Siwalik hills of pakistan presentation

Siwalik hills are rich with fossils..

1. SIWALIK HILLS OF PAKISTAN By: Arfaq Hussain To: Dr Mahboob sb M Phil Zoology

2. Contents Introduction of Siwalik Hills Features of Siwalik Hills Ecology of Siwalik Hills Division of Siwalik Hills Lower Siwalik Middle Siwalik Upper Siwalik

3. Introduction: Siwalik Hills . A range of the Southern Himalaya Mountains extending about 1,689 km from southwest Kashmir through northern India into southern Nepal. The  hills  are noted for their extensive fossil remains.

4. Introduction: The term first used by Medlicott in 1864 to the sub-Himalayan system or Simla hills of India to the southern Nepal. In 1893 Oldham and Holland in 1913 used the term Siwalik series and Siwalik system. On the Potwar Plateau, the Siwaliks are found in a folded belt extending from the Salt Range in the south to the Margala Hills in the north, and from the Jhelum River in the east to the Indus River in the west.

5. Ecology of Siwalik Hills The  ecology of the Siwalik Hills  varies with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. Palaco environment during Siwalik deposition was warm, humid, subtropical to the tropical and monsoon. The presence of large to medium ungulates suggest that diverse type of vegetation was present that includes: Forests Woodland Grassland

6. Features of Siwalik Hills The most unique and distinct feature of the Siwalik group is the abundance of mammalian fauna, which attracted many researchers both within the country and from abroad. The Sivalik Hills are also among the richest fossil sites for large animals anywhere in Asia. These hills had revealed that all kinds of animals lived there. They were early ancestors to the  sloth bear ;  Sivatherium , and ancient giraffe; and  Megalochelys atlas , a giant tortoise named the Sivaliks giant tortoise; amongst other creatures.

7. Division of Siwalik system: Pilgrim in 1913 proposed a three fold division of the Siwalik system: Lower Siwalik Kamlial zone Chinji zone. Middle Siwalik Nagri zone Dhok Pathan zone Upper Siwalik Tatrot zone Pinjor zone

8. Lower Siwalik Kamlial formation: The Middle to Late Miocene Kamlial Formation that largely consists of sandstone and interbedded clay/mudstone sequences is exposed in the southwestern part of the Kohat plateau. Located overlain the Murree formation and chinji formation of siwalik group. 600-1000 m thick sucession Dark coloured hard sandstone, purple shale and pseudoconglomerate .

9. Fossils in Kamlial zone Dinotherium

10. Fossils in Kamlial zone Trilophodon

11. Chinji Formation The  Chinji Formation  of the Potwar Plateau produces many classic Siwalik fossils from well-known horizons.  Chinji formation named after the type of area, thick bright red shale, clay grey sandstone and conglomerate. Located underlain by kamlial and overlain by Nagri formation.

12. Fossils record in Chinji Formation Chinji zone contain abundant vertebrate fossil record which includes: Crocodile, Turtle, Aquatic birds, Lizards. Giraffakeryx , phyton and Trilophodon . These developed in late miocene .

13. Middle Siwalik Hills Nagri Formation: The  Nagri Formation  forms alternate beds of sandstone, clay stone and/or mudstone. Shale and Conglomerate. Village Nagri is situated in Chakwal district. Age : Late middle miocene and early Pliocene.

14. Fossils record in Nagri Zone Crocodile Chelonians Proboscideans Trilophodont

15. Fossils of Nagri zone chelonian proscideans

16. Dhok Pathan Formation Village Dhok Pathan succession of verigated coloured sandstone, shale stone, clay and conglomerate. Contact with underlying Nagri formation. Age: Early to middle Pliocene age.

17. Fossils record in Dhok Pathan zone Hipparian Mastodon Numerour Artioductyla Bovidae Suidae

18. Fossils of Dhok Pathan zone Hipparion Bovidae family

19. Upper Siwalik Hills Tatrot and Pinjor Formation: Tatrot and Pinjor formation are collectively called as SOAN formation as described by Pilgrim in 1913. Tatrot and Pinjor contains massive conglomerate with sandstone, silt stone and clay. SOAN formation is found underline by Dhoke Pathan zone. Age: Late pliocene to early Plastocene

20. Upper Siwalik Hills

21. Fossils record in SOAN formation Elephes Scvatherium Mastodon Stegodone .

22. Fossils record in SOAN formation