Short term impact of disaster on Developing Nation

the impact which a disaster has on human life and their properties. also includes the economic and psychological factors too

1. SHORT TERM IMPACT OF DISASTER ON
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

2. DISASTER
•Disastercouldbetermedasaloss
bothinmanandmaterialwhichis
suddeninnatureanditsimpact
ontheaffectedcommunityis
suchthatitthreatensthe
normal functioningofthe
dailylife.
•Theoccurredlossesaresuchthatadditionalresourcesand
effortsarerequiredtonormalizethelife.
•AsperInternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescent
Societies,Disasterisdefinedas“Adisasterisasudden,
calamitouseventthatseriouslydisruptsthefunctioningofa
communityorsocietyandcauseshuman,material,and
economicorenvironmental lossesthatexceedthe
community’sorsociety’sabilitytocopeusingitsown
resources.Thoughoftencausedbynature,disasterscanhave
humanorigins”

3. •Forexample:JapanishighlypronetoEarthquakesbutseldom
oneoddEarthquakeiscalledasadisastrousonlybecauseofthereason
thatcommunity hasbeenstructuredandinfrastructurehas
beenbuilttooffsettheimpactsofdamageandlosseswhereas
samemagnitudeearthquakecominginanareawhichisnotdeveloped
ornotconfiguredtowithstandtheimpactswouldresultinheavy
lossesanddestruction
DISASTER?

4. SHORT TERM IMPACTS OF
DISASTER:
Short-termisusedtodescribethingsthatwilllastfor
ashorttime,orthingsthatwillhaveaneffectsoon
ratherthaninthedistantfuture.
A.ImpactonHumanLife
B.Impact on Economy
C.Impact on Ecology and Environment
D.Psychological Impacts
E.Social Impacts
F.Health Impacts

5. A. IMPACT ON HUMAN LIFE
•Noactivityoflossanddamagecanbetermedasdisasterunlessit
hasadirectimpactonhumans.
•Themostfragilecommunityonearthismankindwhichis
susceptibletoallkindsofdangerandhazards.Andtooffsetand
reducetheimpactofthesehazards,humansareevolving
themselves.
•Anylosswhetheritisofhumanlifeoroflivestock,itslossof
propertyithasdirectbearingonhumans.
LOSSOFHUMANLIFE:Theloosingofafamilymemberhasfar
morelastingbadmemoriesandimpactsascomparetoanyother
loss.Thisleadstosocialandpsychologicalissuesthataffectthe
recoveryphaseandlengthenstherehabilitationphase.

6. LOSSOFLIVELIHOOD INCLUDING HOUSEHOLDS AND
PROPERTY:Oneoftheimmediateimpactindicatorsthatdefine
theseverityofadisasteristhelossoflivelihoodsofthe
inhabitants.Theearningsofwholelifeisjustwashedawayin
fewmomentsanditaffectsbadlyonrecoveryphasetoo.
DISPLACEMENT :Resultofadisastercouldbethetemporary
(shortterm)orpermanentdisplacement(permanentloss)from
theaffectedareatoanewlocationwhereenvironment(socially
andeconomically)arenotsofavourable.
EDUCATION:Disastermeansthecompletedestructionofnot
onlypersonalliferoutinebutitalsoaffectontheeducation
badly.Eitherschoolsaredestructedorifnot,theseareusedto
housedisplacedpeople.inanycase,continuityofeducationisnot
there.
A. IMPACT ON HUMAN LIFE

7. •Thetermitselfdefinesabout
anycalamitywhichisbeyond
the capabilityoflocal
community.
•Itmeansthatsourcesofincome
areinadequateandnew
opportunitiestoinvestand
flourishthebusinessarevery
less.
•Focusismoreonrecoverythan
onprosperity.
B. IMPACT ON ECONOMY:
•Theeconomyindicatorshavetobechangeandnewindicators
hastobeplaced.Thoughthereisavastrequirementof
everythingbutprioritieswouldmakeitdifficulttodivert
resourcesoneconomicactivitiesasforemostrequirementisto
provideimmediatereliefassistancetothevictims.

8. C. IMPACT ON ECOLOGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
•Theimmediateaffectadisastermakesisthechangeofecology
andenvironmentoftheaffectedarea.
•Somenewgeologicalfeatureslikelakescanbeformedwhich
disturbstheecologicalandenvironmentalbalanceofthearea.
•Destructionofroads,buildingsandotherinfrastructurehas
itsimpactontheecologyandenvironmentbesideeconomic
impacts.

9. •Lossofhumanlifeandlivelihoods,displacementfromancestors
land,discontinuationofeducation,miseryoffellowonesand
lackofeconomicopportunitiesarefewfactorswhichdeepens
thepsychologicalimpactofadisaster.
D. PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT
•Posttraumaticstressdisorder
Stageone-Adrenergicsurge.
Stagetwo-Helplessnessand
alossofself-control.
Stagethree-Despondency
anddemoralization.
•Pre-schoolers-Increasedfear.
•School-age children-
Reckless,psychosomaticsigns.
•Adolescents-Somepartakein
rescueandrecovery,regression
&withdrawalpossible.
•Elderly-Increasedriskfor
physicalinjury,thanmental.

10. E. SOCIAL IMPACT
•Disasterbadlyhampersthesociallifeofthevictims.Livingin
TemporarilyDisplacedPeople(TDPs)/internallydisplaced
Peoples(IDPs)camphasmanysocialills.
•Socialfibreofafamilyisshatteredbadlyifsomeonefromthe
familyhadbeenalosscoupledwithsharingaccommodation
withothers.
•Upbringingincampsisalwaysassociatedwithsomestigma
andadjustmentinsocietyandcommunityinnormalmanneris
verydifficultforthissegment.

11. •Asbasicinfrastructureofhealthcareisdestroyedasaresult
ofadisasterwhichcoupledwithpoorhygieneandlackof
accesstobasicneedsadverselyaffectsthevictims.
•Moreofthedeathsarereportedaftertheimmediateimpactof
adisasterduetohealthrelatedissues.
•Morepreciouslivescanbesavedifimmediatehealthattention
isalsogiventothevictims.
F. HEALTH IMPACT
MEDICALANDPUBLICHEALTHRESPONSE:
•Pre-hospitalemergencyservices
Linkagetogovt.incidentcommandsystem.
Externalmedicalservicesandextricationworkers.
SearchandRescueteams.
•Assessmentofimmediatehealthneeds.
•Identificationofmedical&healthresources.
•TemporaryfieldtreatmentPromptandpropertreatmentto
savelives.
•Vectorcontrol–MosquitoesandRodents

12. •The2004IndianOceanearthquakewasanunderseaearthquakethat
occurredat00:58:53UTConDecember26,2004,withanepicentreoff
thewestcoastofSumatra,Indonesia.
•Itkilledmorethan2,25,000peopleinelevencountries,andinundating
coastalcommunitieswithwavesupto30metershigh.Itwasoneofthe
deadliestnaturaldisastersinhistory.Indonesia,SriLanka,India,and
Thailandwerehardesthit.
•Withamagnitudeofbetween9.1and9.3,itisthesecondlargest
earthquakeeverrecordedonaseismograph.
•Killedmorethan3lakhspeopleastherewasnowarningsignals.
CASE STUDY 1: INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI 2004

13. IMPACTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE
Despite being 240km off the coast the seismic waves from the earthquake still caused
damage to poorly built homes and better built structures over 3 storeys high in Banda
Aceh (a city on the coast of Sumatra)
CASE STUDY 1: INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI 2004
PRIMARY IMPACTOFTHETSUNAMI
Thewavekilledpeoplein14differentcountriesaroundtheIndianOceantotallingover
250,000
ThehighestdeathtollwasontheIndonesianislandofSumatrawhereover130,000
werekilledandover30,000remainmissing
InSumatraover500,000peopleweremadehomeless,over80,000houseswere
destroyedaswellasseriousdamagetoanyports,boats,roads,bridges,hospitals,
forestsandcropswithin1kmoftheshore
8peoplewerekilledinSouthAfricawhichisover8000kmfromtheepicentreandover
8000touristsfromAustralia,EuropeandAmericawerealsokilled
InSriLanka,atrainwasderailedbytheforceofthewavekillingover1000

14. SECONDARY EFFECTSOFTHETSUNAMI
Diseasessuchascholeraanddysenteryspreadduetothelack
ofcleanwaterandsanitationintherefugeecampskillingan
estimated150,000
Incomeswerelostduetothedestructionoffishingboatsand
damagetotheoceanbed
LossofforeignincomefromtourismwassignificantinThailand
Emotionalandpsychologicalimpactsonthesurvivorsandaid
workers
Landdisputesbrokeoutasdocumentswerelostinthe
devastationandinsomecaseslandwasdestroyedbyerosion
fromthewave
CASE STUDY 1: INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI 2004

15. SHORTTERMRESPONSES
Bodieswereburiedinmassgravestohelp
preventthespreadofdiseases
Over$7billionwasprovidedby
governmentsandNGOs(charities)inthe
aideffortandtohelpwithreconstruction
Upto5millionpeoplehadtoberelocated
intotemporaryrefugeecampsandhadto
beprovidedwithshelter,foodandwater
Ittookmonthstosimplyclearthedebris
beforerebuildingcouldstartagain
CASE STUDY 1: INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI 2004
LONGTERMRESPONSES
TheIndonesiangovernmentdecidedtorelocatethepeoplefrom
therefugeecampsstraightintonewhomes.Thebuildingofthese
newhometookalotlongerthanexpectedduetothelackof
buildingmaterialsanddestructionofmaintransportroutes.
Antsunamiearlywarningsystem(shownbelow)hasnowbeen
installedintheIndianOceanatacostof$20million

16. Year DISASTER Mainly affected
state
No of houses damaged (rural)
2019 Cyclone FaniOdisha Total=5,08,467
(ReportfromIndianRedCrossSociety)
2018 KeralaFlood Kerala •FullyDamaged=58,000
•PartialDamage=3,686
(RapidNeedsAssessmentReportonKeralaFlood,2018)
2017 Gujarat Flood Gujarat Total=10,547Households
(GujaratFloods2017:ImmediateReliefReport:HRDC)
Bihar Flood Bihar •FullyDamaged=374
•PartialDamage=5
(BiharFlood2017:ReportfromChristianAidPublishedon15Aug
2017)
2016 Assam Flood Assam Total=5023
(AssamFlood,anannualtragedy:Detailedreport)
2015 Tamil Nadu
Flood
TamilNadu •FullyDamaged=6,964
•PartialDamage=2,925
(JointNeedsAssessmentReportTamiNaduFloods-2015)
2014 Cyclone
Hudhud
Andaman and
NicobarIslands,
AP,Odisha
Total=19,759
(CYCLONEHUDHUD
JointRapidNeedsAssessmentReportAndhraPradesh)
2013 Uttarakhand
Flash Flood
Uttarakhand Total=2,780
(UttarakhandDisaster2013Report:NationalInstituteofDisaster
Management)
Cyclone
Phailin
Odisha,Andra
Pradesh
•FullyDamaged=57996
•PartialDamage=1,98,637
(INDIACyclonePhailininOdishaOctober2013RapidDamageand
NeedsAssessmentReport)
2011 Sikkim
Earthquake
Sikkim Total=95,000
20%-RCCBuildings
4%-TraditionalType
(2011SikkimEarthquake:EffectsonBuildingStocksandPerspective
onGrowingSeismicRisk)
2009 Cyclone AilaWestBengal Total=2,50,000
(AReviewoftheCycloneAilaResponse2009:IFRC-ledEmergency
ShelterCoordinationGroup)
LIST OF DISASTERS IN INDIA (2009
-19)

17. CASE STUDY 2: GUJARAT FLOOD 2017
•TheheavyrainsandfloodsinGujaratwhichbeganonthe24th
ofJuly,2017ledtosignificantlossoflifeanddestructionof
housesandpropertyandthelossoflivesacrossthestate.
•NotonlyruralGujarat,buturbanGujarat,includingmegacities
werealsohighlyaffectedbytheheavyrainfall.
•Itisestimatedthatapproximately4.5lakhsofpeoplefromthe
statewereaffectedbythefloods,outofwhich218peoplelost
theirlives.
Gujarat map showing worst affected areas
•Theworstaffecteddistrictswere
Banaskantha,Patan,Morbi,
Sabarkantha,Anand and
Ahmedabad,notallofwhich
haveyetbeenrecognisedbythe
staterevenuedepartmentas
‘Disaster-AffectedAreas’.

18. FLOODING IN BANASKANTHA DISTRICT:
•Theareawasfloodedbythewaterreleased
fromtheJetpuraDamandRauvaDam,from
Rajasthan,whichmergeswiththewatersof
theriverRail.
•OneoftheworstaffectedvillagesRuni,where
thewatersmeet,butallothervillagesalong
itsbankshavebeenaffected.
•TheRailriveralsocrossesDhaneratown,
whichhasledtothefloodingofanumberof
slumsinthetown.
•Therivererodedagriculturallandandcarried
offthetopsoilfromDhaneratoVavand
Tharad,whichwerealsoflooded(impacton
economy).
FLOODING INAHMEDABAD :
•ThedistrictsofAhmedabadandGandhinagar
werealsoonalertduetotheDaroidam
releasingwaterintotheSabarmatiriver,
whichhadalreadyreceivedwaterfromthe
Narmada,andpeoplefromlowlyingareashad
toberelocated(impactonhumanlife).
CASE STUDY 2: GUJARAT FLOOD 2017

19. •IMPACTOFDISASTERONGUJARAT:
Morethan4,000cattlediedinBanaskantha
district.
Theelectricitysuppliesto753villageswerecut
off.
Over370roads,includingsixNationalHighways,
and153StateHighwaysand674Panchayat
roadswerefloodedandclosedforvehiculartraffic.
80%ofthevillagesofDhaneraandmorethan
30%ofthevillagesofKankrejwereaffected,and
morethan10000familiesfromthesevillageswere
hitbytheflood.
Therewasheavylossoflife,propertyand
livestock.
Morethan60children,140womenandaround
150menwereaffectedbythefloods.
Villages where people used to be at home, that
places were completely submerged.
Agricultural farms and crops were destroyed and
fields were full of mud/silt.
People were forced to stay in temporary tents due
to water logging.
CASE STUDY 2: GUJARAT FLOOD 2017

20. Theimmediatereliefprovidedinthe
mostaffectedareascomprisedof:
Drinkingwater,cleanwaterandNaDCC
tablets
Tarpaulinsheetsandbamboo for
temporaryshelters
Blanketsandtowels
VesselsandNon-fooditems
Dryfood,cookinggrains,oil,salt,sugar
Sanitarynapkinsandsanitarykits
Milkpowderforchildren
GovernmentContribution:
•Intheinitialstages,rescueoperationswere
organisedanditisestimatedthatan
approximatenumberof11400peoplewere
rescuedwithhelicoptersandothermeans.
Cashdole,beginningsoonaftertheflood
Compensationforlossoflivestock
Compensationforlossofland
Compensationforlossoflivingspace
CASE STUDY 2: GUJARAT FLOOD 2017

21. POST DISASTER RECOVERY TIMELINE:
SOURCE: Regional Australia Institute

22. DISASTER RESILIENCE COMPONENTS:
ASPECTS COMPONENTS OFRESILIENCE
1.Governance Policy,planning,prioritiesandpoliticalcommitment
Legalandregulatorysystems
Integrationwithdevelopmentpoliciesandplanning
Integrationwithemergencyresponseandrecovery
Institutionalmechanisms,capacitiesandstructures;allocationofresponsibilities
Partnerships
Accountabilityandcommunityparticipation
2.RiskAssessment Hazards/riskdataandassessment
Vulnerability/capacityandimpactdataandassessment
Scientificandtechnicalcapacitiesandinnovation
3.Knowledge and
Education
Publicawareness,knowledgeandskills
Informationmanagementandsharing
Educationandtraining
Cultures,attitudes,motivation
Learningandresearch
4.RiskManagement
and Vulnerability
Reduction
Environmentalandnaturalresourcemanagement
Healthandwellbeing
Sustainablelivelihoods
Socialprotection
Financialinstruments
Physicalprotection;structuralandtechnicalmeasures
Planningregimes
5.Disaster
Preparedness and
Response
Organizationalcapacitiesandcoordination
Earlywarningsystems
Preparednessandcontingencyplanning
Emergencyresourcesandinfrastructure
Emergencyresponseandrecovery
Participation,voluntarism,accountability
SOURCE 1: TwiggJ, 2009

23. Reference:
1.AsianDevelopmentBankInstitute(ADBI),2013,Disasterriskmanagement
inAsiaandthePacific:IssuesPaper,ajointstudyofADBandADBI.
2.InternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties(2019)
3.HochrainerS.“Assessingthemacroeconomicimpactsofnaturaldisasters:are
thereany?”.
4.Castanos,H.,andC.Lomnitz,2008,OrtwinRenn,RiskGovernance:Coping
withUncertaintyinaComplexWorld,NaturalHazards48(2):313–314.
5.Noy,Ilan,2009,Themacroeconomicconsequencesofdisasters,Journalof
DevelopmentEconomics,88(2),221–231.