SITING AND CONSTRUCTION OF IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES.pptx

The primary purpose of appropriate siting safe sanitation services from a public health perspective is to fulfill the human right to sanitation and ensure that sanitation services separate human excreta (feaces and urine) from human contact to interrupt pathogen transmission.
Sanitation systems should address the minimum requirements to ensure safety along each step of the sanitation service chain.
Provision of a toilet
Containment, storage and treatment
Conveyance
End use/Disposal

1. UNIT 2: SITING AND CONSTRUCTION OF IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES By Mr. J M’soni Doubletake Innovations Limited

2. Introduction The primary purpose of appropriate siting safe sanitation services from a public health perspective is to fulfill the human right to sanitation and ensure that sanitation services separate human excreta ( feaces and urine) from human contact to interrupt pathogen transmission. A safe sanitation system is defined as a system that separates human excreta from human contact at all steps of the sanitation service chain from toilet capture and containment through to emptying, transport ,treatment ( in situ or offsite ) and final disposal or end reuse.

3. Siting and construction Sanitation systems should address the minimum requirements to ensure safety along each step of the sanitation service chain. Provision of a toilet Containment, storage and treatment Conveyance End use/Disposal

4. Improved Sanitation Facilities Definition Facilities that provide the sanitary isolation of human excreta from human touch are considered improved sanitation facilities . The following are improved sanitation facilities -Pit latrine with a slab -Water closet or pour flush connected to septic tank, sewer. -Ventilated Improved pit-latrine -compositing toilet

5. Unimproved sanitation facilities Public or shared pit-latrine Pour flush connected elsewhere Pit latrine without a slab Bucket latrine Hanging toilets-super structures and slab built over water Open defaecation

6. Improved Sanitation Facilities Water closet means latrine accommodation adapted or designed for the reception of human excreta of both solid and liquid character ,used or adapted or intended to be used in connection with a water carriage system and comprising provision for the flushing of the receptacle by means of an approved water supply. W.C are provided with cisterns to store water for flushing after use. There are generally two types of flushing cisterns the low level and the high level 1. Water closet

7. Water Closets There are two types of water closets on the market: the pedestal (western) type and the squatting (eastern) kind. The pedestal flush toilet allows users to sit while disposing of waste since it is mounted above the floor. Its comfort makes it a highly handy variety for the elderly and ill. It is not permitted in public areas because people tread on the seat, misusing it and making it unfit and unclean to use.

8. 2. Pour-flash toilet Similar to a flush toilet, a pour-flush toilet requires the user to pour in the water rather than having it flushed from the overhead cistern. To remove excreta from the toilet, water is thrown into the bowl. Usually, two to three liters of water will do the trick. The blackwater from pour-flush should discharge to a piped sewer system or a septic tank or a pit latrine. Just like a flush toilet, the pour flush toilet has a water seal that prevents odours from coming up the plumbing and flies from coming into contact with excreta.

9. 3. Pit latrine with a slab In Zambia, one of the most popular sanitation innovations is the slab-equipped pit latrine. The components of a slab-style pit latrine are a slab, a pit, and a superstructure. Anal cleaning supplies and excrement are dumped into a pit. The pit latrine with a slab must be sited on well-drained soil, on slightly raised ground, 30m away from any water source, downhill from any water source and 5-7m from dwelling houses.

10. 4. VIP Latrine The components of a vented improved pit (VIP) latrine include a pit , slab , superstructure , and vent pipe . Anal cleaning supplies and excrement are dumped into a pit. Because of the ventilation pipe, the VIP is a better option than the slab pit latrine. The VIP latrine must be sited on well-drained soil, on slightly raised ground, 30m away from any water source, downhill from any water source and 5-7m from dwelling houses.

11. 4. VIP Latrine The pit of the VIP latrine should be not be more than 3m deep to avoid underground water contamination. The diameter of the pit should 1-1.5m to avoid collapsing. If soils are not stable the pit can be lined to prevent it from collapsing. When it is not possible to dig a deep pit or the water table is too high, a raised pit can be a practicable alternative. The shallow pit can be extended by building the pit upwards with the use of blocks or bricks. A raised pit can also be constructed in an area where flooding is frequent.

12. 4. VIP Latrine The ventilation pipe should have an internal diameter of at least 110 mm and reach more than 300 mm above the highest point of the toilet superstructure. Wind passing over the top creates a suction pressure within the vent pipe and induces an air circulation. The squat hole should not be too large as this can lead to small children falling in the pit. A key hole type shape 100-400mm long with a 200mm diameter circular hole at one end is a good size of the squat hole. The squat hole for a VIP latrine is not provided with lid.

13. 4. VIP Latrine The effectiveness of ventilation pipe can be enhanced by painting it black. The hole-size of fly screen mesh should be 1.2-1.5mm to prevent clogging with dust and allow air to circulate freely. Flies that enter into the pit are attracted to the light at the top of the ventilation pipe after feeding. When they fly towards the light and try to escape, they are trapped by the fly screen and die. The ventilation pipe also allows odours to escape and minimizes the attraction for flies.

14. 4. VIP Latrine The pit should be sealed and filled with dirt when the excreta level reaches within 50cm of the ground's surface. The old pit's excrement can be pumped out or allowed to break down over a minimum of 18 months; after that, the waste can be removed and turned into fertilizer, the cleaned-out pit can be put to new use, or the pit can be abandoned.

15. 5. Composting latrine In a composting toilet, inoffensive compost is produced by adding carbon-rich materials (such as vegetable wastes, straw, grass, sawdust, and ash) to the excreta and maintaining certain conditions. Compost works as a soil conditioner, enhancing sandy soils' structure and ability to retain water. In a composting latrine there are two shallow vaults or pits, only one is used at a time. When one is nearly full, it is covered with soil and left for at least 18 months for the excreta and waste to decompose and for the pathogenic organisms in it to die.

16. 5. Composting latrine The second vault is utilized when the first one is closed. The whole pit's contents will break down into a dry, earthy slurry that is simple to remove by hand. The procedure is done repeatedly until the second vault is almost full, at which point the first is opened, the compost is removed and turned into fertilizer, and the first vault is put back into use. Composting latrines are most appropriate where there is a demand for compost produced as a fertilizer and soil conditioner.

17. Composting latrine Benefits of composting latrines Generates nutrient-rich humus with good potential for use as soil conditioner Increased food production Reduced chemical fertilizers Safe disposal of excreta Reduced environmental pollution Because double pits are used alternately, their life is virtually unlimited

18. Key Takeaways A safe sanitation system is one that keeps human excreta and human contact away at every point of the sanitation service chain, from toilet collection and containment to emptying, transport, treatment (in situ or offshore), and final disposal or end reuse. From the perspective of public health, maintaining the human right to cleanliness and ensuring that human excreta (pee and faeces) are kept separate from human contact in order to avoid the spread of infections are the primary objectives of strategically placing safe sanitation facilities. The fundamental requirements of sanitation systems should be addressed in order to ensure safety at every link in the sanitation service chain: storage, handling, and containment; transference; and final usage/disposal.