SINGLE HOP AND MULTI HOP WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

POPT BASED ON SINGLE HOP AND MULTIUHOP WSN

1. NAME- ARKA SAHOO ROLLNO- 26900321025 PAPER NAME- WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS PAPER CODE- PE-EC703B SUBJECT- SINGLE HOP AND MULTI HOP WSN MODERN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

2. INTRODUCTION TO SINGLE HOP WSN The majority of the existing applications for “wireless” sensors rely on a single-hop wireless network to reach a BS for further processing of the measured phenomena. That is, sensor measurements are sent directly, using a wireless medium, from sensor to BS. Most of these applications rely on sensors that are  embedded  into a different device. Also, the majority of applications for embedded sensors rely on single-hop wireless communication. For example, small sensors can be embedded into a traffic surveillance system to monitor traffic on congested roads or be used to monitor hot spots in a region or building.

3. INTRODUCTION CONTINUE Health care is one of the primary applications for wireless networks composed of embedded sensors. Sensors can be embedded into watches which, when attached to patients, monitor and analyze data such as pulse and blood pressure. In case of potential health risks, individual sensors send alarm messages to a nearby control center via one-hop wireless communication. As these sensors are battery powered, they can benefit from intelligent sensor management that provides energy efficiency as well as quality of service (QoS) control.

4. SINGLE HOP AND MULTI HOP

5. Low Latency: Single hop networks exhibit low latency since the data transmission occurs directly between the source and destination nodes. There are no additional relays or hops to introduce delays. Simplicity: The simplicity of single-hop networks makes them easier to design, deploy, and manage. With a straightforward point-to-point communication model, network configuration and troubleshooting become relatively straightforward. Lower Energy Consumption: Since data is transmitted directly without intermediate nodes, single hop networks generally consume less energy compared to multi-hop networks. This is particularly advantageous for battery-powered devices, as it prolongs their battery life. However, it is important to note that as the transceiver is a major power consumption source in the networks, sending data over large distances in a single hop requires higher power, resulting in multi-hop being more energy efficient over the same distances. ADVANTAGES OF SINGLE HOP WSN

6. Limited Range: Single hop networks are limited by their range, as each node must be within direct communication distance of the destination node. This constraint restricts their application in large-scale networks or environments with significant physical barriers.  Scalability Challenges: As the number of nodes increases, the complexity of maintaining direct communication links grows exponentially. Scaling single-hop networks to accommodate a large number of nodes can be challenging and may require significant infrastructure investments. DISADVANTAGES OF SINGLE HOP WSN

7. INTRODUCTION OF MULTIHOP WSN In contrast to single hop networks, multi hop RF networks employ intermediate nodes, also known as relays, to facilitate communication between the source and destination nodes. Data is transmitted in a hop-by-hop manner, where each relay node receives and retransmits the data to the next relay or the destination node. In Multi-hop routing, the radio networks cover a much larger area than the range of a single node, so to reach its destination, other nodes are used as relays. 

8. INTRODUCTION CONTINUE  Multi-hop routing is used in  wireless sensor networks , mesh networks, mobile, and smartphone networks. For example, information may flow from a local earth station (VSAT)  to a satellite , then to a hub station (the intermediate node) and then to another satellite, and then finally to the final destination station back on earth. Of course, in multi-hop networks, the data isn’t simply sent between stations,  satellites , and hubs. The data packet may go through routers, switches, network bridges, and more. 

9. ADVANTAGES OF MULTI HOP WSN Extended Range: Multi-hop networks overcome the range limitation of single hop networks by allowing data to be relayed across multiple nodes. This enables communication over longer distances, making them suitable for large-scale networks and areas with physical obstructions. Increased Reliability: Multi-hop networks enhance reliability by establishing redundant paths for data transmission. If a relay node fails or a communication link is disrupted, alternative paths can be utilized to maintain connectivity, ensuring higher network resilience. Scalability: Multi-hop networks exhibit superior scalability compared to single hop networks. By adding relay nodes, the network capacity can be expanded without significantly impacting individual node complexity or direct communication range requirements.

10. CHALLENGES OF MULTI HOP WSN Higher Latency: The hop-by-hop data transmission in multi hop networks introduces additional latency compared to single hop networks. Each relay node incurs a delay, potentially impacting real-time applications that are sensitive to latency, such as video streaming or online gaming. Increased Energy Consumption: With the involvement of multiple relay nodes, multi hop networks consume more energy compared to single hop networks. The relays require additional power for signal amplification, routing, and data processing, which can be a concern for battery-powered devices.

11. APPLICATION OF SINGLE HOP WSN Environmental Monitoring: Single-hop WSN is suitable for monitoring temperature, humidity, and air quality in a specific area, such as a room or a small outdoor environment. 2. Industrial Automation: Single-hop WSN can be used for monitoring and control in industrial settings, such as temperature and pressure monitoring in factories. 3. Smart Homes: Single-hop WSN can be used for home automation, controlling lighting, temperature, and security systems. 4. Healthcare: Single-hop WSN can be used for patient monitoring, such as tracking vital signs in a hospital room. 5. Agricultural Monitoring: Single-hop WSN can be used for monitoring soil moisture, temperature, and crop health in a small agricultural field.

12. APPLICATION OF MULTI HOP WSN 1. Large-scale Environmental Monitoring: Multi-hop WSN is suitable for monitoring large areas, such as forests, oceans, or cities. 2. Industrial Process Control: Multi-hop WSN can be used for monitoring and control in large industrial settings, such as chemical plants or oil refineries. 3. Smart Grids: Multi-hop WSN can be used for monitoring and controlling energy distribution in smart grids. 4. Precision Agriculture: Multi-hop WSN can be used for monitoring soil moisture, temperature, and crop health in large agricultural fields. 5. Disaster Response: Multi-hop WSN can be used for establishing communication networks in disaster scenarios where infrastructure is damaged. 6. Border Surveillance: Multi-hop WSN can be used for detecting and tracking intruders along borders.

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