Shifting Cultivation By anurag Prajapati

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE BHU RGSC BARKACHHA MIRZAPUR UP

1. Seminar on Shifting Cultivation: Effect on Soil and Nutrients Erosion Session 2016-17 RGSC, BHU Submitted to: Dr. Sumit Rai Presented by : Anurag Prajapati M.Sc (Ag) Soil Science- Soil and Water Conservation I.D.No.16SWC03 SWC (505)-Soil Erosion and Conservation

2. Contents Introduction Definition of Shifting Cultivation Steps of Shifting Cultivation Status of Shifting Cultivation in India Effect of Shifting Cultivation on Soil Erosion Effect of Shifting Cultivation on Plant Nutrients Erosion Advantages and Disadvantages of Shifting Cultivation Conclusion

3. Introduction Shifting cultivation is also known as: “ Jhum ” (India) “Slash or Burn” Cultivation Ladang ( Malaysia) Roca(Brazil ) Masole (Congo) Milpa (Mexico)

4. Definition of shifting cultivation Shifting cultivation, also known as “slash and burn” agriculture, is an agricultural system that involves clearing a section of land and using it for farming activities for a relatively short time before abandoning it.

5. Important points about Shifting Cultivation Shifting cultivation commonly known as “ Jhum ” , “Slash and Burn”. Clearing by means of fire. Cropping system such as horticulture and annual cropping, perennial tree crops, animal husbandry, and management of forest and fallows sequential or rotational cycles.

6. Status facts about Shifting Cultivation About 10 million hectare of tribal land stretched across 16 states estimated to be under shifting cultivation in India. It is estimated that 1.73 million hectares of land use Affected by shifting cultivation in North east India An estimated 12% of tribal population in India still practices shifting cultivation.

7. Objectives of Shifting Cultivation . To promote sustainable economic development of the people living in rural areas. 4. To evaluate the cropping pattern. 6. To generate and adopt technologies that promotes sustainable use of resources and improve livelihood.

8. Area under Shifting Cultivation Source-- Source : Shifting cultivation in India, ICAR

9. Chart Source : Shifting cultivation in India, ICAR

10. Climates of Shifting Cultivation Most shifting cultivation found in areas of equatorial climate. Here the sun is over head or almost overhead for the whole year bringing consistently high daily temperatures. The typical daily weather pattern is of increasing humidity and heavy afternoon thunderstorm conventional rain.

11. Steps of Shifting cultivation Site selection Slashing Burning Cleaning and fencing Weeding Harvesting

12. Shifting Cultivation to Continuous Cultivation

13. Effect of Shifting Cultivation on Soil Erosion At this initial stage of shifting cultivation no general trend was found for Moisture content, Maximum water holding capacity, Field capacity, dry and moist bulk density, Particle density for some chemical properties between shifting cultivated land and forest having similar soil texture.

14. Effect of Shifting Cultivation on Plant Nutrient Erosion Organic matter was significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) lower in 1-year and 3-year shifting cultivated lands Higher in 2-year shifting cultivation than in adjacent natural forest. Significant differences were also found for total N, exchangeable Ca, Mg and K and in CEC as well as for available P. Slashed area showed higher soil pH. Deterioration in land quality starts from burning of slashing materials and continues through subsequent stages of shifting cultivation.

15. Advantages Disadvantages A new forest with diverse forest layer generates soon after the land is abounded Simple growing methods No need of power or no mechanization involved Pest management Organic farming Low out put per hectare More effort is required not long term Shifting cultivation has negative impact on environment e.g., Deforestation , soil erosion and other downstream effects Forest clearance and cleaning land productivity due to soil erosion from shifting cultivation results in low income and poverty. Advantages and Disadvantages of Shifting Cultivation

16. Shifting Cultivation and Its Impact With the rapid growth of population , the follow period has been reduced to3-4 years following very little time for regeneration , The decrease in follow period has led to the deterioration of faunal and microbial organisms, top soil loss and land degradation due to slashing and burning during the period of heavy rainfall.

17. Conclusion We have concluded that shifting cultivation is a old type of cultivation. Shifting cultivation is one of the most non-eco friendly technique for farming. There are many formers practice shifting cultivation all over the world today. The shifting cultivation is deforestation and waste land utilized type of cultivation. Shifting cultivation is a short term about 4-5 years . Shifting cultivation increases soil erosion and due to soil erosion Decrease the productivity of soil after completion of terms of Shifting Cultivation.

18. Thank you !