctly, chemicals used in fracking can leak to the surface making water
undrinkable. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Currently a moratorium has been placed on all typed of hydraulic fracking to get shale gas until
more information is known on its risks to health, water, and the environment. Companies can
continue research activities, bt while moratorium is on, they are not allowed to frack test wells
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Pros And Cons Of Shale Gas
Shale gas is an unconventional emerging energy source that since 2008 has had an increase in both
conventional and unconventional well inspections which have led to a decrease in violations
(Phillips, 2016). In 2015, inspectors issued 404 violations whereas in 2010 inspectors issued 1,280
violations (Phillips, 2016)! In addition, for the year 2015, the Department of Environmental
Investigation reported no findings of wrongdoing of water contamination through methane
migration by the gas industry. Moreover, the Department of Environmental Protection is the
responsible party for reviewing and issuing drilling permits, respondents to water quality problems,
and the inspection of drilling operations (Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection,
2016). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A few pro's associated with the emerging Shale gas energy source. Firstly, the Department of
Environmental Protection is regulating the exploration, development, and recovery of Marcellus
Shale natural gas reservoirs in a way that will protect the environment and the commonwealth
national resources (Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, 2016). With the extra
push from compliance, the additional assistance helps to prevent incidents that may harm the
environment. The additional assistance provided also includes preventative workshops for the
industry to help applicants as needed to address environmental matters for construction of a well site
(Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, 2016). Moreover, the Department of
Environmental Protection is also beneficial to Shale gas energy because they work to instruct and
advise operators and well drillers on the best management procedures and practices for waste
management and environmental control (Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Shale gas is an unconventional emerging energy source that since 2008 has had an increase in both
conventional and unconventional well inspections which have led to a decrease in violations
(Phillips, 2016). In 2015, inspectors issued 404 violations whereas in 2010 inspectors issued 1,280
violations (Phillips, 2016)! In addition, for the year 2015, the Department of Environmental
Investigation reported no findings of wrongdoing of water contamination through methane
migration by the gas industry. Moreover, the Department of Environmental Protection is the
responsible party for reviewing and issuing drilling permits, respondents to water quality problems,
and the inspection of drilling operations (Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection,
2016). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A few pro's associated with the emerging Shale gas energy source. Firstly, the Department of
Environmental Protection is regulating the exploration, development, and recovery of Marcellus
Shale natural gas reservoirs in a way that will protect the environment and the commonwealth
national resources (Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, 2016). With the extra
push from compliance, the additional assistance helps to prevent incidents that may harm the
environment. The additional assistance provided also includes preventative workshops for the
industry to help applicants as needed to address environmental matters for construction of a well site
(Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, 2016). Moreover, the Department of
Environmental Protection is also beneficial to Shale gas energy because they work to instruct and
advise operators and well drillers on the best management procedures and practices for waste
management and environmental control (Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Different Types Of Sedimentary Basins
Different Types of Sedimentary Basins There is upwards of 144 sedimentary basins identified just in
the United States, whether they may be onshore or offshore (Coleman, 2012). The day–to–day
classification used for most basins is quite simple and is based on the scheme: if basins are formed
within or near the margins of a craton, basins that are formed between cratons and extends onto
oceanic crust, and basins which form on oceanic crust for the most part and are independent of
cratons (Coleman, 2012). Following with the same classification scheme, basins can be put into
these four basic groups; however, these groups have more specific subgroups within, twelve (12)
total to be exact. While this is true, for this paper, only three ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(See graph on next page)
The province, itself covers between 50,000 and 70,000 square miles, and just throughout the
southern region of the basin, contains sedimentary rocks that most likely exceed 40,000 feet deep.
More than half of the strata within, ages from Cambrian to Permian, being a part of the gas fields
that are said to be the largest producers of hydrocarbons in the basin. The Anadarko is one of the
most prolific hydrocarbon producers in the continental United States (Hugman and Vidas, 1987;
Johnson, 1988). There are only minor occurrences of Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata in the northwest
part of the province (Henry). Rocks aging older than Mississippian are predominately carbonates,
while younger rocks consist of mainly shales and some sandstones – why are these important? Well,
while the only make up only a small part of the basin, they account for the large mass of petroleum
production (Henry).
The Fundy Basin It is believed that the Fundy Basin got its name due to being ironically located just
south of the Cobequid–Chedabucto Fault system in Nova Scotia and beneath the infamous Bay of
Fundy (Wade, 1996). This basin, in particular, is considered one of the 'failed–rifts' of the "half–
graben" formed by the mid – late Triassic break up of Pangea. The Fundy Basin is a sediment–filled,
proto–oceanic rift basin located along the margin of the Atlantic coast of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Different Types of Sedimentary Basins There is upwards of 144 sedimentary basins identified just in
the United States, whether they may be onshore or offshore (Coleman, 2012). The day–to–day
classification used for most basins is quite simple and is based on the scheme: if basins are formed
within or near the margins of a craton, basins that are formed between cratons and extends onto
oceanic crust, and basins which form on oceanic crust for the most part and are independent of
cratons (Coleman, 2012). Following with the same classification scheme, basins can be put into
these four basic groups; however, these groups have more specific subgroups within, twelve (12)
total to be exact. While this is true, for this paper, only three ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(See graph on next page)
The province, itself covers between 50,000 and 70,000 square miles, and just throughout the
southern region of the basin, contains sedimentary rocks that most likely exceed 40,000 feet deep.
More than half of the strata within, ages from Cambrian to Permian, being a part of the gas fields
that are said to be the largest producers of hydrocarbons in the basin. The Anadarko is one of the
most prolific hydrocarbon producers in the continental United States (Hugman and Vidas, 1987;
Johnson, 1988). There are only minor occurrences of Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata in the northwest
part of the province (Henry). Rocks aging older than Mississippian are predominately carbonates,
while younger rocks consist of mainly shales and some sandstones – why are these important? Well,
while the only make up only a small part of the basin, they account for the large mass of petroleum
production (Henry).
The Fundy Basin It is believed that the Fundy Basin got its name due to being ironically located just
south of the Cobequid–Chedabucto Fault system in Nova Scotia and beneath the infamous Bay of
Fundy (Wade, 1996). This basin, in particular, is considered one of the 'failed–rifts' of the "half–
graben" formed by the mid – late Triassic break up of Pangea. The Fundy Basin is a sediment–filled,
proto–oceanic rift basin located along the margin of the Atlantic coast of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
India 's Production Of Shale Gas
University of Pittsburgh
Joseph Graduate School of Business
Maria Beatriz Alcantara de Miranda
Challenges in the Production of Shale Gas in the United States and in Logistics and Transportation
of Natural Gas in Russia
Research presented to the GRP: Global Energy – Competing Perspectives from Western PA to
Eastern Europe course, taught by Prof. Susan M Hicks.
Pittsburgh
June 2015 ABSTRACT
This research report examines the challenges in the production of Shale Gas in the United States and
In Logistics and Transportation of Natural Gas in Russia in the past recent years and the future
challenges for the Energy industry. This report is based on information catered by the many lecturers
during the course and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................4
Natural and Shale Gas................................................................................................6
Challenges and Opportunities of Conventional and Unconventional Gas..........7
Conclusions...................................................................................................................14
References ...................................................................................................................15
Challenges in the Production of Shale Gas in the United States and
In Logistics and Transportation of Natural Gas in Russia
INTRODUCTION The most vital industry of our time is the energy industry. It provides energy to
all other industries and improves the quality of people's lives. Energy helps us produce and preserve
all basic necessities like food, fuel for transportation, power to keep machinery working and
communication technology accessible. Energy is found in a number of different forms as chemical
energy, electrical energy, thermal energy, solar energy, mechanical energy, and nuclear energy. The
future of the energy industries holds many responsibilities toward creating new technologies to
explore and transport energy to its final consumer respecting natural resources and minimizing
University of Pittsburgh
Joseph Graduate School of Business
Maria Beatriz Alcantara de Miranda
Challenges in the Production of Shale Gas in the United States and in Logistics and Transportation
of Natural Gas in Russia
Research presented to the GRP: Global Energy – Competing Perspectives from Western PA to
Eastern Europe course, taught by Prof. Susan M Hicks.
Pittsburgh
June 2015 ABSTRACT
This research report examines the challenges in the production of Shale Gas in the United States and
In Logistics and Transportation of Natural Gas in Russia in the past recent years and the future
challenges for the Energy industry. This report is based on information catered by the many lecturers
during the course and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................4
Natural and Shale Gas................................................................................................6
Challenges and Opportunities of Conventional and Unconventional Gas..........7
Conclusions...................................................................................................................14
References ...................................................................................................................15
Challenges in the Production of Shale Gas in the United States and
In Logistics and Transportation of Natural Gas in Russia
INTRODUCTION The most vital industry of our time is the energy industry. It provides energy to
all other industries and improves the quality of people's lives. Energy helps us produce and preserve
all basic necessities like food, fuel for transportation, power to keep machinery working and
communication technology accessible. Energy is found in a number of different forms as chemical
energy, electrical energy, thermal energy, solar energy, mechanical energy, and nuclear energy. The
future of the energy industries holds many responsibilities toward creating new technologies to
explore and transport energy to its final consumer respecting natural resources and minimizing
harmful environmental impact. The concerns on environmental impacts of the energy production
systems have made many countries take an extremely large amount of time developing policies that
regulate the energy industry. Those policies aim to control
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
systems have made many countries take an extremely large amount of time developing policies that
regulate the energy industry. Those policies aim to control
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
The Effects Of Shale Gas On Global Warming And Climate...
Sergio Rodriguez
Sci. 351A
Due: 07–30–15
The Effect of Shale Gas on Global Warming and Climate Change and the Environment Global
warming is a very disputed issue due to the fact that in every situation, there are two sides to a story.
Some believe global warming is not an issue seeing as there have been trends in the past that
indicate that the world changes constantly and that it will once again come to its natural order. Like
geologist Charles Lyell once stated with his idea of uniformitarianism, that the Earth is shaped by
the same processes still in operation today. Also, James Hutton stated that, "The future will resemble
the past", meaning that the events happening today, have already occurred, therefore they will
happen once again ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shale is a soft, fine sedimentary rock that formed from consolidated mud or clay. It contains shale
gas that is trapped within the shale formations which are rich in petroleum and natural gas. Studies
have shown that 3.6% up to 7.9% of methane from shale gas escapes through venting and leaks into
the atmosphere over a lifetime of a well. Methane emissions are considered to be at least 30% higher
in concentration than conventional gas. That is, pools in which wells can be drilled so that oil and
natural gas flow naturally and can be pumped to the surface. Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas
with a global warming potential that is far greater than that of carbon dioxide. Shale gas contributes
substantially to the greenhouse gas footprint on a shorter time scale, and results have shown that it
leaves a 20% greater footprint than coal. Natural gas is being used as a transitional fuel which
allows for further dependence on fossil fuels, yet reducing the green house gasses (GHG) when
compared to oil and coal. In the 1990's the United States produced its oil and gas through the use of
conventional reservoirs, but in 2009, unconventional production took the lead. There is really not
much of a difference between conventional and unconventional gas, but they are described as a
"sponge and clay" production process. Gas is extracted far more easily though the use of
conventional production, but in turn
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Sergio Rodriguez
Sci. 351A
Due: 07–30–15
The Effect of Shale Gas on Global Warming and Climate Change and the Environment Global
warming is a very disputed issue due to the fact that in every situation, there are two sides to a story.
Some believe global warming is not an issue seeing as there have been trends in the past that
indicate that the world changes constantly and that it will once again come to its natural order. Like
geologist Charles Lyell once stated with his idea of uniformitarianism, that the Earth is shaped by
the same processes still in operation today. Also, James Hutton stated that, "The future will resemble
the past", meaning that the events happening today, have already occurred, therefore they will
happen once again ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shale is a soft, fine sedimentary rock that formed from consolidated mud or clay. It contains shale
gas that is trapped within the shale formations which are rich in petroleum and natural gas. Studies
have shown that 3.6% up to 7.9% of methane from shale gas escapes through venting and leaks into
the atmosphere over a lifetime of a well. Methane emissions are considered to be at least 30% higher
in concentration than conventional gas. That is, pools in which wells can be drilled so that oil and
natural gas flow naturally and can be pumped to the surface. Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas
with a global warming potential that is far greater than that of carbon dioxide. Shale gas contributes
substantially to the greenhouse gas footprint on a shorter time scale, and results have shown that it
leaves a 20% greater footprint than coal. Natural gas is being used as a transitional fuel which
allows for further dependence on fossil fuels, yet reducing the green house gasses (GHG) when
compared to oil and coal. In the 1990's the United States produced its oil and gas through the use of
conventional reservoirs, but in 2009, unconventional production took the lead. There is really not
much of a difference between conventional and unconventional gas, but they are described as a
"sponge and clay" production process. Gas is extracted far more easily though the use of
conventional production, but in turn
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Shale Gas Of Mexico : Can It Be Developed Under...
Shale gas in Mexico: Can it be developed under environmentally sustainable conditions?
Introduction
According to a report of the Energy Information Administration (EIA) (2013), Mexico's technically
recoverable shale gas resources amount to 545 trillion cubic feet, placing it as the country with the
sixth largest reserves as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: "Estimates of technically recoverable shale gas
resources (trillion cubic feet, tcf) based on 48 major shale formations in 32 countries (EIA, 2011).
Russia, Central Asia, Middle East, South East Asia and central Africa were not addressed in the
Energy Information Administration report from which this data was taken" (The Royal Society
(TRS), 2012, p. 11).
Since 2013, the Mexican sector has opened up to private investment and while the auction of
licenses for shale fields has been delayed given the drop in international oil prices and the lack of
environmental regulations specific to this type of development (Hunn, 2016; Rodríguez and Lee,
2016), the question remains on whether shale gas can be produced sustainability as there are still
major concerns derived from known environmental and health impacts, as well as the lack of
information on several areas (Stevens, 2010; TRS, 2012; Dernbach and May, 2014; Cooper,
Stamford, and Azapagic, 2016).
Within the Mexican context, the sustainability analysis made herein focuses on the principles of
ecological sustainability and precautionary approach, two of the major principles
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Shale gas in Mexico: Can it be developed under environmentally sustainable conditions?
Introduction
According to a report of the Energy Information Administration (EIA) (2013), Mexico's technically
recoverable shale gas resources amount to 545 trillion cubic feet, placing it as the country with the
sixth largest reserves as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: "Estimates of technically recoverable shale gas
resources (trillion cubic feet, tcf) based on 48 major shale formations in 32 countries (EIA, 2011).
Russia, Central Asia, Middle East, South East Asia and central Africa were not addressed in the
Energy Information Administration report from which this data was taken" (The Royal Society
(TRS), 2012, p. 11).
Since 2013, the Mexican sector has opened up to private investment and while the auction of
licenses for shale fields has been delayed given the drop in international oil prices and the lack of
environmental regulations specific to this type of development (Hunn, 2016; Rodríguez and Lee,
2016), the question remains on whether shale gas can be produced sustainability as there are still
major concerns derived from known environmental and health impacts, as well as the lack of
information on several areas (Stevens, 2010; TRS, 2012; Dernbach and May, 2014; Cooper,
Stamford, and Azapagic, 2016).
Within the Mexican context, the sustainability analysis made herein focuses on the principles of
ecological sustainability and precautionary approach, two of the major principles
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Shale Gas Fracking Research Paper
Abstract This paper presents an initial argument regarding the presently booming economy of shale
gas extraction within the United Kingdom. The extraction of shale gas, as it has been in the United
States, has not been without its due challenges. Hence, it is imperative to consider the views of the
government regarding this arising economy change. Moreover, in this paper, the regulatory
framework present to maintain and control the extraction of shale gas and all of its supplementary
practices has been presented in this paper. A qualitative methodology of examination has been
suggested for the evaluation of the research questions presented and it is recommended that such an
examination is likely to add to the knowledge of the policymakers and the investors. The study
concludes with pointing out the implications for the aforementioned stakeholders. Introduction
Problem Statement: To assess the impact of shale gas fracking in regards of governmental
regulations. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The traditional perspective was that gas and oil would develop inside of these naturally rich and
low–penetrable rocks, and after that move into ordinary supplies from the places they could be
recuperated (Boyer et al 2011. Fracking is the process of efficient extraction of shale gas by
pumping intense pressure through rocks that contain reserves of shale gas. The implications of Shale
gas fracking have yet to be fully determined and it is important to first understand the actual
concepts and meanings associated with shale gas
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Abstract This paper presents an initial argument regarding the presently booming economy of shale
gas extraction within the United Kingdom. The extraction of shale gas, as it has been in the United
States, has not been without its due challenges. Hence, it is imperative to consider the views of the
government regarding this arising economy change. Moreover, in this paper, the regulatory
framework present to maintain and control the extraction of shale gas and all of its supplementary
practices has been presented in this paper. A qualitative methodology of examination has been
suggested for the evaluation of the research questions presented and it is recommended that such an
examination is likely to add to the knowledge of the policymakers and the investors. The study
concludes with pointing out the implications for the aforementioned stakeholders. Introduction
Problem Statement: To assess the impact of shale gas fracking in regards of governmental
regulations. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The traditional perspective was that gas and oil would develop inside of these naturally rich and
low–penetrable rocks, and after that move into ordinary supplies from the places they could be
recuperated (Boyer et al 2011. Fracking is the process of efficient extraction of shale gas by
pumping intense pressure through rocks that contain reserves of shale gas. The implications of Shale
gas fracking have yet to be fully determined and it is important to first understand the actual
concepts and meanings associated with shale gas
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Shale And The Shale Gas Boom
Fracturing Shale
Marcellus Shale, also known, as the Marcellus Formation, is black, organically rich, shale that exists
underneath the surface of West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Maryland,
Tennessee, and Virginia. The shale is located roughly one mile below the surface of these states and
has an estimated 141 trillion cubic feet of attainable natural gas. As of 2015, Marcellus shale gas
wells were reportedly yielding 14.4 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day ("Marcellus Shale –
Appalachian Basin Natural Gas Play"). This shale discovery is known as one of the largest natural
gas reserves in the United States, and this underground gas is now reachable thanks to hydraulic
fracturing and horizontally drilling. These two techniques, when used in combination, have enabled
gas producers to extract shale gas both rapidly and economically" ("The Marcellus Shale Gas
Boom"). Although, there are many myths and disagreements with the way America gets this natural
gas, it has proven to have more advantages than disadvantages.
Marcellus Shale is an excellent resource because "natural gas is a 'clean' energy source. When
natural gas is burned, it emits only half the amount of CO2" ("E–Forum: Pros and Cons"). Natural
gas tends to be much cleaner than crude oil, generally making the environment better. The less
carbon dioxide in the air, the slower Earth will become warmed and certain regions won't become
dryer or even wetter faster than normal. Carbon dioxide's
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Fracturing Shale
Marcellus Shale, also known, as the Marcellus Formation, is black, organically rich, shale that exists
underneath the surface of West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Maryland,
Tennessee, and Virginia. The shale is located roughly one mile below the surface of these states and
has an estimated 141 trillion cubic feet of attainable natural gas. As of 2015, Marcellus shale gas
wells were reportedly yielding 14.4 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day ("Marcellus Shale –
Appalachian Basin Natural Gas Play"). This shale discovery is known as one of the largest natural
gas reserves in the United States, and this underground gas is now reachable thanks to hydraulic
fracturing and horizontally drilling. These two techniques, when used in combination, have enabled
gas producers to extract shale gas both rapidly and economically" ("The Marcellus Shale Gas
Boom"). Although, there are many myths and disagreements with the way America gets this natural
gas, it has proven to have more advantages than disadvantages.
Marcellus Shale is an excellent resource because "natural gas is a 'clean' energy source. When
natural gas is burned, it emits only half the amount of CO2" ("E–Forum: Pros and Cons"). Natural
gas tends to be much cleaner than crude oil, generally making the environment better. The less
carbon dioxide in the air, the slower Earth will become warmed and certain regions won't become
dryer or even wetter faster than normal. Carbon dioxide's
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Oil And Natural Gas : Why Black Shales Can Be Hosts Of A...
6. URANIUM IN MUDROCKS – BLACK SHALES
It has been broadly recognized that black shales can be hosts of a significant amount of Uranium
when compared to other sedimentary rocks (Swanson, 1961). The black shales are very attractive
because these typically contain good quantities of organic matter, and therefore, are potential
stratigraphic intervals for source of hydrocarbons (Peters and Cassa, 1994). The generated
hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas) from these shales are derived directly from the thermal cracking
of the organic matter, and most of the uranium is attached to or precipitated in the presence of
organic matter just before or during the time of deposition of the organic–rich sediment. Peters and
Cassa (1994) mainly suggest the division of organic matter into two major types: (1) the sapropelic
type derived principally from algae, pollen and spores, resins, and the fatty tissues of animals; (2)
the humic type which is derived principally from cellulose and lignin or the woody parts of plants.
The sapropelic type of organic matter generally produces significantly a lot of more oil than the
humic type (Peters and Cassa, 1994), but despite of this, due to its general resistance to decay, is
probably insignificant in the process of concentrating uranium (Swanson, 1961; Leventhal et al.,
1986). The humic type of organic matter creates a reducing and acidic environment during its decay,
is believed responsible for the precipitation or sorption of the uranium in black
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
6. URANIUM IN MUDROCKS – BLACK SHALES
It has been broadly recognized that black shales can be hosts of a significant amount of Uranium
when compared to other sedimentary rocks (Swanson, 1961). The black shales are very attractive
because these typically contain good quantities of organic matter, and therefore, are potential
stratigraphic intervals for source of hydrocarbons (Peters and Cassa, 1994). The generated
hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas) from these shales are derived directly from the thermal cracking
of the organic matter, and most of the uranium is attached to or precipitated in the presence of
organic matter just before or during the time of deposition of the organic–rich sediment. Peters and
Cassa (1994) mainly suggest the division of organic matter into two major types: (1) the sapropelic
type derived principally from algae, pollen and spores, resins, and the fatty tissues of animals; (2)
the humic type which is derived principally from cellulose and lignin or the woody parts of plants.
The sapropelic type of organic matter generally produces significantly a lot of more oil than the
humic type (Peters and Cassa, 1994), but despite of this, due to its general resistance to decay, is
probably insignificant in the process of concentrating uranium (Swanson, 1961; Leventhal et al.,
1986). The humic type of organic matter creates a reducing and acidic environment during its decay,
is believed responsible for the precipitation or sorption of the uranium in black
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
A Brief Note On Shale Gas And Natural Gas
Shale gas is a natural gas that can be extracted from the fabric of shale rocks by means of hydraulic
fracturing, or fracking. There is controversy surrounding this extraction process, as in the process of
building facilities in which gases are extracted, people are made aware of the hazards that are
involved both with building the site of extraction and with extracting the gas itself. This essay aims
to assess the extent to which these hazards can affect those residing in Lancashire.
Throughout the course of human history, conventional natural gas deposits have been the easiest to
extract from formations below the surface. These conventional deposits cannot last forever and are
declining in number, meaning that people are pushed to search for alternative sources whilst
increasing the price of the natural gas that is currently available (Berman, 2016). Fortunately, the
search for alternative sources for natural gas has generally been positive; recent utilisation of
unconventional gas deposits in the US which have led to them becoming the US's primary source of
indigenous gas production (Korn, 2010: 5). As humans advance technologically and steadily
improve their geological knowledge, the percentage of unconventional gas sources that make up
power supplies continue to grow. In 2010, 47% of the UK's electricity was produced by burning
natural gas. In comparison 28% of the electricity the UK had produced in 2010 was from burning
coal, 16% from nuclear reactors and 7% from
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Shale gas is a natural gas that can be extracted from the fabric of shale rocks by means of hydraulic
fracturing, or fracking. There is controversy surrounding this extraction process, as in the process of
building facilities in which gases are extracted, people are made aware of the hazards that are
involved both with building the site of extraction and with extracting the gas itself. This essay aims
to assess the extent to which these hazards can affect those residing in Lancashire.
Throughout the course of human history, conventional natural gas deposits have been the easiest to
extract from formations below the surface. These conventional deposits cannot last forever and are
declining in number, meaning that people are pushed to search for alternative sources whilst
increasing the price of the natural gas that is currently available (Berman, 2016). Fortunately, the
search for alternative sources for natural gas has generally been positive; recent utilisation of
unconventional gas deposits in the US which have led to them becoming the US's primary source of
indigenous gas production (Korn, 2010: 5). As humans advance technologically and steadily
improve their geological knowledge, the percentage of unconventional gas sources that make up
power supplies continue to grow. In 2010, 47% of the UK's electricity was produced by burning
natural gas. In comparison 28% of the electricity the UK had produced in 2010 was from burning
coal, 16% from nuclear reactors and 7% from
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Fracking And The Public Health
Hydraulic fracturing or fracking has become a concern both environmentally and in the public
health sphere in Western Maryland. In analyzing these ideas, the environment and public health
concerns intertwine in a discourse about the relationship on both power and knowledge. Fracking is
a new issue for the state of Maryland to consider; therefore dominant narratives on this subject are
still being developed and legitimized. Studies have been conducted in other regions around the
world to analyze the various effects fracking has had on the environment and within communities,
both economically and politically. However, despite the potential for Western Maryland to become a
possible new site for fracking, there is a lack of literature that specifically analyzes the
environmental and public health concerns as a discourse that may be detrimental to the people and
the environment in this region. Also, as a result of fracking being a relatively new source of natural
gas, there has yet to be a significant number of studies analyzing the health effects caused by
fracking even in regions that have allowed fracking for a number of years.
The Marcellus Shale underlies Western Maryland along with New York, Pennsylvania, and West
Virginia and is the United States' largest on–shore natural gas reserve (Marcellus Shale Safe Drilling
Initiative, 2015). Maryland is unique in its fracking regulations as emphasized by former Governor
Martin O'Malley, who in 2011 signed the Marcellus Shale Safe
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Hydraulic fracturing or fracking has become a concern both environmentally and in the public
health sphere in Western Maryland. In analyzing these ideas, the environment and public health
concerns intertwine in a discourse about the relationship on both power and knowledge. Fracking is
a new issue for the state of Maryland to consider; therefore dominant narratives on this subject are
still being developed and legitimized. Studies have been conducted in other regions around the
world to analyze the various effects fracking has had on the environment and within communities,
both economically and politically. However, despite the potential for Western Maryland to become a
possible new site for fracking, there is a lack of literature that specifically analyzes the
environmental and public health concerns as a discourse that may be detrimental to the people and
the environment in this region. Also, as a result of fracking being a relatively new source of natural
gas, there has yet to be a significant number of studies analyzing the health effects caused by
fracking even in regions that have allowed fracking for a number of years.
The Marcellus Shale underlies Western Maryland along with New York, Pennsylvania, and West
Virginia and is the United States' largest on–shore natural gas reserve (Marcellus Shale Safe Drilling
Initiative, 2015). Maryland is unique in its fracking regulations as emphasized by former Governor
Martin O'Malley, who in 2011 signed the Marcellus Shale Safe
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Marcellus And Utica Shell And Fracking
Marcellus/Utica shell & Fracking
What is Marcellus Shale? It is a marine sedimentary rock buried thousands of feet beneath the earths
surfaces. Sedimentary rock is one of the three main rock groups and is formed in four main ways: by
the deposition of the weathered remains of other rocks; by the accumulation and the consolidation of
sediments; by the deposition of the results of biogenic activity; and by precipitation from solution.
Marcellus Shale is found throughout the Allegheny Plateau region of the northern Appalachian basin
of North America. It stretches from upstate New York south through Pennsylvania to West Virginia
and west to parts of Ohio. Marcellus shale was named after a town in upstate New York, the rock
itself is millions of years old, formed from mud and other natural materials. Its made up of the
formation of black shale that may contain lime stone beds and concentrations of iron pyrite and
siderite. The Sedimentary beds and structure is very well developed. Lighter colored shales in the
upper portion of the formation tend to split into small thin edged fragments after exposure. The
fragments may have and leave rust stains from exposure of pyrite to air, and tiny gypsum crystals
from the reaction between both of the fragments pyrite and the limestone particles. Fresh exposures
of the pyriteiferous shale may develop the secondary mineralization of orange limonite and the pale
yellow efflorescence or bloom of sulfur, associated with acid
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Marcellus/Utica shell & Fracking
What is Marcellus Shale? It is a marine sedimentary rock buried thousands of feet beneath the earths
surfaces. Sedimentary rock is one of the three main rock groups and is formed in four main ways: by
the deposition of the weathered remains of other rocks; by the accumulation and the consolidation of
sediments; by the deposition of the results of biogenic activity; and by precipitation from solution.
Marcellus Shale is found throughout the Allegheny Plateau region of the northern Appalachian basin
of North America. It stretches from upstate New York south through Pennsylvania to West Virginia
and west to parts of Ohio. Marcellus shale was named after a town in upstate New York, the rock
itself is millions of years old, formed from mud and other natural materials. Its made up of the
formation of black shale that may contain lime stone beds and concentrations of iron pyrite and
siderite. The Sedimentary beds and structure is very well developed. Lighter colored shales in the
upper portion of the formation tend to split into small thin edged fragments after exposure. The
fragments may have and leave rust stains from exposure of pyrite to air, and tiny gypsum crystals
from the reaction between both of the fragments pyrite and the limestone particles. Fresh exposures
of the pyriteiferous shale may develop the secondary mineralization of orange limonite and the pale
yellow efflorescence or bloom of sulfur, associated with acid
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Hydraulic Fracture Case Study
In grid–based models, the fracture is propagated through a fixed grid. This idea was used in early 2D
hydraulic fracture simulators (Settari 1980) where when the stress normal to the fracture plane
exceeded the tensile strength, the fracture extended into a new grid cell. Therefore, grid–based
models were suitable for coupling with reservoir simulators and geomechanics codes (Ji, Settari, and
Sullivan 2009). 3D grid–based models were extended to deal with multiple fractures, for example,
the MultiFrac Placement Pseudo 3D (MLF–P3D) model (Dontsov and Peirce 2015). These models
are very complex being capable of simulating multiple hydraulic fractures simultaneously
propagating from multiple perforation intervals where each perforation ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
2015). The Unconventional Fracture Model (UFM), developed by Cipolla et al. (2010), considers
the effect of natural fractures, stress distribution, and influence of the mechanical properties of
fracture morphology (Cipolla et al. 2010). The UFM model can simulate the propagation of
asymmetric fracture networks accounting for fluid flow in the fracture network and elastic
deformation of the fractures. The initial assumptions and governing equations (fluid flow in the
fracture network, mass conservation and fracture deformation) are similar to the conventional P3D
model (Weng 2015).
Passey et al. (2010) claimed that there is a large variability in lithology between shale plays and
even within a single shale formation (Passey et al. 2010). Britt and Smith (2009) emphasized the
importance of geomechanics and the state of stress of a shale play for a successful hydraulic
fracturing stimulation (Britt and Smith 2009). In addition, Rickman et al. (2008) stressed that the
mechanical rock properties, such as brittleness and mineralogy, are fundamental in completion
designs. While ductile shale tend to restore any fracture formed, brittle shale often have natural
fractures which react to hydraulic fracturing (Rickman et al. 2008). In general, the Young's Modulus
of the shale measured parallel to the bedding plane is greater than that measured perpendicular to the
bedding plane. Sone and Zoback (2013) explained the role of anisotropy on the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
In grid–based models, the fracture is propagated through a fixed grid. This idea was used in early 2D
hydraulic fracture simulators (Settari 1980) where when the stress normal to the fracture plane
exceeded the tensile strength, the fracture extended into a new grid cell. Therefore, grid–based
models were suitable for coupling with reservoir simulators and geomechanics codes (Ji, Settari, and
Sullivan 2009). 3D grid–based models were extended to deal with multiple fractures, for example,
the MultiFrac Placement Pseudo 3D (MLF–P3D) model (Dontsov and Peirce 2015). These models
are very complex being capable of simulating multiple hydraulic fractures simultaneously
propagating from multiple perforation intervals where each perforation ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
2015). The Unconventional Fracture Model (UFM), developed by Cipolla et al. (2010), considers
the effect of natural fractures, stress distribution, and influence of the mechanical properties of
fracture morphology (Cipolla et al. 2010). The UFM model can simulate the propagation of
asymmetric fracture networks accounting for fluid flow in the fracture network and elastic
deformation of the fractures. The initial assumptions and governing equations (fluid flow in the
fracture network, mass conservation and fracture deformation) are similar to the conventional P3D
model (Weng 2015).
Passey et al. (2010) claimed that there is a large variability in lithology between shale plays and
even within a single shale formation (Passey et al. 2010). Britt and Smith (2009) emphasized the
importance of geomechanics and the state of stress of a shale play for a successful hydraulic
fracturing stimulation (Britt and Smith 2009). In addition, Rickman et al. (2008) stressed that the
mechanical rock properties, such as brittleness and mineralogy, are fundamental in completion
designs. While ductile shale tend to restore any fracture formed, brittle shale often have natural
fractures which react to hydraulic fracturing (Rickman et al. 2008). In general, the Young's Modulus
of the shale measured parallel to the bedding plane is greater than that measured perpendicular to the
bedding plane. Sone and Zoback (2013) explained the role of anisotropy on the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
The Importance of a Secure Energy Supply for the Future
1.1 Introduction
Secure energy supply is vital to our modern world. As the economy and world population grow, the
consumption of energy is larger than ever. Energy shortage is one of the most concerned social and
economical issues to our society. Both industrial and domestic lives rely on the energy provided by
energy sources from one form or anther. Petroleum, coal and natural gas are the most produced and
used energy sources. Mining technologies are required to obtain the raw materials of these energy
sources from nature. The energy crisis is due to the limited amount of the natural storages of the
energy resources. A higher production rate of the raw materials is desired so that more resources can
be extracted to meet the demand. There have been conventional technologies for gas drilling for
over 100 years. However the conventional method of drilling places limitations on how much
material can be extracted. Until early 1940s, a new technique of extracting oil and natural gas was
experimentally carried out and it soon became commercially implemented. This drilling technique is
commonly known as hydraulic fracturing or fracking. Fracking is widely used in the industry,
because it allows the maximum extraction of oil and gas. As of now, more than 90 percent of the
natural gas mining sites in the States operates on fracking. Fracking will double the nation's natural
gas production in the next two decades. As attractive as fracking is to the energy industry, there are
side
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
1.1 Introduction
Secure energy supply is vital to our modern world. As the economy and world population grow, the
consumption of energy is larger than ever. Energy shortage is one of the most concerned social and
economical issues to our society. Both industrial and domestic lives rely on the energy provided by
energy sources from one form or anther. Petroleum, coal and natural gas are the most produced and
used energy sources. Mining technologies are required to obtain the raw materials of these energy
sources from nature. The energy crisis is due to the limited amount of the natural storages of the
energy resources. A higher production rate of the raw materials is desired so that more resources can
be extracted to meet the demand. There have been conventional technologies for gas drilling for
over 100 years. However the conventional method of drilling places limitations on how much
material can be extracted. Until early 1940s, a new technique of extracting oil and natural gas was
experimentally carried out and it soon became commercially implemented. This drilling technique is
commonly known as hydraulic fracturing or fracking. Fracking is widely used in the industry,
because it allows the maximum extraction of oil and gas. As of now, more than 90 percent of the
natural gas mining sites in the States operates on fracking. Fracking will double the nation's natural
gas production in the next two decades. As attractive as fracking is to the energy industry, there are
side
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Essay on Fracking: Water Quality and Hydraulic Fracturing
Our Future 3
REFERENCE:
www.epa.gov www.wikipedia.com Documentary: "GASLAND" Josh Fox 2010
Our Future joe cool
OUR FUTURE
Joe cool
Intro. 105 Our Future 1
Hydraulic fracturing is the propagation of fractures in a rock layer caused by the presence of a
pressurized fluid. (wiki 2011). This occurs naturally in nature, but the Hydraulic fracturing that I
will speak of in this paper is a process being used by gas companies nationwide. Fracking is
currently regulated by the EPA under the clean water act of 2005 (EPA.gov). However, this only
partially governs the methods of injecting fluids and the retrieval of such fluids into the earth. It
does not govern the types of chemicals that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What would you do? Who would you look to for help? The
Our Future 2 government is of no use because there are no safeguards in place. What do you do?
The only thing you can do is run, but I ask you fellow scholars, what happens when there is nowhere
else to run?
It is a fact that in Wyoming they are finding contamination in water tables as far away from fracking
as forty miles. You tube videos of people igniting their tap water are numbered in the hundreds.
These gas companies are poisoning our environment and destroying people's entire way of life just
to make money. Now most of us on some level are concerned about the environment, you don't have
to live in a tree and only eat organic fruits and vegetables to care about the future of earth. You just
have to open your eyes and become comfortable to the fact that big corporations dictate government.
These people live to make money, at all costs.
Through my research on this paper I learned that in the same mountain range that a windmill project
is being utilized there is also fracking going on. It is a humbling experience to stand under a
windmill and see a frack site. The reason green energy is not being explored further? There's no
money in
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Our Future 3
REFERENCE:
www.epa.gov www.wikipedia.com Documentary: "GASLAND" Josh Fox 2010
Our Future joe cool
OUR FUTURE
Joe cool
Intro. 105 Our Future 1
Hydraulic fracturing is the propagation of fractures in a rock layer caused by the presence of a
pressurized fluid. (wiki 2011). This occurs naturally in nature, but the Hydraulic fracturing that I
will speak of in this paper is a process being used by gas companies nationwide. Fracking is
currently regulated by the EPA under the clean water act of 2005 (EPA.gov). However, this only
partially governs the methods of injecting fluids and the retrieval of such fluids into the earth. It
does not govern the types of chemicals that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What would you do? Who would you look to for help? The
Our Future 2 government is of no use because there are no safeguards in place. What do you do?
The only thing you can do is run, but I ask you fellow scholars, what happens when there is nowhere
else to run?
It is a fact that in Wyoming they are finding contamination in water tables as far away from fracking
as forty miles. You tube videos of people igniting their tap water are numbered in the hundreds.
These gas companies are poisoning our environment and destroying people's entire way of life just
to make money. Now most of us on some level are concerned about the environment, you don't have
to live in a tree and only eat organic fruits and vegetables to care about the future of earth. You just
have to open your eyes and become comfortable to the fact that big corporations dictate government.
These people live to make money, at all costs.
Through my research on this paper I learned that in the same mountain range that a windmill project
is being utilized there is also fracking going on. It is a humbling experience to stand under a
windmill and see a frack site. The reason green energy is not being explored further? There's no
money in
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Rate Transient Analysis in Shale Gas Reservoirs with...
RATE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS IN SHALE GAS RESERVOIRS WITH TRANSIENT LINEAR
BEHAVIOR
A Dissertation by RASHEED OLUSEHUN BELLO
Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
May 2009
Major Subject: Petroleum Engineering
RATE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS IN SHALE GAS RESERVOIRS WITH TRANSIENT LINEAR
BEHAVIOR
A Dissertation by RASHEED OLUSEHUN BELLO
Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Approved by: Chair of Committee, Committee Members, Robert A. Wattenbarger Goong Chen
Christine Ehlig–Economides Bryan Maggard Stephen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I want to acknowledge my supervisor, Dr. Robert. A. Wattenbarger for being a father, mentor,
supervisor and friend to me. I am honored to have worked with him. I am also eternally grateful to
him. I want to acknowledge the suggestions and contributions of my committee members, Dr.
Christine Ehlig–Economides , Dr. Bryan Maggard – whose classes are among my favorites and
invaluable– and Dr. Goong Chen. I want to acknowledge the eternal support of my parents,
Rahaman and Doja Bello, my siblings– Biodun, Bidemi and Tolu– and my girl, Medinat.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................
DEDICATION ..........................................................................................................
RATE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS IN SHALE GAS RESERVOIRS WITH TRANSIENT LINEAR
BEHAVIOR
A Dissertation by RASHEED OLUSEHUN BELLO
Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
May 2009
Major Subject: Petroleum Engineering
RATE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS IN SHALE GAS RESERVOIRS WITH TRANSIENT LINEAR
BEHAVIOR
A Dissertation by RASHEED OLUSEHUN BELLO
Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Approved by: Chair of Committee, Committee Members, Robert A. Wattenbarger Goong Chen
Christine Ehlig–Economides Bryan Maggard Stephen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I want to acknowledge my supervisor, Dr. Robert. A. Wattenbarger for being a father, mentor,
supervisor and friend to me. I am honored to have worked with him. I am also eternally grateful to
him. I want to acknowledge the suggestions and contributions of my committee members, Dr.
Christine Ehlig–Economides , Dr. Bryan Maggard – whose classes are among my favorites and
invaluable– and Dr. Goong Chen. I want to acknowledge the eternal support of my parents,
Rahaman and Doja Bello, my siblings– Biodun, Bidemi and Tolu– and my girl, Medinat.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................
DEDICATION ..........................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... TABLE OF
CONTENTS .......................................................................................... LIST OF TABLES
.................................................................................................... LIST OF
FIGURES................................................................................................... CHAPTER I 1.1 1.2 1.3 II
2.1 2.2 INTRODUCTION................................................................................ Problem
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
CONTENTS .......................................................................................... LIST OF TABLES
.................................................................................................... LIST OF
FIGURES................................................................................................... CHAPTER I 1.1 1.2 1.3 II
2.1 2.2 INTRODUCTION................................................................................ Problem
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Essay On Shale Gas
Due to innovations in technologies and techniques involved with shale gas extraction, shale gas
production in the United States, as well its natural gas production as a whole, as increased
tremendously over the past several decades. As the abundance of domestic energy continues to
grow, American consumers have observed declines in gas prices across the nation. However, cheap
gas comes with a price: the negative impacts that cheap oil prices and shale gas extraction have on
the U.S.'s environment, economics, and political relations raises questions as to whether America's
shale gas revolution is entirely beneficial. Although shale gas offers the potential for abundant and
cheap energy and reduced reliance on foreign energy, the harmful impacts on human health and the
environment caused by shale gas extraction as well as the negative effects of cheap oil prices on
foreign and national economies and the geopolitical imbalances caused by the shift in energy
dominance outweigh the benefits of shale oil. The process of extracting shale gas today involves two
methods: horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Horizontal drilling enables the well to
conform to the formation and extract gas from thousands of meters below the entrance of the well.
Because the shale rock formation is typically flat and approximately 90 meters thick, this method of
drilling maximizes the area of rock that is in contact with the wellbore – in comparison to vertical
wells, horizontal wells reduce
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Due to innovations in technologies and techniques involved with shale gas extraction, shale gas
production in the United States, as well its natural gas production as a whole, as increased
tremendously over the past several decades. As the abundance of domestic energy continues to
grow, American consumers have observed declines in gas prices across the nation. However, cheap
gas comes with a price: the negative impacts that cheap oil prices and shale gas extraction have on
the U.S.'s environment, economics, and political relations raises questions as to whether America's
shale gas revolution is entirely beneficial. Although shale gas offers the potential for abundant and
cheap energy and reduced reliance on foreign energy, the harmful impacts on human health and the
environment caused by shale gas extraction as well as the negative effects of cheap oil prices on
foreign and national economies and the geopolitical imbalances caused by the shift in energy
dominance outweigh the benefits of shale oil. The process of extracting shale gas today involves two
methods: horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Horizontal drilling enables the well to
conform to the formation and extract gas from thousands of meters below the entrance of the well.
Because the shale rock formation is typically flat and approximately 90 meters thick, this method of
drilling maximizes the area of rock that is in contact with the wellbore – in comparison to vertical
wells, horizontal wells reduce
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Fracking Research Paper
Shale gas is a remarkable deposit of natural gas that is largely untapped because of the difficulty in
obtaining it. Advanced petroleum extraction technics has made this untapped natural gas more
lucrative. Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is the advanced technic of extracting gas from shale rock
formation. The environmental impacts of hydraulic fracturing have surpassed the endurance
afforded it. This paper discusses the impact of fracking, the challenges of wastewater management,
with a focus on the legal and regulatory hurdles associated with the practice of underground
injection of wastewater, and ways in which the government through policies can curb the concerns.
INTRODUCTION
Shale gas or Black shale is a major source of natural gas, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
'So companies drill down, often a mile or more. They drill sideways through a shale layer that might
be only a hundred or a couple hundred feet thick. And once they've drilled out sideways a mile or
two, then they'll pump water, sand, and chemicals underground at very high pressure to crack the
rock and free the gas' . Fracking fluid is mostly water, and each fracking job takes 2 to 4 million
gallons of water per well. Once pumped underground, several million gallons flow back to the
surface as wastewater. Massive water withdrawals from rivers and streams occur to achieve this
process, thus resulting in a major ecological impact; 'stream/river stress'. Another ecological hazard
is habitat fragmentation stemming from the siting of oil well pads, pipelines and supporting
infrastructure. Aside these toxic emissions to air, water and soil also affect the ecological domain.
Potent greenhouse gas such as methane and particulate matter from compressors and flaring5 pose
potential damage to the quality of air inhaled by the residents and community in
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Shale gas is a remarkable deposit of natural gas that is largely untapped because of the difficulty in
obtaining it. Advanced petroleum extraction technics has made this untapped natural gas more
lucrative. Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is the advanced technic of extracting gas from shale rock
formation. The environmental impacts of hydraulic fracturing have surpassed the endurance
afforded it. This paper discusses the impact of fracking, the challenges of wastewater management,
with a focus on the legal and regulatory hurdles associated with the practice of underground
injection of wastewater, and ways in which the government through policies can curb the concerns.
INTRODUCTION
Shale gas or Black shale is a major source of natural gas, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
'So companies drill down, often a mile or more. They drill sideways through a shale layer that might
be only a hundred or a couple hundred feet thick. And once they've drilled out sideways a mile or
two, then they'll pump water, sand, and chemicals underground at very high pressure to crack the
rock and free the gas' . Fracking fluid is mostly water, and each fracking job takes 2 to 4 million
gallons of water per well. Once pumped underground, several million gallons flow back to the
surface as wastewater. Massive water withdrawals from rivers and streams occur to achieve this
process, thus resulting in a major ecological impact; 'stream/river stress'. Another ecological hazard
is habitat fragmentation stemming from the siting of oil well pads, pipelines and supporting
infrastructure. Aside these toxic emissions to air, water and soil also affect the ecological domain.
Potent greenhouse gas such as methane and particulate matter from compressors and flaring5 pose
potential damage to the quality of air inhaled by the residents and community in
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Shale Gas Fracking As A Means Of Increasing Energy...
Title:
Turning Shale to Energy: UK government investment in shale gas fracking as a means of increasing
energy security
Hypothesis:
This project will support the view that UK government investment in shale gas fracking will
decrease dependence on foreign energy imports.
Research Aims:
1. To examine the role of the Middle East and Russia in the energy market and why in the last 5–10
years, the oil, coal and gas market has been deemed insecure.
2. To discuss the UK's dependence on imports of foreign energy and why investing in shale gas
resources would strengthen the state's energy security and economy.
3. To highlight the concerns of national environmental and conservation groups on the
environmental impacts of fracking. Theoretical Debate:
Case Study:
In the mid–1960s, sources of natural gas were found in the North Sea. By the 1980s, although coal
was the primary source of electricity in the country, gas was seen as the cleanest, cheapest and most
reliable source of energy available (Bradshaw, 2012, p. 7). However by 2005, North Sea production
dried up and the UK was once again dependent on foreign gas imports. In 2009 imports from
foreign states supplied almost half the UK's energy needs; by 2020 this is expected to rise to
between 80 and 90 percent. In 2011, the demand for gas reached 37% (Taylor, 2013, p. 109). Thus
like many other countries in the EU, today the UK is debating the costs of importing energy from
overseas and the importance of energy security. There
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Title:
Turning Shale to Energy: UK government investment in shale gas fracking as a means of increasing
energy security
Hypothesis:
This project will support the view that UK government investment in shale gas fracking will
decrease dependence on foreign energy imports.
Research Aims:
1. To examine the role of the Middle East and Russia in the energy market and why in the last 5–10
years, the oil, coal and gas market has been deemed insecure.
2. To discuss the UK's dependence on imports of foreign energy and why investing in shale gas
resources would strengthen the state's energy security and economy.
3. To highlight the concerns of national environmental and conservation groups on the
environmental impacts of fracking. Theoretical Debate:
Case Study:
In the mid–1960s, sources of natural gas were found in the North Sea. By the 1980s, although coal
was the primary source of electricity in the country, gas was seen as the cleanest, cheapest and most
reliable source of energy available (Bradshaw, 2012, p. 7). However by 2005, North Sea production
dried up and the UK was once again dependent on foreign gas imports. In 2009 imports from
foreign states supplied almost half the UK's energy needs; by 2020 this is expected to rise to
between 80 and 90 percent. In 2011, the demand for gas reached 37% (Taylor, 2013, p. 109). Thus
like many other countries in the EU, today the UK is debating the costs of importing energy from
overseas and the importance of energy security. There
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Shale Gas : An Exploration Depth Analysis
Shale Gas: An In Depth Analysis
TEJERA, STEPHANIE
EVR3010
2077687
Top to bottom: One of the many plants in existence extracting shale oil, and the other of the shale
reserves in the United States presented in a map, and are from www.metallirari.com and
www.fracfocus.org.
Index of Contents
Title page.................................................................................................1
Index of Contents.......................................................................................2
Introduction..............................................................................................3
Synopsis...................................................................................................4
Causes of Environmental Effects................................................................5 – 6
Occurrence................................................................................................7
Social and Economic Impacts.........................................................................8
Personal Suggestions for Preservation and Recovery of the Environment..................9 ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the same drilling we have done over the course of history and still to this date that has affected
the environment. Petroleum and natural gas have been used for over 5000 years, in all parts of the
world, and currently its use is steadily growing, causing new effects on our planet. Although there is
an abundant amount of oil and gas within the core of our planet beneath major sources of water,
eventually they will become scarce and overused, causing us to search for other means in other
geographical territories, including on land. The more we discover about these sources of energy the
better we understand them and eventually the more efficient we can be at conserving them (Estefani,
2013).
Shale Gas: An In Depth Analysis
TEJERA, STEPHANIE
EVR3010
2077687
Top to bottom: One of the many plants in existence extracting shale oil, and the other of the shale
reserves in the United States presented in a map, and are from www.metallirari.com and
www.fracfocus.org.
Index of Contents
Title page.................................................................................................1
Index of Contents.......................................................................................2
Introduction..............................................................................................3
Synopsis...................................................................................................4
Causes of Environmental Effects................................................................5 – 6
Occurrence................................................................................................7
Social and Economic Impacts.........................................................................8
Personal Suggestions for Preservation and Recovery of the Environment..................9 ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the same drilling we have done over the course of history and still to this date that has affected
the environment. Petroleum and natural gas have been used for over 5000 years, in all parts of the
world, and currently its use is steadily growing, causing new effects on our planet. Although there is
an abundant amount of oil and gas within the core of our planet beneath major sources of water,
eventually they will become scarce and overused, causing us to search for other means in other
geographical territories, including on land. The more we discover about these sources of energy the
better we understand them and eventually the more efficient we can be at conserving them (Estefani,
2013).
As aforementioned, throughout history there have been many sources of fuel that have propelled
man. Instead of choosing one and eventually letting it run its course after excessive use, we have
exhausted all efforts trying to find other sources for use to help power the busy lives of our race.
One such natural gas is shale oil. Shale gas is actually the refined version of shale oil. Shale oil, or
marlstone, forms from the deposits of macrobiotic matter mixing with the sedimentary materials on
the foundation of lakes at depths of about 3000 feet over a period of millions of years. Along with
the plants and animals that die off and fall to the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
man. Instead of choosing one and eventually letting it run its course after excessive use, we have
exhausted all efforts trying to find other sources for use to help power the busy lives of our race.
One such natural gas is shale oil. Shale gas is actually the refined version of shale oil. Shale oil, or
marlstone, forms from the deposits of macrobiotic matter mixing with the sedimentary materials on
the foundation of lakes at depths of about 3000 feet over a period of millions of years. Along with
the plants and animals that die off and fall to the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Resolved that Fracking for Natural Gas from Shale...
Definition of Terms
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Fracking, or Hydraulic Fracturing is
a method used to extract underground resources including oil, natural gas, and geothermal energy by
injecting high pressure fluid into a geologic formation containing oil or natural gas deposits. The
high pressure fluid opens up existing fractures and creates new fracture systems that allow the
resources that were once trapped to move more freely into a production well for further extraction.
Shale gas is defined by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) as natural gas that is
trapped within shale formations. Shale formations are geologic formations that contain hydrocarbon
mixtures that naturally form an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The lack of credible and accessible information available inhibits our ability to fully understand the
impact of hydraulic fracturing on freshwater resources in the U.S. The recent boom in shale gas
production using hydraulic fracturing techniques has raised concern about the potential for
groundwater contamination. Fissures created by high pressure fracking fluid to increase gas flow to
the well also create pathways for leakage and consequent contamination of groundwater (Yu et al.
2014). Boreholes drilled for well access must pass through shallower strata, which may contain
groundwater aquifers, before reaching target natural gas reservoirs (Davies et al. 2014). Passing
through shallow layers of strata introduces a potential source of contamination to groundwater
resources (Davies et al. 2014). Leakage into groundwater wells can occur due to poor well
completion practices, the corrosion of steel casing, and the deterioration of cement during
production of shale gas (Davies et al. 2014). Therefore, shale gas well integrity is important in
reducing contamination events. Lack of integrity at shale gas well sites has resulted in several
contamination events such as blowouts and gas venting due to fluid leaking. In Pennsylvania
between 2008 and 2011, there were 85
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Definition of Terms
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Fracking, or Hydraulic Fracturing is
a method used to extract underground resources including oil, natural gas, and geothermal energy by
injecting high pressure fluid into a geologic formation containing oil or natural gas deposits. The
high pressure fluid opens up existing fractures and creates new fracture systems that allow the
resources that were once trapped to move more freely into a production well for further extraction.
Shale gas is defined by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) as natural gas that is
trapped within shale formations. Shale formations are geologic formations that contain hydrocarbon
mixtures that naturally form an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The lack of credible and accessible information available inhibits our ability to fully understand the
impact of hydraulic fracturing on freshwater resources in the U.S. The recent boom in shale gas
production using hydraulic fracturing techniques has raised concern about the potential for
groundwater contamination. Fissures created by high pressure fracking fluid to increase gas flow to
the well also create pathways for leakage and consequent contamination of groundwater (Yu et al.
2014). Boreholes drilled for well access must pass through shallower strata, which may contain
groundwater aquifers, before reaching target natural gas reservoirs (Davies et al. 2014). Passing
through shallow layers of strata introduces a potential source of contamination to groundwater
resources (Davies et al. 2014). Leakage into groundwater wells can occur due to poor well
completion practices, the corrosion of steel casing, and the deterioration of cement during
production of shale gas (Davies et al. 2014). Therefore, shale gas well integrity is important in
reducing contamination events. Lack of integrity at shale gas well sites has resulted in several
contamination events such as blowouts and gas venting due to fluid leaking. In Pennsylvania
between 2008 and 2011, there were 85
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Extracting Natural Gas From Shale Formations
Natural gas produced from shale formations has become important in the energy supply market for
the United States. Extracting natural gas from shale reserves was not considered feasible until
recently because of low permeability of the shale rock formations. New developments in hydraulic
fracturing technology have led to a boom in domestic shale gas production. The United States has
experienced economic benefits through revenue and job creation in predominantly rural areas while
increasing the energy security of the U.S. by decreasing dependence on foreign oil supplies.
However, the resounding question remains: at what cost?
Hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking," is a process used to extract natural gas from deep shale reserves
5,000–8,000 feet below the ground surface. This process allows energy companies to access
previously unavailable energy sources in states that have deep oil and gas reserves. The fracking
process involves pumping a mixture of water, chemicals and sand at high pressure into a well, which
fractures the surrounding rock formation and props open passages that allow natural gas to freely
flow from rock fractures to the production well. Once the well is developed, the carrying fluid can
then flow back to the ground surface along with the gas.
Shale gas has become embroiled in controversy over alleged impacts on public health and the
environment. Some segments of the public have become deeply suspicious of the veracity and
motives of gas companies. These
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Natural gas produced from shale formations has become important in the energy supply market for
the United States. Extracting natural gas from shale reserves was not considered feasible until
recently because of low permeability of the shale rock formations. New developments in hydraulic
fracturing technology have led to a boom in domestic shale gas production. The United States has
experienced economic benefits through revenue and job creation in predominantly rural areas while
increasing the energy security of the U.S. by decreasing dependence on foreign oil supplies.
However, the resounding question remains: at what cost?
Hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking," is a process used to extract natural gas from deep shale reserves
5,000–8,000 feet below the ground surface. This process allows energy companies to access
previously unavailable energy sources in states that have deep oil and gas reserves. The fracking
process involves pumping a mixture of water, chemicals and sand at high pressure into a well, which
fractures the surrounding rock formation and props open passages that allow natural gas to freely
flow from rock fractures to the production well. Once the well is developed, the carrying fluid can
then flow back to the ground surface along with the gas.
Shale gas has become embroiled in controversy over alleged impacts on public health and the
environment. Some segments of the public have become deeply suspicious of the veracity and
motives of gas companies. These
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Shale Gas Of Ammonium And Ethylene
Shale Gas to Ammonium and Ethylene
Nikita Cardenas, Lucas Freiberg, James Watkins, Heitor Almeida Rogerio
RA2
Main Goals:
We are interested in using our shale gas stream, which we currently sell as heating fuel, to create
another product of value. We are considering taking the shale gas and producing anhydrous
ammonia, urea, ammonia sulfate, and ethylene. The main goal is to make a greater profit from our
shale gas by selling it as more valuable products rather than solely heating fuel.
Specific objectives and requirements: This project aims to create valuable products from natural gas
extracted from shale formations. The shale gas feed entering the process contains mostly
hydrocarbons that can be transformed into a variety of value added chemicals, but it also contains
impurities that must be removed. Carbon dioxide is useful in the chemical reactions utilized to
convert hydrocarbons into hydrogen gas (in order to create ammonia), but at 8 mole percent, the
concentration of CO2 in our feed will dilute the shale gas and may cause corrosion. Hydrogen
sulfide is not only hazardous to health and corrosive to pipelines, but also destroys metal catalysts
used in the processes downstream. These impurities can be removed using a variety of separations
techniques. Once removed, however, sulfur should not be considered a waste product. It can be
collected and used in ammonium sulfate fertilizer. Depending of the desired quality of gas,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Shale Gas to Ammonium and Ethylene
Nikita Cardenas, Lucas Freiberg, James Watkins, Heitor Almeida Rogerio
RA2
Main Goals:
We are interested in using our shale gas stream, which we currently sell as heating fuel, to create
another product of value. We are considering taking the shale gas and producing anhydrous
ammonia, urea, ammonia sulfate, and ethylene. The main goal is to make a greater profit from our
shale gas by selling it as more valuable products rather than solely heating fuel.
Specific objectives and requirements: This project aims to create valuable products from natural gas
extracted from shale formations. The shale gas feed entering the process contains mostly
hydrocarbons that can be transformed into a variety of value added chemicals, but it also contains
impurities that must be removed. Carbon dioxide is useful in the chemical reactions utilized to
convert hydrocarbons into hydrogen gas (in order to create ammonia), but at 8 mole percent, the
concentration of CO2 in our feed will dilute the shale gas and may cause corrosion. Hydrogen
sulfide is not only hazardous to health and corrosive to pipelines, but also destroys metal catalysts
used in the processes downstream. These impurities can be removed using a variety of separations
techniques. Once removed, however, sulfur should not be considered a waste product. It can be
collected and used in ammonium sulfate fertilizer. Depending of the desired quality of gas,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
The United States Of The Industrial Revolution
"Earth provides enough to satisfy every man 's needs, but not every man 's greed." – Mahatma
Gandhi Since the start of the Industrial Revolution the United States of America has been dependent
on burning fossil fuels for energy. In 2015 nearly sixty seven percent of energy generated in the
United States was from fossil fuels including coal, natural gas, and petroleum. The United States
had been aware of a large abundance of natural gas in shale rock formations thousands of feet below
the surface; however, when they first found these rocks around 1940 there was no technology or
tools advanced enough to drill into these rocks, until the 1970s and 1980s. Companies worked
endlessly finding a way to allow shale rocks to release the gas that they held. Companies eventually
came up with a practice called hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking; this process utilizes
water pressure to fracture or break a rock in order to release and collect fuel such as gas or oil. In
recent years, companies have mixed sand, chemicals and other proponents to retrieve the maximum
amount of gas that each drilling site has to offer. A heated debate has begun concerning these
mixtures and the money involved in fracking. While one side asserts that fracking should be banned
because of potential environmental damage produced by the fracking mixtures, others claim that
fracking should continue because of potential gains it could provide for the economy in the United
States.
According to John Pritchard
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
"Earth provides enough to satisfy every man 's needs, but not every man 's greed." – Mahatma
Gandhi Since the start of the Industrial Revolution the United States of America has been dependent
on burning fossil fuels for energy. In 2015 nearly sixty seven percent of energy generated in the
United States was from fossil fuels including coal, natural gas, and petroleum. The United States
had been aware of a large abundance of natural gas in shale rock formations thousands of feet below
the surface; however, when they first found these rocks around 1940 there was no technology or
tools advanced enough to drill into these rocks, until the 1970s and 1980s. Companies worked
endlessly finding a way to allow shale rocks to release the gas that they held. Companies eventually
came up with a practice called hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking; this process utilizes
water pressure to fracture or break a rock in order to release and collect fuel such as gas or oil. In
recent years, companies have mixed sand, chemicals and other proponents to retrieve the maximum
amount of gas that each drilling site has to offer. A heated debate has begun concerning these
mixtures and the money involved in fracking. While one side asserts that fracking should be banned
because of potential environmental damage produced by the fracking mixtures, others claim that
fracking should continue because of potential gains it could provide for the economy in the United
States.
According to John Pritchard
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Marcellus Shale
Brady Kirman
Professor Codella
Geography
12/18/15
Assessing Land Use Changes Due to Natural Gas Drilling and Operations in the Marcellus Shale in
Bradford County, PA
Natural gas began to be extracted from the Marcellus shale formation in the mid–2000s', and now
well pads and their associated infrastructures are now well known fixtures in the Appalachian
Mountain regions. Marcellus Shale is an organically rich black shale which is currently being
explored by drilling as a source of natural gas. The region in question encompasses most of the
relatively uninhabited Appalachian basin, which is located within the Appalachian mountain range.
The basin is comprised of sedimentary rocks which stretch from Ontario, Canada all the way down
through New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, and New Jersey. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Marcellus Shale is considered by many to be the most economically well off gas–bearing which
is located in the United States. Thus making it a well sought after area for drilling companies,
looking to drill out the natural gas. In the state of Pennsylvania the county with the most drilling
permits is Bradford County in the north east. The Problem with the immense amount of drilling
companies in the area, is that land which was once used for agriculture and land which once was
home to fields and forests are now being transformed into drilling sights. As of October 2011 the
researchers estimated that 276.84 hectares (684.09 acres) of previously unaltered land had been
converted to 69 well pads. Agriculture land has taken the biggest hit from the drilling companies,
458.58 acres or 67% of the land had been converted for drilling natural
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Brady Kirman
Professor Codella
Geography
12/18/15
Assessing Land Use Changes Due to Natural Gas Drilling and Operations in the Marcellus Shale in
Bradford County, PA
Natural gas began to be extracted from the Marcellus shale formation in the mid–2000s', and now
well pads and their associated infrastructures are now well known fixtures in the Appalachian
Mountain regions. Marcellus Shale is an organically rich black shale which is currently being
explored by drilling as a source of natural gas. The region in question encompasses most of the
relatively uninhabited Appalachian basin, which is located within the Appalachian mountain range.
The basin is comprised of sedimentary rocks which stretch from Ontario, Canada all the way down
through New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, and New Jersey. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Marcellus Shale is considered by many to be the most economically well off gas–bearing which
is located in the United States. Thus making it a well sought after area for drilling companies,
looking to drill out the natural gas. In the state of Pennsylvania the county with the most drilling
permits is Bradford County in the north east. The Problem with the immense amount of drilling
companies in the area, is that land which was once used for agriculture and land which once was
home to fields and forests are now being transformed into drilling sights. As of October 2011 the
researchers estimated that 276.84 hectares (684.09 acres) of previously unaltered land had been
converted to 69 well pads. Agriculture land has taken the biggest hit from the drilling companies,
458.58 acres or 67% of the land had been converted for drilling natural
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Hydraulic Fracking And Its Effects On The Nation Of The...
Hydraulic fracturing is either referred to as "fracking" or "hydrofracking." It is a generally new
technique for oil and gas extraction. Basically for shale gas and tight oil, including cracking of rock
by a pressurized fluid. Even penetrating takes into account the infusion of very pressurized fracking
liquids into shale rock layers profound inside the earth. After a well is drilled, it is cased with bond
trying to guarantee groundwater security and the shale is using pressurized water broke with water,
chemicals, sand and other fracking liquids. This makes new channels inside the stone from which
natural gas is removed at higher than customary rates.
The process of hydraulic fracturing – shooting water, sand, and chemicals at high pressure into
underground wells to release natural gas – is a divisive issue: Some say it dumps chemicals into
ground water supplies, others argue it causes earthquakes, and still others think it can revolutionize
America's energy industry.
The most active fracking plays in the country of the United States. These are the top states in which
hydraulic fracking occurs the most; New York, North Dakota, Montana, Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas,
Colorado, Wyoming and Utah. The largest estimated U.S. oil and gas reserves are in Southern and
Central California in the Monterey shale formation, though producers have faced significant
challenges. The state is being targeted as the site of the next petroleum boom, and the topic of oil
and gas leases in the state
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Hydraulic fracturing is either referred to as "fracking" or "hydrofracking." It is a generally new
technique for oil and gas extraction. Basically for shale gas and tight oil, including cracking of rock
by a pressurized fluid. Even penetrating takes into account the infusion of very pressurized fracking
liquids into shale rock layers profound inside the earth. After a well is drilled, it is cased with bond
trying to guarantee groundwater security and the shale is using pressurized water broke with water,
chemicals, sand and other fracking liquids. This makes new channels inside the stone from which
natural gas is removed at higher than customary rates.
The process of hydraulic fracturing – shooting water, sand, and chemicals at high pressure into
underground wells to release natural gas – is a divisive issue: Some say it dumps chemicals into
ground water supplies, others argue it causes earthquakes, and still others think it can revolutionize
America's energy industry.
The most active fracking plays in the country of the United States. These are the top states in which
hydraulic fracking occurs the most; New York, North Dakota, Montana, Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas,
Colorado, Wyoming and Utah. The largest estimated U.S. oil and gas reserves are in Southern and
Central California in the Monterey shale formation, though producers have faced significant
challenges. The state is being targeted as the site of the next petroleum boom, and the topic of oil
and gas leases in the state
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Fracking Technology On Extraction Of Shale Gas And Oil Essay
Fracking technology. What are the environmental and health issues related to fracking technology
on extraction of shale gas and oil?
Unconventional gas and oil extraction process known as hydraulic fracturing, hydrofracking or
fracking is a technique used to extract shale gas and oil, on which high pressure fluid is injected,
mainly water, containing sand, chemicals or other granular materials which are pumped with a fluid
medium under pressure into rock, so that fractures formed in this process are held open when the
pressure is released, allowing oil or gas to flow more freely suspended, with the aid of thickening
agents.
Once that unconventional gas and oil extraction (fracking) has becoming widespread practice and a
concern in some countries, particularly in the United States of America (USA), relatively about
potential environmental risks and human health outcome, as well as potential routes of human
vulnerability, has been the focus of several studies by social researchers, health and environmental
scientists, and epidemiologists. This essay will present and analyse the challenges imposed by
hydraulic fracturing to extract oil and shale gas, particularly related with environmental and health
issues.
Hydrofracking began in 1947 as an application in the USA and was followed in 1950 by the first
commercially successful application. Although, only recently (in 2007 the method was first used by
Petroleum engineers under North Dakota and Montana known as the Bakken to
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Fracking technology. What are the environmental and health issues related to fracking technology
on extraction of shale gas and oil?
Unconventional gas and oil extraction process known as hydraulic fracturing, hydrofracking or
fracking is a technique used to extract shale gas and oil, on which high pressure fluid is injected,
mainly water, containing sand, chemicals or other granular materials which are pumped with a fluid
medium under pressure into rock, so that fractures formed in this process are held open when the
pressure is released, allowing oil or gas to flow more freely suspended, with the aid of thickening
agents.
Once that unconventional gas and oil extraction (fracking) has becoming widespread practice and a
concern in some countries, particularly in the United States of America (USA), relatively about
potential environmental risks and human health outcome, as well as potential routes of human
vulnerability, has been the focus of several studies by social researchers, health and environmental
scientists, and epidemiologists. This essay will present and analyse the challenges imposed by
hydraulic fracturing to extract oil and shale gas, particularly related with environmental and health
issues.
Hydrofracking began in 1947 as an application in the USA and was followed in 1950 by the first
commercially successful application. Although, only recently (in 2007 the method was first used by
Petroleum engineers under North Dakota and Montana known as the Bakken to
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Analysis : Eagle Ford Shale
Eagle Ford Shale Play
Introduction
The Eagle Ford shale formation in south Texas has recently become the focus of many oil industry
operators searching for new sources of hydrocarbons by using the latest technology in previously
unexplored areas. This exploration enhances the development of even more advanced techniques as
issues are identified and problems solved to address the unique properties of the formation and the
surrounding surface environment. Even though a formation may be comprised of a single
sedimentary layer from a similar geological time frame it is not a homogeneous block and has many
features and anomalies that effect the pressure, permeability, type of hydrocarbons trapped and
methods required to extract them. To understand these properties one must understand that shale is a
fine–grained sedimentary rock that forms from the compaction of silt and clay placing it in the
mudstone category of rocks [1]. Shale is different from other rocks in this category because it has a
fissile structure and is laminated. The black shale in the Eagle Ford formation (Fig 1.) has a special
property such that it contained organic material when it was deposited and during compaction over a
millennium, the organic materials were converted into trapped oil and gas hydrocarbon deposits.
This oil and gas are very difficult to remove because it is trapped within tiny pore spaces and or
adsorbed onto clay mineral particles that makeup the shale.
The Eagle Ford Shale is a
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Eagle Ford Shale Play
Introduction
The Eagle Ford shale formation in south Texas has recently become the focus of many oil industry
operators searching for new sources of hydrocarbons by using the latest technology in previously
unexplored areas. This exploration enhances the development of even more advanced techniques as
issues are identified and problems solved to address the unique properties of the formation and the
surrounding surface environment. Even though a formation may be comprised of a single
sedimentary layer from a similar geological time frame it is not a homogeneous block and has many
features and anomalies that effect the pressure, permeability, type of hydrocarbons trapped and
methods required to extract them. To understand these properties one must understand that shale is a
fine–grained sedimentary rock that forms from the compaction of silt and clay placing it in the
mudstone category of rocks [1]. Shale is different from other rocks in this category because it has a
fissile structure and is laminated. The black shale in the Eagle Ford formation (Fig 1.) has a special
property such that it contained organic material when it was deposited and during compaction over a
millennium, the organic materials were converted into trapped oil and gas hydrocarbon deposits.
This oil and gas are very difficult to remove because it is trapped within tiny pore spaces and or
adsorbed onto clay mineral particles that makeup the shale.
The Eagle Ford Shale is a
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
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