Shellfish Poisoning

Done by Antar Sarkar, Faculty of Fisheries, CVASU

1. WELCOME Topic: Shellfish Poisoning Prepared by: Antar Sarkar Faculty of Fisheries CVASU

2. What is Shellfish Poisoning? Contaminated/ Uncooked Toxin Containing Shellfish Consumed by Human Causing Adverse Symptoms

3. How It Occurs? Shellfish poisoning can occur after eating clams, mussels, oysters, scallops, cockles, starfish, and crustaceans contaminated by toxins. Shellfish accumulate the toxins via feeding toxic dinoflagellates in their digestive organs and soft tissues, apparently without harm to themselves. It is common during red tides, when sea waters turn a reddish color because of the presence of large numbers of dinoflagellates These dinoflagellates produce at least 12 toxins, which are tetrahydropurines and are heat and acid stable.

4. How It Reaches to Human?

5. How It Affects Human?

6. HAB and Shellfish Poisoning Eutrophication Harmful Algal Bloom Consumed by Shellfish Toxicity on Consuming Shellfish

7. Paralytic Shellfish Toxin (PSP) Diarrhoeic Shellfish Toxin (DSP) Amnesic Shellfish Toxin (ASP) Neurotoxic Shellfish Toxin (NSP) Azaspiracid Shellfish Toxin ( AzSP ) Five Groups of Toxins

8. Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Diarrhoeic Shellfish Toxin Amnesic Shellfish Toxin Neurotoxic Shellfish Toxin Azaspiracid Shellfish Toxin Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Diarrhoeic Shellfish Poisoning Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning

9. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Organism Containing: Mostly bivalve mollusks including mussel, clams, scallop, cockles. Gastropod, whelks and some lobster also. Causative Agent: Dinoflagellates and blue-green algae Alexandrium tamarensis , A. fraterculus , A. minutum , A. catenella , Pyrodinium bahamense , Gymnodinium catenatum , Aphanazomenon flos-aquae

10. Paralytic Shellfish poisoning Trade Name: STX ( Saxitoxin ) Symptoms: Slight tingling or numbness to complete respiratory paralysis. In fatal cases, respiratory paralysis occurs within 2 to 12 hours food.

11. Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning Organism Containing: Cultured blue mussel ( Mytilus edulis), Razor clams ( Siliqua patula ), Soft shell clams (Mya arenaria ), Bay scallop ( Argopecten iradians ), spiny scallop ( Chlamys hastate), water fowl, cormorants, benthic crustaceans and anchovies . Causative Agent: Red algae ( Chondria baileyana , C.armata , Alsidium corallinum ), Diatoms ( Pseudo- nitzschia pungens , P.pseudodelicatissima , P.australis , P.seriata , P.multiseries , P.turgidula )

12. Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning Trade Name: DAP (Domoic Acid Poisoning ) Symptoms: Headaches , abdominal pain, cramping, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea within 30 minutes to 24 hours. S evere toxicity can cause permanent short-term memory loss, seizures, coma, or shock over the next 48 hours. CNS toxicity is the major concern .

13. Diarrhoeic Shellfish Poisoning Organism Containing: Mussels ( Mytilus edulis ), Scallop ( Patinopecten yessoensis ), Clams ( Tapes japonica ), Cod fish in cages fed with toxic mussel. Causative Agent: Dinoflagellates ( Dinophysis acuminate, D. acuta , D. sacculus , D. norvegica , D. tripus , Prorocentrum fortii , P . lima , P.micans , Protoperidinium spp .)

14. Diarrhoeic Shellfish Poisoning Trade Name: DAP (Domoic Acid Poisoning ) Symptoms: Diarrhea is the most common symptom, closely followed by nausea (80%) and vomiting with onset 30 minutes to 12 hours from ingestion. Complete clinical recovery is seen even in severe cases within 3 days

15. Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning Organism Containing: Contaminated Irish mussels, mussels and oyster. Causative Agents : Dinoflagellate ( Protoceratum crassipes , Protoperidinium )

16. Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning Trade Name: Azaspiracid Symptoms: Syndrome is very similar to diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP ) Main symptoms appearing after a few hours from consumption and including diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach cramps

17. Neurologic Shellfish Poisoning Organism Containing: Oyster ( Crassostrea gigas ), cockles (Austrovenus stutchburyi), Greenshell mussels ( Perna canaliculus) , the copepod ( Temora turbinate ) Causative Agents: Marine dinoflagellates ( Gymnodinium breve ), Raphidophytes ( Chattonella antiqua , C. marina , Fibrocapsa japonica )

18. Neurologic Shellfish Poisoning Trade Name: Brevetoxin Symptoms: Mild to moderate nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Numbness and tingling in the lips, mouth and face . Ataxia, overall loss of coordination, and partial limb paralysis may also occur. The reversal of hot and cold sensation. Slurred speech, headache, pupil dilation, throat tightness, chest heaviness and overall fatigue are also commonly reported.

19. Prevention Cooking Depuration Avoiding Eating as Raw Evisceration Processing Eating Packaged Shellfish Preventing Eutrophication

20. THANKS “It is Good for Nothing to be a Colorful Shellfish Having Toxins Inside”