Signs of pregnancy

the imps signs of pregnancy. early,late

1. Signs of Pregnancy RAVI GUPTA ROLL NO.-70 MBBS BATCH 2017-18

2. contents 1introduction Presumtive signs of pregnancy Probable signs of pregnancy Positive/conclusive signs of pregnancy Diagnosis of pregnancy in dead references

3. INTRODUCTION Pregnancy is the condition of having a developing embryo or foetus in the female, when an ovum is fertilized by a spermatozoon. it is most likely to occur between the ages of 14 and 45 years, but has been reported much earlier and later .

4. PRESUMPTIVE SIGNS/SYMPTOMS

5. PROBABLE SIGNS OF PREGNANCY Enlagement of abdomen- during pregnancy,abdomen gradually enlarges in size after 12 th week as shown in figure Goodell’s sign- softening of cervix because of increased vascularity,can first be appreciated at 6-8 th weeks. Braxton Hick’s sign: appreciation of painless contractions of uterus from 16 th week onwards by palpation of the abdomen. Hegar’s sign- positive between 6-10 th week.

6. B allottement – positive during 4-5 th month. two methods- 1.external ballottement 2.internal ballottement I mmunological test- it is based upon increased levels of hCG in urine. the morning midstream urine of the women suspected to be pregnant is use for this test.

7. POSITIVE/CONCLUSIVE SIGNS OF PREGNANCY Fetal movements and parts- identified distinctly by 20 th -22 nd week on abdominal palpation. Fetal heart sounds - definite sign of pregnancy. heard between 18 _ 20 th week. Ultrasonography - gestational sac and yolk sac can be identified by 4-5 th menstrual week, fetal pole and embryonic movement by 7 th week. Radiographic imaging- the earliest fetal skeletal shadow of vertebral dots is visible at about 16 th week of pregnancy. signs of fetal death- spalding’s sign( loss of alignment and overriding of skull bone) robert’s sign( presence of gas in the heart and great vessels)

8. DIAGNOSIS OF PREGNANCY IN DEAD External physical change should be noted Internal examination- presence of embryo, fetus , placental tissue- positive proof of pregnancy. Enlarged and thickened uterus. Corpus luteum in ovary-corroborative evidence .

9. References Gautam Biswas - Review Of Forensic Medicine And toxicology Including Clinical And Pathological Aspects-Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher ( 2019) K. S. Narayan Reddy, O. P. Murty - The Essentials Of Forensic Medicine And Toxicology-Jaypee Brothers ( 2015)

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