SIX KILLER DISEASES.pptx

In this presentation am talking about SIX KILLER DISEASES, [ tuberculosis, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, Pertussis also known as whooping cough and measles ] and you will learn more about their Causes, transmission, symptoms, prevention, and treatment i hope it helps you more.

1. TOPIC: SIX KILLER DISEASES Prepared by: Mr. Adnan Abdi

2. 1 st { Tuberculosis } Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but sometimes Tb bacteria can attack other parts of the body, such as the brain, bones, joints and kidneys . A s a result, two TB-relat0ed conditions exist: latent TB infection which is not Active and have no symptoms and TB disease. If not treated properly, TB disease can be fatal.

3. Transmission. TB bacteria spread through the air from one person to another. When a person with TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, speaks, or sings, TB bacteria can get into the air. People nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become infected. You’re most likely to catch it from co-workers, friends, and family members.

4. What are the symptoms of TB. The general symptoms of TB disease include  feelings of sickness or weakness, weight loss, fever, and night sweats . The symptoms of TB disease of the lungs also include coughing, chest pain, and the coughing up of blood. Symptoms of TB disease in other parts of the body depend on the area affected.

5. Prevention of TB. The risk of infection can be reduced by using a few simple precautions: A healthy immune system Having a healthy immune system is the best form of defence against TB. 60% of adults with a healthy immune system can completely kill TB bacteria. Th e BCG vaccination The BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) is currently the only licensed vaccine against TB, and has been in use since 1921. It is one of the most widely used vaccines worldwide. G ood hygiene:   Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing reduces the spread of TB bacteria.

6. Treatment . How Is Latent TB Treated? I f you have become infected with TB, but do not have the active TB disease you should get preventive therapy. This treatment kills germs that could cause problems if the disease becomes active. The most common preventive therapy is a daily dose of the antibiotic isoniazid (INH) taken as a single daily pill for six to nine months. How Is Active TB Treated? If you have an active TB disease you will probably be treated with a combination of antibacterial medications for a period of six to 12 months. The most common treatment for active TB is  isoniazid INH in combination with three other drugs—rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. You may begin to feel better only a few weeks after starting to take the drugs but treating TB takes much longer than other bacterial infections. 

7. 2 nd { Tetanus } Tetanus is a serious infection caused by Clostridium tetani. This bacterium produces a toxin that affects the brain and nervous system, leading to stiffness in the muscles. Another name for tetanus is “lockjaw”. It often causes a person’s neck and jaw muscles to lock, making it the person hard to open the mouth or to swallow something.

8. Transmission . The spores can get into someone’s body through broken skin, usually through injuries. This bacteria live in the environment, including in soil, rust objects, dust, and animal feces. Any time you get a wound that may become contaminated with soil or environmental objects, you are at risk for tetanus.

9. Symptoms of tetanus. Tetanus affects the nerves that control your muscles which can lead to difficulty swallowing. you may also experience stiffness in various muscles especially those in your jaw, abdomen, chest, back, and neck . C ommon tetanus symptoms are: Painful muscle stiffness all over the body Trouble swallowing Seizures Extreme Headache Fever and sweating Changes in blood pressure and heart rate

10. Prevention of tetanus. Since people cannot naturally acquire immunity to tetanus, the best way to prevent tetanus is vaccination. { WHO } World Health Organization , recommends tetanus vaccines for all infants , C hildren s, preteens, adolescents, and adults. There are many kinds of vaccines used to protect against tetanus, all of which are combined with vaccines for other diseases. and includes : Diphtheria and tetanus (DT) vaccines. Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP) vaccines Tetanus and diphtheria (Td) vaccines. Tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap) vaccines.

11. Treatment. A Tetanus infection requires emergency and long-term supportive care while the disease runs its course. Treatment consists of wound care, medications to ease symptoms and supportive care. Wound care Care for your wound requires cleaning to remove dirt, debris or foreign objects that may be harboring bacteria. Your care team will also clear the wound of any dead tissue that could provide an environment in which bacteria can grow. Medications . Antibiotics . Antibiotics given either orally or by injection, may help fight tetanus bacteria. Antitoxins. Antitoxin therapy is used to target toxins that have not yet attacked nerve tissues. Supportive therapies Supportive therapies include treatments to make sure your airway is clear and to provide breathing assistance. A feeding tube into the stomach is used to provide nutrients.

12. 3 rd { Measles } measles is a highly contagious disease caused b y M easles virus of the genus Morbillivirus in the family paramyxoviridae. The virus infects the respiratory tract, then spreads throughout the body. Measles is a human disease and is not known to occur in animals

13. Transmission. Measles is a very contagious viral disease that is spread through the air from infected person to another person. Measles can be transmitted when someone with measles coughs or sneezes, other people surround the infected person can breathe that contaminated air and then they can become infected. The virus can also remain in the airspace for up to two hours after someone with measles has coughed or sneeze.

14. Symptoms of the disease. Symptoms appear around 10 to 14 days After being exposed to the virus: Symptoms may include. Extreme cough A sore throat Fever Conjunctivitis (inflamed eyes) Watery eyes Severe sneezing And Body aches

15. Prevention. There are two types of vaccines that protect against measles: the measles, mumps, rubella ( MMR ) Vaccine. And the measles, mumps, rubella Varicella, ( MMRV ) vaccine. MMR vaccine. For children, the MMR vaccine is often given in two shots. The first shot is given around the age of 12 to 15 months, and the second around 4 or 5 years of age. MMRV vaccine. This vaccine is only available for children ages 12 months to 12 years of age. Your child should get one shot between 12 and 15 months. Your child should get the second shot between 4 and 6 years. However, the second shot can be given three months after the first shot. Talk to your child’s healthcare provider about the best timing for your child.

16. Treatment. There’s no specific treatment for measles. Unlike bacterial infections, viral infections are not sensitive to antibiotics. There’s no specific treatment for measles. Unlike bacterial infections, viral infections are not sensitive to antibiotics. There are some interventions available for people who may have been exposed to the virus. These can help prevent an infection or lessen its severity. They include: a dose of immune proteins called immunoglobulin, taken within six days of exposure acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil) to reduce fever a measles vaccine, given within 72 hours of exposure a humidifier to ease a cough and sore throat Vitamin A supplements rest to help boost your immune system

17. 4 th { Pertussis } Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by a bacterium called  Bordetella pertussis.  Whooping cough bacteria attach to the cilia, that line part of the upper respiratory system. The bacteria release toxins (poisons), which damage the cilia and cause airways to swell. Whooping cough (pertussis) can cause serious illness in people of all ages but is most dangerous for babies. Babies can get whooping cough from family or caregivers who don’t know they have it.

18. Transmission of the disease. The bacteria that cause whooping cough spread easily from person to person through the air. When a person who has whooping sneezes or coughs, they can release small particles with the bacteria in them. Other people then breathe in the bacteria. It also spreads when people spend a lot of time together or share breathing space, like when you hold a newborn on your chest.

19. Signs and symptoms. Once you become infected with whooping cough, it takes about seven to 10 days for signs and symptoms to appear, though it can sometimes take longer. At first, whooping cough has the same symptoms as th e flu. and it may include: Mild coughing. Sneezing. Runny nose. Low fever. After these mild symptoms appear, the Cough worsens. The cough comes in long This may happen at night, which may make it difficult for you to sleep. When the cough is severe, it may cause vomiting, fainting, and poor bladder control (urinary incontinence). Whooping cough’s most well-known symptom is the ‘whoop’ sound. Taking a quick breath between bouts of coughing causes this sound.

20. Prevention of Pertussis. The best way to prevent whooping cough is to get vaccinated . Two vaccines H elp people to prevent w hooping cough ( Pertussis ) : DTaP and Tdap. These vaccines also provide protection against tetanus and diphtheria. These vaccines cannot give you Pertussis tetanus, or diphtheria.

21. Treatment. Infants are typically hospitalized for treatment because whooping cough is more dangerous for that age group. If your child can't keep down liquids or food, intravenous fluids may be necessary. Treatment for older children and adults usually can be managed at home. Medications. Doctors generally treat whooping cough with antibiotics. There are several antibiotics available to treat whooping cough. It’s very important to treat whooping cough early, before coughing fits begin. Treating whooping cough early can Make the illness less serious Help prevent spreading the bacteria that cause it to others

22. 5 th { Polio } polio is a highly contagious viral disease caused by poliovirus.Poliomyelitis also referred to as polio, affect children younger than 5 year old. In its most severe form, it causes nerve injury Leading the paralysis, Difficult breathing and even DEATH. two patterns of polio infection exist : Non paralytic polio and paralytic polio Non paralytic polio: non paralytic polio is minor illness that doesn't involve central nervous system and does not eventually lead to paralysis. Paralytic polio: is the most serious form involving the central nervous system.

23. Transmission. Poliovirus is very contagious and spreads through person-to-person contact. It spreads through contact with the stool of an infected person or droplets from a sneeze or cough. If you get stool or droplets from an infected person on your hands and you touch your mouth, you can get infected. Also, if your child puts objects, like toys, that have stool or droplets on them into their mouth, they can get infected.

24. Symptoms. Most people who get infected with poliovirus (about 72 out of 100) will not have any visible symptoms. Some people will have flu-like symptoms that can include: Sore throat Fever Fatigue (tiredness) Headache Nausea Vomiting And Stomach pain Also some people with poliovirus infection will develop more serious symptoms that affect the brain and spinal cord, like meningitis (infection of the covering of the spinal cord and/or brain), or paralysis (can't move parts of the body) or weakness in the arms, legs, or both.

25. Prevention. The Best way to prevent polio is to get the vaccination. There are two types of vaccine that can prevent polio: Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) And Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) given as an injection in the leg or arm, depending on the patient’s age.  Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) OPV is an effective vaccine that contains a combination of one, two, or three strains of live, weakened poliovirus, and is given in the form of oral drops.

26. Treatment. There is no cure for paralytic polio , the focus is in increasing comfort, speeding recovery and preventing complications. The most common supportive treatments include: Physical therapy to prevent loss of muscle function and deformity . Pain Relievers ( Painkillers ). Heating pads or a warm towel to ease muscle aches. And portable ventilators With breathing.

27. 6 th { Diphtheria } Diphtheria is a highly contagious, infectious disease caused by a bacterium called Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It can lead people to difficulty breathing, heart rhythm problems, and even death. Centers for disease control and prevention ( CDC ) recommends vaccines for infants, children, teens, and adults to prevent diphtheria.

28. Transmission. Diphtheria bacteria spread from person to person, usually through respiratory droplets, like from coughing or sneezing. People can also get sick from touching infected open sores or ulcers. Those at increased risk of getting sick include: People in the same household or co-workers. People with a history of frequent, close contact with the patient who have the disease.

29. Symptoms. Diphtheria signs and symptoms usually begin 2 to 5 days after a person becomes infected. Signs and symptoms may include: Fever and chills, Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing, A sore throat and hoarseness and Tiredness. In some people, infection with diphtheria-causing bacteria causes only a mild illness — or no obvious signs and symptoms at all. Infected people who stay unaware of their illness are known as carriers of diphtheria. They're called carriers because they can spread the infection without being sick themselves.

30. Prevention . There are a few vaccines That help protect against diphtheria such as: DTAP { Diphtheria tetanus and pertussis For children 7 year old and younger } Tdap ( Tetanus diphtheria and pertussis Given at age 11 To help And protect into adolescence/adulthood

31. Treatment. Diphtheria treatment involves: Using diphtheria antitoxin to stop the bacteria toxin from damaging the body: This treatment is very important for respiratory diphtheria infections, but it is rarely used for diphtheria skin infections. Using antibiotics to kill and get rid of the bacteri a: This is important for diphtheria infections in the respiratory system and on the skin and other parts of the body . People with diphtheria are usually no longer able to infect others 48 hours after they begin taking antibiotics. However, it is important to finish taking the full course of antibiotics to make sure the bacteria are completely removed from the body. After the patient finishes the full treatment, the doctor will run tests to make sure the bacteria are not in the patient’s body anymore.