siliviculture.pptx

Silviculture and types of forest in India

1. OBJECTIVES & IMPORTANCE OF SILVICULTURE - TYPES OF FORESTS IN INDIA Dr. B. Sangeetha Assistant Professor, KITS

2. Silvics and Silviculture Silvics – study of life history and general characteristics (growth, behaviour and ecology) of forest trees and crops with reference to environmental factors

3. Objectives of silviculture Raising species of more economic and commercial value Production of high-quality timber Production of more volume per unit area Reduction of rotation period. ( The period which a  forest crop takes between its formation and final felling  is known as rotation or production period )

4. Objectives of silviculture Afforestation of blank areas Creation of man-made forest Introduction of exotics Employment potential Increase in the production of fuel and fodder Forest Industries.

5. Afforestation

6. Forest Industries

7. Importance of Silviculture Produces abundant raw materials for the industry like timber and paper industry Increases forest cover which is necessary for the conservation of wildlife Maintains a perfect water cycle in nature Prevents soil erosion as the forest cover keeps the topsoil intact Prevents floods since the forest cover is vast Creates employment

8. Soil erosion

9. The wood used in paper making ( Eucalyptus, Subabul and Casuarina

10. Forest Types of India Forest type: Unit of vegetation which possesses characteristics in physiognomy and structure sufficiently pronounced to permit its differentiation from other such units (Champion and Seth)

11. Classification of Forests Stand: Stand is defined as an aggregation of trees occupying a specific area sufficiently uniform in composition, age , arrangement and condition to be distinguishable from the forest on adjoining areas

12. Forests can be classified on the basis of Method of regeneration Age of the tree Composition of species Object of management Ownership and legal status Growing stock

13. Classification of Forests Method of regeneration: High forest: Forest regenerated from seed Coppice forests: Forests regenerated by vegetative means such as coppicing shoots or root suckers

14. Age: Even aged or regular forests: Forest composed of even-aged woods and applied to a stand consisting of trees of approximately the same age. Differences up to 25% of the rotation age may be allowed. Uneven aged or irregular forest: Forest composed of trees of markedly different ages and applied to a stand in which individual stem vary widely in age

15. Composition Pure forest is defined as a forest composed of almost entirely of one species usually to the extent of not less than 80%. Mixed forest is defined as a forest composed of trees of two or more species intermingled in the same canopy. Same species eg : Causrina tree Different species eg : Causrina + Eucalyptus + Bamboo trees

16. Objects of management: Production forest: Forest managed primarily for its produce ’. It is also sometimes referred to as national forest Eg. teak

17. Protection forest: An area wholly or partly covered with woody growth Farm forest: Forest raised on farms and its adjoining area either as individual scattered trees or a collection of trees

18. Fuel forest: Forest raised on village waste land to supply fuel, small timber, fodder Recreational forest: Forest which is managed only to meet the recreational needs of the urban and rural population

19. Ownership State forest: This ‘forest owned by state’ Communal forest: Forest owned and generally managed by a community such as a village, town, tribal authority or local government, the members of which share the produce’. Panchayat forest: Any forest where management is vested in a village panchayat

20. Legal status: Reserved forest is ‘an area so constituted under the Indian forest Act 1927 or other forest law’. Protected forest: An area subject to limited degree of protection under the provision of chapter IV of the Indian Forest act 1927’. Village forest: State forest assigned to a village community under the provision of chapter III of the Indian Forest act 1927

21. Growing stock: Normal forests: Forest with normal growing stock, age class distribution and increment and from which the annual or periodic removal of produce is equal to the increment can be continued indefinitely without endangering future yield. Abnormal forest: One in which the quantity of material in the growing stock is in deficit or in excess or in which the relative proportion of the age or size classes are defectives

22. Forests types of India Champion and Seth (1967) classified forests of India into 5 major groups and further it was Classified into 16 type groups . The classification is based on Botanical, Climatic and Ecological classifications

23. Major Groups Tropical Forests Montane Subtropical Forests Montane Temperate Forests Sub-alpine Forests Alpine scrub

24. Classification of Forests 1. Tropical Forests (7): A ) Wet Evergreen Forest b) Semi-evergreen Forest c) Moist Deciduous Forest d) Littoral and Swamp Forest e)Dry Deciduous Forest f) Thorn Forest g) Dry Evergreen Forest

25. 2. Montane Subtropical Forests (3) a) Broad-leaved Hill Forest b) Pine Forest c) Dry Evergreen Forest

26. 3. Montane Temperate Forests (3) a) Montane Wet Temperate Forest b) Himalayan Temperate Forest c) Himalayan Dry Temperate Forest

27. 4. Sub-alpine Forests a) Sub-alpine Forest 5. Alpine scrub (2) a) Moist Alpine Scrub b) Dry Alpine Scrub

28. Forest Types of India S.N. Forest Type Distribution Description 1. Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra, A&N , NE of WB, Assam, Orissa Dense forest with tall trees, Entirely green of near so, two sub groups (i) Northern tropical Wet Evergreen Forest (ii) Southern Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest 2. Tropical Semi Evergreen Forest Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Goa, Gujarat, Andaman, WB, Assam and coatal parts of Orissa Dominants are predominantly evergreen and also includes deciduous (i) Northern tropical Semi - Evergreen Forest (ii) Southern Tropical Semi - Evergreen Forest 3. Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Prades, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orrisa, Bengal, Assam and Andaman & Nicobar Islands Dominants are mainly deciduous evergreen and some lower storey largely evergreen ( i ) North Indian Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest (ii) South Indian Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest (iii) Andaman Moist Deciduous Forest 4. Littoral and Swamp Forest Coastal region, Estuaries of rivers, Along ganga and Bhramaputra rivers, Along the banks of largest streams in hilly tracts, Himalayan sub-montane forest, Kerala Mainly evergreen of varying density and height but always associated predominantly with wetness. (i) Littoral forest, (ii) Tidal swamp forest (iii) Tropical Fresh Water Swamp Water forest (iv) Tropical Riparian Fringing Forest 5. Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest Tamil Nadu, ,Karnataka,Andra Pradesh Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Prades, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Orrisa, Himachal pradesh, West Bengal Entirely deciduous evergreen or nearly so. Top canopy rather light and rarely over 2m height usually 8-20 meters ( i ) North Indian Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest (ii) South Indian Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest

29. 6. Tropical Thorn Forest Gujarat, Madhya Prades, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Semi –arid areas of Punjab, Dry penninsular India Deciduous with low thorny trees and xerophytes predominating. Canopy more or less broken . Height under 10m. (i) Southern Tropical Thorn Forest (ii) Northern Tropical Thorn Forest 7. Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest It is distributed along the coast of Tirunelveli (TN) to Nellore (AP) Hard leaved evergreen trees predominate with some deciduous emergent often dense but under 20 meter height 8. Subtropical Broad Leaved Hill Forest Southern part of Indian hills, Eastern hills and Khasi hills Broad leaved largely evergreen (i) Northern Subtropical Broad Leaved Hill Forest (ii) Southern Subtropical Broad Leaved Hill Forest 9. Subtropical Pine Forest Hills of central Himalayas, Nagar and Manipur hills Pine association predominates 10. Subtropical Dry Evergreen Forest Regions of foothills of western Himalayas and in Bhabar and Siwalik hills Broad leaved largely evergreen (i) Northern Subtropical Dry Evergreen Forest (ii) Southern Subtropical Dry Evergreen Forest 11. Montane Wet Temperate Forest Hills of Tamil Nadu and Kerala and in the Eastern Himalayas Evergreen forests without conifers

30. 12. Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest Regions of Himalayas Evergreen mainly temperate sclerophyllous oaks and conifers 13. Himalayan Dry Temperate Forest Regions of Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh Open coniferous forest with sparse temperate xerophytic under growth 14. Sub - Alpine Forests Regions of Himalayas Stunted deciduous or evergreen forest usually in close formation, forest with or without conifers 15. Moist Alpine Scrub Areas above 3400m altitude Low but often dense scrub 16. Dry Alpine Scrub Areas under Xerophtic condition Xerophytic scrubs in open scrub formation

31. Forest Type – Climatic Requirements and species composition SN Forest Type Mean Annual Temp. (°C) Mean Annual Rainfall (mm) Species Composition 1. Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest 22-27 2000-6400 Hopeaparvi flora, Artocarpus hirsuta , Syzygium cumini , Cinnamomum zeylanicum . 2. Tropical Semi Evergreen Forest 24-26 1500-3000 Artocarpus hirsuta , Hopea parviflora, Lagerstroemia lanceolata, Terminalia paniculata 3. Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest 21-27 1000-3000 Bombax ceiba,  Dillenia pentagyna ,  Mitragyna parviflora and Terminalia  spp 4. Littoral and Swamp Forest 26-29 760-5000 Rhizophor amucronata, R. apiculata, Avicennia officinalis, A. marina, Clerodendrum inereme, Acanthus ilicifolius 5. Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest 22-27 2000-6400 Albizzia amara, Anogeissus latifolia, Butea monosperma and Terminalia spp

32. 6. Tropical Thorn Forest 24-28 460-1250 Acacia ferruginea , Acacia leucophloea , Albizzia amara  and  Azadirachta indica 7. Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest 28-29 870-1270 Manilkara hexandra , Albizzia amara , Memecylon umbellatum, Atlantia monophylla  and  Pheonix sylvestris 8. Subtropical Broad Leaved Hill Forest 16-22 1500-11400 Cedrella toona, Atrocarpus lakoocha , A.hirsuta , A.heterophyllus  and Mangifera indica. 9. Subtropical Pine Forest 15-22 1000-3000 Pinus roxburghii , Quercus Spp., Acacea catechu, Myrica sapida 10. Sub Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest     Acacia modesta , Olea cuspidata , Dodonea scrub 11. Montane Wet Temperate Forest 12-17 1300-6000 Abis pindrow , Michelia Sp., Canarium bengalense

33. 12. Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest 13-16 1500-3000 Cedrus deodara, Abis pindrow ; Pinus excelsa 13. Himalayan Dry Temperate Forest 6-17 80-800 Abis pindrow , Betula utilis, Acer Sp., Taxus baccata 14. Sub- Alpine Forest 2-6 10-55 Abies densa , Pinus excelsa , Abis pindrow 15. Moist Alpine Scrubs     Abis densa , Pinus excelsa , Alnus nepalensis 16. Dry Alpine Scrubs     Juniperus communis, Juniperus wallichiana , Artemisia Sp.

34. Thank you